Appendix F:
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The Secretary COMMUNICATIONpursuantto Articles 55, 56 and 58 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples Rights; regardingactions of the Federal Military Government of Nigeria, a member state of the Organization of African Unity and a state party to the African Charter on Human and Peoples Rights, having ratified the Charter on 22nd July 1983; involvingthe widespread contamination of soil, water and air; the destruction of homes; the burning of crops and killing of farm animals; and the climate of terror that has been visited upon the Ogoni communities in violation of their rights to health, a healthy environment, housing and food; allegingviolations of Articles 2, 4, 14, 16, 18, 21 and 24 of the African Charter, in addition to violations of corresponding provisions of the: *Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) U.N. Doc. A/810, 71 (1948) *International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), U.N. Doc. A/6316 (1966) (ratified by Nigeria Oct. 1993) *the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD), U.N.T.S. 195 (1966) (ratified by Nigeria, Oct. 1967) *Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, U.N. Doc. A/RES/34/180 (1980) (ratified by Nigeria, June 1985) *International Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), U.N. Doc. A/RES/44/25, 1989 (ratified by Nigeria, Apr. 1991); seekingconsideration of the Complaint by the African Commission under Articles 55 and 56, and special attention by the Assembly of Heads of State and Government of the O.A.U. and an in-depth study by the African Commission pursuant to Article 58, based on the "series of serious" and "massive" violations alleged; notingthat domestic remedies do not bar the communication because of the futility of legal action in Nigeria resulting from the operation of ouster clauses contained in military decrees removing jurisdiction of the courts from entertaining human rights cases (see e.g. Federal Military Government of Nigeria, Decree No. 114, 18th November, 1993, art. 13(1): "Notwithstanding anything contained in the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, 1979, as amended, the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (Ratification and Enforcement) Act or any other enactment, no proceeding shall lie or be instituted in any court for or on account of any act, matter or thing done or purported to be done in respect of this Decree"); brought byThe Social and Economic Rights Action Center (SERAC), a non-governmental, non-partisan and voluntary initiative concerned with the promotion of economic and social rights in Nigeria, and The Center for Economic and Social Rights (CESR), a New York-based, non-governmental organization devoted to the promotion of economic and social rights on a global scale. Signed,
Nigeria has an estimated population of 88.5 million, comprising several hundred ethnic groups. One such group, the Ogoni, numbering approximately 500,000, are situated in the Niger Delta, in the Southeastern part of the country. Predominantly farmers and fisherfolk, their livelihood and welfare is intricately bound to the health of surrounding rivers, streams and soil. Over the past two decades, the environment and welfare of Ogoni communities have been seriously damaged by irresponsible oil development. The government has contributed to this harm through its dominant role in the oil industry and its violent repression of Ogoni protests. Ogoniland was the site of the first oil discovery in Nigeria, in 1958, and has remained at the center of the country's oil production ever since. Over the course of two decades, oil has generated $210 billion and currently accounts for 90% of the country's foreign reserves. A joint venture between the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC), the majority partner with a 55% stake, and Shell Petroleum Development Corporation, has been responsible for developing oil in Ogoniland. The NNPC-Shell consortium, with Shell as the operator, has caused massive and systematic environmental and social problems as a result of irresponsible operations and faulty infrastructure. According to the Economist Intelligence Unit, "infrastructure and facilities in the area are possibly the worst in the country and the environmental damage is widespread." The soil and waterways in Ogoniland have been widely polluted by chronic oil spills and unlined toxic waste pits. From 1976 to 1991, 2, 976 oil spills were reported in the Niger Delta, almost an average of 4 per week. Forty percent of Shell's recorded spills worldwide occurred in Nigeria, including 1.6 million gallons spilled in 17 separate incidents from 1982 to 1992. In one such spill in Ogoni, oil leaked from a Shell flow line for 40 days without repair. These extremely high spill rates are largely caused by corrosion, equipment failure, and poor maintenance. Pipelines have been laid with no regard for local communities, passing above ground through villages and criss-crossing lands once used for growing food. This placement of pipes in such sensitive areas and the oil spills that have followed have rendered such lands infertile and economically useless. Rather than treating or reinjecting oil production wastes, the NNPC-Shell consortium has simply dumped them into unlined pits from which they regularly flow into nearby lands and streams. In a rare, recent inspection of the Niger Delta, the World Bank estimates that contamination levels greatly exceed international averages: "Lumps from oil spillage can be directly observed and oil films cover the water surface. Concentrations of dissolved petroleum hydrocarbons have been found to be elevated near refineries in the region, which supports the inference that little or no wastewater treatment is performed." (I World Bank, at 25) Oil companies have also contaminated the air near communities through excessive gas-flaring. The NNPC-Shell consortium has been flaring gas at some sites 24 hours a day for more than 30 years. As measured in 1993, Nigeria flares more gas than any other country in the world, 76% of total production as opposed to a world-wide average of 4.8% (I World Bank, at 59). This flaring has destroyed wildlife and plant life in the surrounding areas and the resulting acidic rain has further contaminated waterways and soil. These problems have been particularly harmful because of the placement of the flares as close as a hundred meters from Ogoni homes. The water, soil and air contamination caused by oil production in Ogoniland has endangered the life of plants, fish, crops and the local population. Local communities are exposed to a variety of water and air-born contaminants linked to serious health problems. While few studies have been done of the region, communities report a range of illnesses associated with the pollution, including gastrointestinal problems, skin diseases, cancers and respiratory ailments. Contamination has also caused the death of most aquatic organisms and rendered much of the agricultural land infertile. Accordingly, communities that have long relied on fishing and farming have been deprived of their principal food sources. The Nigerian government has contributed to these problems by failing
to monitor or regulate oil companies. This neglect is hardly surprising
given the government's direct role in oil operations. A recent World
Bank study found that "there is no enforcement of environmental
sanitation, pollution, forest reserve, or environmental impact assessment
regulations." (I World Bank, at xiv). In explaining this failure,
the World Bank pointed to the following problems:
Rather than focus on these problems, the government has responded to complaints about the oil industry with brutal repression. At the oil industry's request, the Rivers State Internal Security Task Force has routinely entered local communities to burn houses and crops, kill animals and terrorize the inhabitants. A memo signed by Lieutenant-Colonel Paul Okuntimo, commander of the Task Force, dated May 12, 1994, declares: "Shell operations still impossible unless ruthless military operations are undertaken for smooth economic activities to commence." The memo recommends "wasting operations during MOSOP and other gatherings making constant military presence justifiable; wasting operations coupled with psychological tactics of displacement; restriction of unauthorised visitors especially those from Europe to Ogoni." (Government House Facts Sheet, at 1, 2) In line with these directives, the security forces have looted and destroyed whole villages -- houses, schools and farms -- in the area. During the month of October 1993, government forces razed 27 villages, displacing 80,000 people. Over the summer of 1994, the military terrorized villages on a nightly basis, reportedly raiding at least 60 of them. These activities have spawned a wave of Ogoni refugees, too scared to return to their former communities. Ogoniland remains heavily militarized and access is restricted to outside environmental or human rights monitors.
The Government of Nigeria has violated the right to health and the
right to a healthy environment recognized under articles 16 and 24 of
the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights.
The military government of Nigeria has been directly involved in oil production through the state oil company, the Nigerian National Petroleum Company (NNPC), the majority shareholder in a consortium with Shell Petroleum Development Corporation (SPDC). The operations of this consortium have caused severe contamination of the environment and related health problems among the Ogoni people. The consortium exploited oil reserves in Ogoniland with no regard for the health or environment of the local communities, disposing of toxic wastes into the air and local waterways in violation of applicable international environmental standards. The consortium also neglected and/or failed to maintain its facilities causing numerous avoidable spills in the proximity of villages. The resulting contamination of water, soil and air has had serious short and long-term health impacts, including skin infections, gastrointestinal and respiratory ailments, and increased risk of cancers, and neurological and reproductive problems . These negative health impacts could have been avoided with minimal and standard precautions. The Nigerian government has condoned and facilitated these violations by placing the legal and military powers of the state at the disposal of the oil companies. The memo from the Rivers State Internal Security Task Force, calling for "ruthless military operations...for smooth economic activities to commence," is indicative. (Government House Facts Sheet, at 1) The government has allowed oil companies to operate with virtual impunity in the country, neither monitoring operations nor requiring safety measures that are standard procedure within the industry. The government has also kept the Ogoni communities uninformed about the dangers created by oil activities and uninvolved in the decisions regarding the development of Ogoniland. The government has neither required the oil companies nor its own agencies to produce basic health and environmental impact studies regarding hazardous operations and materials relating to oil production and has even refused entry into the area by scientists and environmental organizations trying to do such studies. Despite the obvious health and environmental crisis in Ogoniland, no significant studies of the problem have been undertaken by the government or made public by oil companies. The government has also ignored the concerns of Ogoni communities regarding
oil development, and has responded to protests with massive violence
and executions of Ogoni leaders. The Nigerian government makes no requirement
of the oil companies to dialogue with communities before beginning operations,
even if the operations pose direct threats to community or individual
lands. After their study of oil operations in Ogoniland, the World Bank
recently concluded the "local concerns and initiatives rarely filter
up to decision-makers of their own accord...This policy failure is endemic
in the Niger Delta; oil companies, parastatals, governments, development
organizations have all succumbed to it." (I World Bank at 97)
The right to health and the right to a healthy environment are well established in international law, and, in particular, under the African Charter. Both rights recognize the importance of a clean and safe environment to a person's well-being. As declared by unanimous vote of the U.N. General Assembly, 24 years ago, "man has the fundamental right to freedom, equality and adequate conditions of life, in an environment of a quality that permits a life of dignity and well-being." The African Charter grants individuals both "the right to enjoy the best attainable state of physical and mental health" (art. 16) and "the right to a generally satisfactory environment favourable to their development." (art. 24) These rights impose clear obligations upon a government. Article 16 of the Charter requires governments to "take the necessary measures to protect the health of their people and to ensure that they receive medical attention when they are sick." As provided in other treaties to which Nigeria is a signatory, the right to health is more specific: the ICESCR obliges governments to take necessary steps for "the improvement of all aspects of environmental and industrial hygiene" (art. 12); the CRC obliges governments to provide all children with "adequate nutritious foods and clean drinking water, taking into consideration the dangers and risks of environmental pollution" (art. 24); CEDAW obliges governments to "ensure to women the right to enjoy adequate living conditions, particularly in relation to housing, sanitation, electricity and water supply..." (Art. 14 (2)(h)). At their most basic level, the rights to health and a healthy environment serve to prohibit governments from directly threatening the health and environment of their citizens. Governments must also ensure that private parties, like corporations, do not pose such threats to their citizenry. Towards that end, international treaties and courts have insisted upon appropriate legislation and effective enforcement. (African Charter, art. 1) According to the Inter-American Court, a state violates the rights of its citizens "when the State allows private persons or groups to act freely and with impunity to the detriment of the rights recognized..." (Valasquez Rodriguez Case, Inter-Am Ct. H.R. OEA/Ser. L/V/III.19, doc 13 �164 (Aug. 31, 1988)). The African Charter takes this requirement one step further by obliging governments "to eliminate all forms of foreign economic exploitation particularly that practiced by international monopolies." (Art. 25) Governments must also give effect to the rights to health and a healthy environment by providing citizens with necessary information about risks and the ability to participate in the development process. As made clear by the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, each individual shall have appropriate access to information concerning the environment...including information on hazardous materials and activities in their communities, and the opportunity to participate in decision-making process. (Rio Declaration, 31 I.L.M. 874 U.N. (1992) princ. 10) Compliance with this obligation must begin with the following duties: (a) allowing independent scientific monitoring of threatened environments, (b) requiring and making public environmental and social impact studies prior to any major industrial development, and (c) undertaking appropriate monitoring and providing information to those communities exposed to hazardous materials and activities and, (d) providing meaningful opportunities for individuals to be heard and to participate in the development decisions affecting their communities. At a minimum, the rights to health and a healthy environment require the Nigerian government:
The military government of Nigeria has violated articles 16 and 24 of the African Charter by failing to fulfill all three minimum duties required by these rights: 1. the government has directly participated in the contamination of air, water and soil thereby harming the health of the Ogoni population; 2. the government has not protected the Ogoni population from harms done by the NNPC-Shell consortium, but has instead used its security forces to facilitate and compound the damages; and 3. the government has not provided nor permitted studies of potential or actual environmental and health risks caused by oil operations and has ignored the concerns of Ogoni communities. |
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