Preamble
In line with the concept of nationalism and the reforms and principles introduced
by the founder of the Republic of Turkey, Atatürk, the immortal leader and the
unrivalled hero, this Constitution, which affirms the eternal existence of the
Turkish nation and motherland and the indivisible unity of the Turkish state,
embodies;
The determination to safeguard the everlasting existence, prosperity and material
and spiritual well-being of the Republic of Turkey, and to attain the standards
of contemporary civilization as an honourable member with equal rights of the
family of world nations;
The understanding of the absolute supremacy of the will of the nation and of
the fact that sovereignty is vested fully and unconditionally in the Turkish
nation and that no individual or body empowered to exercise this sovereignty
in the name of the nation shall deviate from liberal democracy and the legal
system instituted according to its requirements;
The principle of the separation of powers, which does not imply an order of
precedence among the organs of state, but refers solely to the exercising of
certain state powers and discharging of duties which are limited to cooperation
and division of functions, and which accepts the supremacy of the Constitution
and the law;
The recognition that no protection shall be accorded to an activity contrary
to Turkish national interests, the principle of the indivisibility of the existence
of Turkey with its state and territory, Turkish historical and moral values
or the nationalism, principles, reforms and modernism of Atatürk and that, as
required by the principle of secularism, there shall be no interference whatsoever
by sacred religious feelings in state affairs and politics; the acknowledgment
that it is the birthright of every Turkish citizen to lead an honourable life
and to develop his or her material and spiritual assets under the aegis of national
culture, civilization and the rule of law, through the exercise of the fundamental
rights and freedoms set forth in this Constitution in conformity with the requirements
of equality and social justice;
The recognition that all Turkish citizens are united in national honour and
pride, in national joy and grief, in their rights and duties regarding national
existence, in blessings and in burdens, and in every manifestation of national
life, and that they have the right to demand a peaceful life based on absolute
respect for one another’s rights and freedoms, mutual love and fellowship and
the desire for and belief in “Peace at home, peace in the world”.
This Constitution, which is to be embraced with the ideas, beliefs, and resolutions
it embodies below should be interpreted and implemented accordingly, thus commanding
respect for, and absolute loyalty to, its letter and spirit.
Is entrusted by the Turkish nation to the patriotism and nationalism of its
democracy-loving sons and daughters.
SECTION ONE
GENERAL PRINCIPLES
I. Form of the State
ARTICLE 1. The Turkish state is a Republic.
II. Characteristics of the Republic
ARTICLE 2. The Republic of Turkey is a democratic, secular and social state
governed by the rule of law; bearing in mind the concepts of public peace, national
solidarity and justice; respecting human rights; loyal to the nationalism of
Atatürk, and based on the fundamental tenets set forth in the Preamble.
III. Integrity of the State, Official Language, Flag, National Anthem, and Capital
ARTICLE 3. The Turkish state, with its territory and nation, is an indivisible
entity. Its language is Turkish.
Its flag, the form of which is prescribed by the relevant law, is composed of
a white crescent and star on a red background.
Its national anthem is the “Independence March”.
Its capital is Ankara.
IV. Irrevocable Provisions
ARTICLE 4. The provision of Article 1 of the Constitution establishing the form
of the state as a Republic, the provisions in Article 2 on the characteristics
of the Republic, and the provision of Article 3 shall not be amended, nor shall
their amendment be proposed.
V. Fundamental Aims and Duties of the State
ARTICLE 5. The fundamental aims and duties of the state are; to safeguard the
independence and integrity of the Turkish Nation, the indivisibility of the
country, the Republic and democracy; to ensure the welfare, peace, and happiness
of the individual and society; to strive for the removal of political, social
and economic obstacles which restrict the fundamental rights and freedoms of
the individual in a manner incompatible with the principles of justice and of
the social state governed by the rule of law; and to provide the conditions
required for the development of the individual’s material and spiritual existence.
VI. Sovereignty
ARTICLE 6. Sovereignty is vested fully and unconditionally in the nation.
The Turkish Nation shall exercise its sovereignty through the authorised organs
as prescribed by the principles laid down in the Constitution.
The right to exercise sovereignty shall not be delegated to any individual,
group or class. No person or agency shall exercise any state authority which
does not emanate from the Constitution.
VII. Legislative Power
ARTICLE 7. Legislative power is vested in the Turkish Grand National Assembly
on behalf of the Turkish Nation. This power cannot be delegated.
VIII. Executive Power and Function
ARTICLE 8. Executive power and function shall be exercised and carried out by
the President of the Republic and the Council of Ministers in conformity with
the Constitution and the law.
IX. Judicial Power
ARTICLE 9. Judicial power shall be exercised by independent courts on behalf
of the Turkish Nation.
X. Equality before the Law
ARTICLE 10. All individuals are equal without any discrimination before the
law, irrespective of language, race, colour, sex, political opinion, philosophical
belief, religion and sect, or any such considerations.
No privilege shall be granted to any individual, family, group or class.
State organs and administrative authorities shall act in compliance with the
principle of equality before the law in all their proceedings.
XI. Supremacy and Binding Force of the Constitution
ARTICLE 11. The provisions of the Constitution are fundamental legal rules binding
upon legislative, executive and judicial organs, and administrative authorities
and other institutions and individuals.
Laws shall not be in conflict with the Constitution.
SECTION TWO
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES
CHAPTER ONE
GENERAL PROVISIONS
I. Nature of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms
ARTICLE 12. Everyone possesses inherent fundamental rights and freedoms which
are inviolable and inalienable.
The fundamental rights and freedoms also comprise the duties and responsibilities
of the individual to the society, his or her family, and other individuals.
II. Restriction of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms
ARTICLE 13. (As amended on October 17, 2001)
Fundamental rights and freedoms may be restricted only by law and in conformity
with the reasons mentioned in the relevant articles of the Constitution without
infringing upon their essence. These restrictions shall not be in conflict with
the letter and spirit of the Constitution and the requirements of the democratic
order of the society and the secular Republic and the principle of proportionality.
III. Prohibition of Abuse of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms
ARTICLE 14. (As amended on October 17, 2001)
None of the rights and freedoms embodied in the Constitution shall be exercised
with the aim of violating the indivisible integrity of the state with its territory
and nation, and endangering the existence of the democratic and secular order
of the Turkish Republic based upon human rights.
No provision of this Constitution shall be interpreted in a manner that enables
the State or individuals to destroy the fundamental rights and freedoms embodied
in the Constitution or to stage an activity with the aim of restricting them
more extensively than stated in the Constitution.
The sanctions to be applied against those who perpetrate these activities in
conflict with these provisions shall be determined by law.
IV. Suspension of the Exercise of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms
ARTICLE 15. In times of war, mobilization, martial law, or state of emergency,
the exercise of fundamental rights and freedoms can be partially or entirely
suspended, or measures may be taken, to the extent required by the exigencies
of the situation, which derogate the guarantees embodied in the Constitution,
provided that obligations under international law are not violated.
Even under the circumstances indicated in the first paragraph, the individual’s
right to life, and the integrity of his or her material and spiritual entity
shall be inviolable except where death occurs through lawful act of warfare
and execution of death sentences; no one may be compelled to reveal his or her
religion, conscience, thought or opinion, nor be accused on account of them;
offences and penalties may not be made retroactive, nor may anyone be held guilty
until so proven by a court judgment.
V. Status of Aliens
ARTICLE 16. The fundamental rights and freedoms of aliens may be restricted
by law in a manner consistent with international law.
CHAPTER TWO
RIGHTS AND DUTIES OF THE INDIVIDUAL
I. Personal Inviolability, Material and Spiritual Entity of the individual
ARTICLE 17. Everyone has the right to life and the right to protect and develop
his material and spiritual entity. The physical integrity of the individual
shall not be violated except under medical necessity and in cases prescribed
by law; and shall not be subjected to scientific or medical experiments without
his or her consent. No one shall be subjected to torture or ill-treatment; no
one shall be subjected to penalties or treatment incompatible with human dignity.
Cases such as the execution of death penalties under court sentences, the act
of killing in self-defence, occurrences of death as a result of the use of a
weapon permitted by law as a necessary measure during apprehension, the execution
of warrants of arrest, the prevention of the escape of lawfully arrested or
convicted persons, the quelling of riot or insurrection, or carrying out the
orders of authorized bodies during martial law or state of emergency, are outside
of the scope of the provision of paragraph 1.
II. Prohibition of Forced Labour
ARTICLE 18. No one shall be forced to work. Forced labour is prohibited.
Work required of an individual while serving a prison sentence or under detention,
services required from citizens during a state of emergency, and physical or
intellectual work necessitated by the requirements of the country as a civic
obligation do not come under the description of forced labour, provided that
the form and conditions of such labour are prescribed by law.
III. Personal Liberty and Security
ARTICLE 19. (As amended on October 17, 2001)
Everyone has the right to liberty and security of person. No one shall be deprived
of his or her liberty except in the following cases where procedure and conditions
are prescribed by law: Execution of sentences restricting liberty and the implementation
of security measures decided by court order; apprehension or detention of an
individual in line with a court ruling or an obligation upon him designated
by law; execution of an order for the purpose of the educational supervision
of a minor or for bringing him or her before the competent authority; execution
of measures taken in conformity with the relevant legal provision for the treatment,
education or correction in institutions of a person of unsound mind, an alcoholic
or drug addict or vagrant or a person spreading contagious diseases, when such
persons constitute a danger to the public, apprehension or detention of a person
who enters or attempts to enter illegally into the country or for whom a deportation
or extradition order has been issued.
Individuals against whom there is strong evidence of having committed an offence
can be arrested by decision of a judge solely for the purposes of preventing
escape, or preventing the destruction or alteration of evidence as well as in
similar other circumstances which necessitate detention and are prescribed by
law. Apprehension of a person without a decision by a judge shall be resorted
to only in cases when a person is caught in the act of committing an offence
or in cases where delay is likely to thwart the course of justice; the conditions
for such acts shall be defined by law. Individuals arrested or detained shall
be promptly notified, and in all cases in writing, or orally, when the former
is not possible, of the grounds for their arrest or detention and the charges
against them; in cases of offences committed collectively this notification
shall be made, at the latest, before the individual is brought before a judge.
The person arrested or detained shall be brought before a judge within forty-eight
hours and in the case of offences committed collectively within fifteen days,
excluding the time taken to send the individual to the court nearest to the
place of arrest. No one can be deprived of his or her liberty without the decision
of a judge after the expiry of the above-specified periods. These periods may
be extended during a state of emergency, under martial law or in time of war.
Notification of the situation of the person arrested or detained shall be made
to the next of kin, except in cases of definite necessity pertaining to the
risks of revealing the scope and subject of investigation compelling otherwise.
An individual detained or arrested shall be brought before a judge within at
latest forty-eight hours and in the case of offences committed collectively
within at most four days, excluding the time required to be sent to the nearest
Court to the place of arrest. Release may be made conditional to the presentation
of an appropriate guarantee with a view to securing the presence of the person
at the trial proceedings and the execution of the court sentence.
The arrest or detention of a person shall be notified to next of kin immediately.
Damage suffered by persons subjected to treatment contrary to the above provisions
shall be compensated by the State with respect to the general principles of
the law on compensation.
IV. Privacy and Protection of Private Life
A. Privacy of Individual Life
ARTICLE 20. (As amended on October 17, 2001)
Everyone has the right to demand respect for his or her private and family life.
Privacy of an individual or family life cannot be violated.
Unless there exists a decision duly passed by a judge on one or several of the
grounds of national security, public order, prevention of crime commitment,
protection of public health and public morals, or protection of the rights and
freedoms of others, or unless there exists a written order of an agency authorised
by law in cases where delay is prejudicial, again on the above-mentioned grounds,
neither the person nor the private papers, nor belongings, of an individual
shall be searched nor shall they be seized. The decision of the authorized agency
shall be submitted for the approval of the judge having jurisdiction within
24 hours. The judge shall announce his decision within 48 hours from the time
of seizure; otherwise, seizure shall automatically be lifted.
B. Inviolability of the Domicile
ARTICLE 21. (As amended on October 17, 2001)
The domicile of an individual shall not be violated.
Unless there exists a decision duly passed by a judge on one or several of the
grounds of national security, public order, prevention of crime commitment,
protection of public health and public morals, or protection of the rights and
freedoms of others, or unless there exists a written order of an agency authorised
by law in cases where delay is prejudicial, again on the above-mentioned grounds,
no domicile may be entered or searched or the property therein seized. The decision
of the authorised agency shall be submitted for the approval of the judge having
jurisdiction within 24 hours. The judge shall announce his decision within 48
hours from the time of seizure; otherwise, seizure shall automatically be lifted.
C. Freedom of Communication
ARTICLE 22. (As amended on October 17, 2001)
Everyone has the right to freedom of communication.
Secrecy of communication is fundamental.
Unless there exists a decision duly passed by a judge on one or several of the
grounds of national security, public order, prevention of crime commitment,
protection of public health and public morals, or protection of the rights and
freedoms of others, or unless there exists a written order of an agency authorised
by law in cases where delay is prejudicial, again on the above-mentioned grounds,
communication shall not be impeded nor its secrecy be violated. The decision
of the authorised agency shall be submitted for the approval of the judge having
jurisdiction within 24 hours. The judge shall announce his decision within 48
hours from the time of seizure; otherwise, seizure shall automatically be lifted.
Public establishments or institutions where exceptions to the above may be applied
are defined by law.
V. Freedom of Residence and Movement
ARTICLE 23. (As amended on October 17, 2001)
Everyone has the right to freedom of residence and movement.
Freedom of residence may be restricted by law for the purpose of preventing
offences, promoting social and economic development, ensuring sound and orderly
urban growth, and protecting public property; freedom of movement may be restricted
by law for the purpose of investigation and prosecution of an offence, and prevention
of offences. A citizen’s freedom to leave the country may be restricted on account
of civic obligations, or criminal investigation or prosecution.
Citizens may not be deported, or deprived of their right of entry to their homeland.
VI. Freedom of Religion and Conscience
ARTICLE 24. Everyone has the right to freedom of conscience, religious belief
and conviction.
Acts of worship, religious services, and ceremonies shall be conducted freely,
provided that they do not violate the provisions of Article 14.
No one shall be compelled to worship, or to participate in religious ceremonies
and rites, to reveal religious beliefs and convictions, or be blamed or accused
because of his religious beliefs and convictions.
Education and instruction in religion and ethics shall be conducted under state
supervision and control. Instruction in religious culture and moral education
shall be compulsory in the curricula of primary and secondary schools. Other
religious education and instruction shall be subject to the individual’s own
desire, and in the case of minors, to the request of their legal representatives.
No one shall be allowed to exploit or abuse religion or religious feelings,
or things held sacred by religion, in any manner whatsoever, for the purpose
of personal or political influence, or for even partially basing the fundamental,
social, economic, political, and legal order of the state on religious tenets.
VII. Freedom of Thought and Opinion
ARTICLE 25. Everyone has the right to freedom of thought and opinion. No one
shall be compelled to reveal his thoughts and opinions for any reason or purpose,
nor shall anyone be blamed or accused on account of his thoughts and opinions.
VIII. Freedom of Expression and Dissemination of Thought
ARTICLE 26. (As amended on October 17, 2001)
Everyone has the right to express and disseminate his thoughts and opinion by
speech, in writing or in pictures or through other media, individually or collectively.
This right includes the freedom to receive and impart information and ideas
without interference from official authorities. This provision shall not preclude
subjecting transmission by radio, television, cinema, and similar means to a
system of licensing.
The exercise of these freedoms may be restricted for the purposes of protecting
national security, public order and public safety, the basic characteristics
of the Republic and safeguarding the indivisible integrity of the State with
its territory and nation, preventing crime, punishing offenders, withholding
information duly classified as a state secret, protecting the reputation and
rights and private and family life of others, or protecting professional secrets
as prescribed by law, or ensuring the proper functioning of the judiciary.
The formalities, conditions and procedures to be applied in exercising the right
to expression and dissemination of thought shall be prescribed by law.
IX. Freedom of Science and the Arts
ARTICLE 27. Everyone has the right to study and teach freely, explain, and disseminate
science and arts and to carry out research in these fields.
The right to disseminate shall not be exercised for the purpose of changing
the provisions of Articles 1, 2 and 3 of this Constitution.
The provisions of this article shall not preclude regulation by law of the entry
and distribution of foreign publications in the country.
X. Provisions Relating to the Press and Publication
A. Freedom of the Press
ARTICLE 28. (As amended on October 17, 2001)
The press is free, and shall not be censored. The establishment of a printing
house shall not be subject to prior permission or the deposit of a financial
guarantee.
The state shall take the necessary measures to ensure freedom of the press and
freedom of information.
In the limitation of freedom of the press, Articles 26 and 27 of the Constitution
are applicable.
Anyone who writes or prints any news or articles which threaten the internal
or external security of the state or the indivisible integrity of the state
with its territory and nation, which tend to incite offence, riot or insurrection,
or which refer to classified state secrets and anyone who prints or transmits
such news or articles to others for the above purposes, shall be held responsible
under the law relevant to these offences. Distribution may be suspended as a
preventive measure by the decision of a judge, or in the event delay is deemed
prejudicial, by the competent authority designated by law. The authority suspending
distribution shall notify a competent judge of its decision within twenty-four
hours at the latest. The order suspending distribution shall become null and
void unless upheld by a competent judge within forty-eight hours at the latest.
No ban shall be placed on the reporting of events, except by the decision of
judge issued to ensure proper functioning of the judiciary, within the limits
specified by law.
Periodical and non-periodical publications may be seized by a decision of a
judge in cases of ongoing investigation or prosecution of offences prescribed
by law, and, in situations where delay could endanger the indivisible integrity
of the state with its territory and nation, national security, public order
or public morals and for the prevention of offence by order of the competent
authority designated by law. The authority issuing the order to confiscate shall
notify a competent judge of its decision within twenty-four hours at the latest.
The order to confiscate shall become null and void unless upheld by the competent
court within forty-eight hours at the latest.
The general common provisions shall apply when seizure and confiscation of periodicals
and non-periodicals for reasons of criminal investigation and prosecution takes
place.
Periodicals published in Turkey may be temporarily suspended by court sentence
if found to contain material which contravenes the indivisible integrity of
the state with its territory and nation, the fundamental principles of the Republic,
national security and public morals. Any publication which clearly bears the
characteristics of being a continuation of a suspended periodical is prohibited;
and shall be seized following a decision by a competent judge.
B. Right to Publish Periodicals and Non-periodicals
ARTICLE 29. Publication of periodicals or non-periodicals shall not be subject
to prior authorisation or the deposit of a financial guarantee.
To publish a periodical it shall suffice to submit the information and documents
prescribed by law to the competent authority designated by law. If the information
and documents submitted are found to be in contravention of law, the competent
authority shall apply to the appropriate court for suspension of publication.
The publication of periodicals, the conditions of publication, the financial
resources and the rules relevant to the profession of journalism shall be regulated
by law. The law shall not impose any political, economic, financial, and technical
conditions, thus obstructing or making difficult the free dissemination of news,
thought, or beliefs.
Periodicals shall have equal access to the means and facilities of the state,
other public corporate bodies, and their agencies.
C. Protection of Printing Facilities
ARTICLE 30. A printing press or its annexes duly established as a publishing
house under law shall not be seized, confiscated, or barred from operation on
the grounds of being an instrument of crime, except in cases where offences
against the indivisible integrity of the state with its territory and nation,
against the fundamental principles of the Republic or against national security
leading to conviction are involved.
D. Right to Use Media Other Than the Press Owned by Public Corporations
ARTICLE 31. (As amended on October 17, 2001)
Individuals and political parties have the right to use mass media and means
of communication other than the press owned by public corporations. The conditions
and procedures for such use shall be regulated by law.
The law shall not impose restrictions preventing the public from receiving information
or forming ideas and opinions through these media, or preventing public opinion
from being freely formed, on the grounds other than national security, public
order, public morals, or the protection of public health.
E. Right of Rectification and Reply
ARTICLE 32. The right of rectification and reply shall be accorded only in cases
where personal reputation and honour is attacked or in cases of unfounded allegation
and shall be regulated by law.
If a rectification or reply is not published, the judge will decide, within
seven days of appeal by the individual involved, whether or not this publication
is required.
XI. Rights and Freedoms of Assembly
A. Freedom of Association
ARTICLE 33. (As amended on October 17, 2001)
Everyone has the right to form associations, or become a member of an association,
or withdraw from membership without prior permission.
No one shall be compelled to become or remain a member of an association.
Freedom of association may only be restricted by law on the grounds of protecting
national security and public order, or prevention of crime commitment, or protecting
public morals, public health.
The formalities, conditions, and procedures governing the exercise of freedom
of association shall be prescribed by law.
Associations may be dissolved or suspended from activity by the decision of
a judge in cases prescribed by law. In cases where delay endangers national
security or public order and in cases where it is necessary to prevent the perpetration
or the continuation of a crime or to effect apprehension, an authority designated
by law may be vested with power to suspend the association from activity. The
decision of this authority shall be submitted for the approval of the judge
in charge within twenty-four hours. The judge shall announce his decision within
forty-eight hours, otherwise this administrative decision shall be annulled
automatically.
Provisions of the first paragraph shall not prevent imposition of restrictions
on the rights of armed forces and security forces officials and civil servants
to the extent that the duties of civil servants so require.
The provisions of this article are also applicable to foundations.
B. Right to Hold Meetings and Demonstration Marches
ARTICLE 34. (As amended on October 17, 2001)
Everyone has the right to hold unarmed and peaceful meetings and demonstration
marches without prior permission.
The right to hold meetings and demonstration marches shall only be restricted
by law on the grounds of national security, and public order, or prevention
of crime commitment, public health and public morals or for the protection of
the rights and freedoms of others.
The formalities, conditions, and procedures governing the exercise of the right
to hold meetings and demonstration marches shall be prescribed by law.
XII. Property Rights
ARTICLE 35. Everyone has the right to own and inherit property.
These rights may be limited by law only in view of public interest.
The exercise of the right to own property shall not be in contravention of the
public interest.
XIII. Provisions Relating to the Protection of Rights
A. Freedom to Claim Rights
ARTICLE 36. (As amended on October 17, 2001)
Everyone has the right of litigation either as plaintiff or defendant and the
right to a fair trial before the courts through lawful means and procedures.
No court shall refuse to hear a case within its jurisdiction.
B. Guarantee of Lawful Judgement
ARTICLE 37. No one may be tried by any judicial authority other than the legally
designated court. Extraordinary tribunals with jurisdiction that would in effect
remove a person from the jurisdiction of his legally designated court shall
not be established.
C. Principles Relating to Offences and Penalties
ARTICLE 38. (As amended on October 17, 2001)
No one shall be punished for any act which does not constitute a criminal offence
under the law in force at the time committed; no one shall be given a heavier
penalty for an offence other than the penalty applicable at the time when the
offence was committed.
The provisions of the above paragraph shall also apply to the statute of limitations
on offences and penalties and one the results of conviction.
Penalties, and security measures in lieu of penalties, shall be prescribed only
by law.
No one shall be held guilty until proven guilty in a court of law.
No one shall be compelled to make a statement that would incriminate himself
or his legal next of kin, or to present such incriminating evidence. Criminal
responsibility shall be personal.
General confiscation shall not be imposed as a penalty.
The death penalty shall not be imposed excluding the cases in time of war, imminent
threat of war and terrorist crimes.
Findings obtained through illegal methods shall not be considered as evidence.
No one shall be deprived of his liberty merely on the ground of inability to
fulfil a contractual obligation.
XIV. Right to Prove an Allegation
ARTICLE 39. In libel and defamation suits involving allegations against persons
in the public service in connection with their functions or services, the defendant
has the right to prove the allegations. A plea for presenting proof shall not
be granted in any other case unless proof would serve the public interest or
unless the plaintiff consents.
XV. Protection of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms
ARTICLE 40. (As amended on October 17, 2001)
Everyone whose constitutional rights and freedoms have been violated has the
right to request prompt access to the competent authorities.
The State, is obliged to indicate in its transactions, the legal remedies and
authorities the persons concerned should apply and their time limits.
Damages incurred by any person through unlawful treatment by holders of public
office shall be compensated for by the state. The state reserves the right of
recourse to the official responsible.
CHAPTER THREE
SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC RIGHTS AND DUTIES
1. Protection of the Family
ARTICLE 41. (As amended on October 17, 2001)
The family is the foundation of the Turkish society and based on the equality
between the spouses.
The state shall take the necessary measures and establish the necessary organisation
to ensure the peace and welfare of the family, especially where the protection
of the mother and children is involved, and recognizing the need for education
in the practical application of family planning.
II. Right and Duty of Training and Education
ARTICLE 42. No one shall be deprived of the right of learning and education.
The scope of the right to education shall be defined and regulated by law.
Training and education shall be conducted along the lines of the principles
and reforms of Atatürk, on the basis of contemporary science and educational
methods, under the supervision and control of the state. Institutions of training
and education contravening these provisions shall not be established.
The freedom of training and education does not relieve the individual from loyalty
to the Constitution.
Primary education is compulsory for all citizens of both sexes and is free of
charge in state schools.
The principles governing the functioning of private primary and secondary schools
shall be regulated by law in keeping with the standards set for state schools.
The state shall provide scholarships and other means of assistance to enable
students of merit lacking financial means to continue their education. The state
shall take necessary measures to rehabilitate those in need of special training
so as to render such people useful to society.
Training, education, research, and study are the only activities that shall
be pursued at institutions of training and education. These activities shall
not be obstructed in any way.
No language other than Turkish shall be taught as a mother tongue to Turkish
citizens at any institutions of training or education. Foreign languages to
be taught in institutions of training and education and the rules to be followed
by schools conducting training and education in a foreign language shall be
determined by law. The provisions of international treaties are reserved.
III. Public Interest
A. Utilisation of the Coasts
ARTICLE 43. The coasts are under the sovereignty and disposal of the state.
In the utilisation of sea coasts, lake shores or river banks, and of the coastal
strip along the sea and lakes, public interest shall be taken into consideration
with priority.
The width of coasts, and coastal strips according to the purpose of utilization
and the conditions of utilization by individuals shall be determined by law.
B. Land Ownership
ARTICLE 44. The state shall take the necessary measures to maintain and develop
efficient land cultivation, to prevent its loss through erosion, and to provide
land to farmers with insufficient land of their own, or no land. For this purpose,
the law may define the size of appropriate land units, according to different
agricultural regions and types of farming. Providing of land to farmers with
no or insufficient land shall not lead to a fall in production, or to the depletion
of forests and other land and underground resources.
Lands distributed for this purpose shall neither be divided nor be transferred
to others, except through inheritance, and shall be cultivated only by the farmers
to whom the lands have been distributed, and their heirs. The principles relating
to the recovery by the state of the land thus distributed in the event of loss
of these conditions shall be prescribed by law.
C. Protection of Agriculture, Animal Husbandry, and of Persons Engaged in These
Activities
ARTICLE 45. The state facilitates farmers and livestock breeders in acquiring
machinery, equipment and other inputs in order to prevent improper use and destruction
of agricultural land, meadows and pastures and to increase crop and livestock
production in accordance with the principles of agricultural planning.
The state shall take necessary measures to promote the values of crop and livestock
products, and to enable growers and producers to be paid the real value of their
products.
D. Expropriation
ARTICLE 46. (As amended on October 17, 2001)
The State and public corporations shall be entitled, where the public interest
requires it, to expropriate privately owned real estate wholly or in part and
impose administrative servitude on it, in accordance with the principles and
procedures prescribed by law, provided that the actual compensation is paid
in advance.
The compensation for expropriation and the amount regarding its increase rendered
by a final judgement shall be paid in cash and in advance. However, the procedure
to be applied for compensation for expropriated land in order to carry out land
reform, major energy and irrigation projects, and housing and resettlement schemes
and afforestation, and to protect the coasts and to build tourist facilities
shall be regulated by law. In the cases where the law may allow payment in instalments,
the payment period shall not exceed five years, whence payments shall be made
in equal instalments.
Compensation for the land expropriated from the small farmer who cultivates
his own land shall in all cases be paid in advance.
An interest equivalent to the highest interest paid on public claims shall be
implemented in the instalments envisaged in the second paragraph.
E. Nationalization and Privatisation
ARTICLE 47. (As amended on August 13, 1999)
Private enterprises performing public services may be nationalized when this
is required by the exigencies of public interest.
Nationalization shall be carried out on the basis of real value. The methods
and procedures for calculating real value shall be prescribed by law.
Principles and rules concerning the privatisation of enterprises and assets
owned by the State, State Economic Enterprises and other public corporate bodies
shall be prescribed by law.
Those investments and services carried out by the State, State Economic Enterprises
and other public corporate bodies which could be performed by or delegated to
real or corporate bodies through private law contracts shall be determined by
law.
IV. Freedom to Work and Conclude Contracts
ARTICLE 48. Everyone has the freedom to work and conclude contracts in the field
of his/her choice. Establishment of private enterprises is free.
The state shall take measures to ensure that private enterprises operate in
accordance with national economic requirements and social objectives and in
conditions of security and stability.
V. Provisions Relating to Labour
A. Right and Duty to Work
ARTICLE 49. (As amended on October 17, 2001)
Everyone has the right and duty to work.
The State shall take the necessary measures to raise the standard of living
of workers, and to protect workers and the unemployed in order to improve the
general conditions of labour, to promote labour, to create suitable economic
conditions for prevention of unemployment and to secure labour peace.
B. Working Conditions and Right to Rest and Leisure
ARTICLE 50. No one shall be required to perform work unsuited to his age, sex,
and capacity.
Minors, women and persons with physical or mental disabilities, shall enjoy
special protection with regard to working conditions.
All workers have the right to rest and leisure.
Rights and conditions relating to paid weekends and holidays, together with
paid annual leave, shall be regulated by law.
C. Right to Organize Labour Unions
ARTICLE 51. (As amended on October 17, 2001)
Employees and employers have the right to form labour unions employers’ associations
and higher organizations, without obtaining permission, and they also possess
the right to become a member of a union and to freely withdraw from membership,
in order to safeguard and develop their economic and social rights and the interests
of their members in their labour relations. No one shall be forced to become
a member of a union or to withdraw from membership.
The right to form a union shall be solely be restricted by law and with the
purposes of safeguarding national security and public order and to prevention
of crime commitment, protection of public health and public morals and the rights
and freedoms of others.
The formalities, conditions and procedures to be applied in exercising the right
to form union shall be prescribed by law.
Membership in more than one labour union cannot be obtained at the same time
and in the same work branch.
The scope, exceptions and limits of the rights of civil servants who do not
have a worker status are prescribed by law in line with the characteristics
of their job.
The regulations, administration and functioning of labour unions and their higher
bodies should not be inconsistent with the fundamental characteristics of the
Republic and principles of democracy.
D. Activities of Labour Unions
ARTICLE 52. (Repealed on July 2,1995)
VI. Collective Bargaining, Right to Strike and Lockout
A. Right of Collective Bargaining
ARTICLE 53. (As amended on July 23, 1995)
Workers and employers have the right to conclude collective bargaining agreements
in order to regulate reciprocally their economic and social position and conditions
of work.
The procedure to be followed in concluding collective bargaining agreements
shall be regulated by law.
The unions and their higher organizations, which are to be established by the
public employees mentioned in the first paragraph of Article 128 and which do
not fall under the scope of the first and second paragraphs of the same article
and also Article 54, may appeal to judicial authorities on behalf of their members
and may hold collective bargaining meetings with the administration in accordance
with their aims. If an agreement is reached as a result of collective bargaining,
a text of the agreement will be signed by the parties. Such text shall be presented
to the Council of Ministers so that administrative or judicial arrangements
can be made. If such a text cannot be concluded by collective bargaining, the
agreed and disagreed points will also be submitted for the consideration of
the Council of Ministers by the relevant parties. The regulations for the execution
of this article are stipulated by law.
More than one collective bargaining agreement at the same place of work for
the same period shall not be concluded or put into effect.
B. Right to Strike and Lockout
ARTICLE 54. Workers have the right to strike if a dispute arises during the
collective bargaining process. The procedures and conditions governing the exercise
of this right and the employer’s recourse to a lockout, the scope of both actions,
and the exceptions to which they are subject shall be regulated by law.
The right to strike, and lockout shall not be exercised in a manner contrary
to the principle of goodwill to the detriment of society, and in a manner damaging
national wealth.
During a strike, the labour union is liable for any material damage caused in
a work-place where the strike is being held, as a result of deliberately negligent
behaviour by the workers and the labour union.
The circumstances and places in which strikes and lockouts may be prohibited
or postponed shall be regulated by law.
In cases where a strike or a lockout is prohibited or postponed, the dispute
shall be settled by the Supreme Arbitration Board at the end of the period of
postponement. The disputing parties may apply to the Supreme Arbitration Board
by mutual agreement at any stage of the dispute.
The decisions of the Supreme Arbitration Board shall be final and have the force
of a collective bargaining agreement.
The organisation and functions of the Supreme Arbitration Board shall be regulated
by law.
Politically motivated strikes and lockouts, solidarity strikes and lockouts,
occupation of work premises, labour go- slows, and other forms of obstruction
are prohibited.
Those who refuse to go on strike, shall in no way be barred from working at
their work-place by strikers.
VII. Guarantee of Fair Wage
ARTICLE 55. (As amended on October 17, 2001)
Wages shall be paid in return for work.
The state shall take the necessary measures to ensure that workers earn a fair
wage commensurate with the work they perform and that they enjoy other social
benefits.
In determining the minimum wage, the living conditions of the workers and the
economic situation of the country shall be taken into account.
VIII. Health, the Environment and Housing
A. Health Services and Conservation of the Environment
ARTICLE 56. Everyone has the right to live in a healthy, balanced environment.
It is the duty of the state and citizens to improve the natural environment,
and to prevent environmental pollution.
To ensure that everyone leads their lives in conditions of physical and mental
health and to secure cooperation in terms of human and material resources through
economy and increased productivity, the state shall regulate central planning
and functioning of the health services.
The state shall fulfil this task by utilizing and supervising the health and
social assistance institutions, in both the public and private sectors.
In order to establish widespread health services general health insurance may
be introduced by law.
B. Right to Housing
ARTICLE 57. The state shall take measures to meet the need for housing within
the framework of a plan which takes into account the characteristics of cities
and environmental conditions and supports community housing projects.
IX. Youth and Sports
A. Protection of the Youth
ARTICLE 58. The state shall take measures to ensure the training and development
of the youth into whose keeping our state, independence, and our Republic are
entrusted, in the light of contemporary science, in line with the principles
and reforms of Atatürk, and in opposition to ideas aiming at the destruction
of the indivisible integrity of the state with its territory and nation.
The state shall take necessary measures to protect the youth from addiction
to alcohol, drug addiction, crime, gambling, and similar vices, and ignorance.
B. Development of Sports
ARTICLE 59. The state shall take measures to develop the physical and mental
health of Turkish citizens of all ages, and encourage the spread of sports among
the masses.
The state shall protect successful athletes.
X. Social Security Rights
A. Right to Social Security
ARTICLE 60. Everyone has the right to social security.
The state shall take the necessary measures and establish the organisation for
the provision of social security.
B. Persons Requiring Special Protection in the Field of Social Security
ARTICLE 61. The state shall protect the widows and orphans of those killed in
war and in the line of duty, together with the disabled and war veterans, and
ensure that they enjoy a decent standard of living.
The state shall take measures to protect the disabled and secure their integration
into community life.
The aged shall be protected by the state. State assistance to the aged, and
other rights and benefits shall be regulated by law.
The state shall take all kinds of measures for social resettlement of children
in need of protection.
To achieve these aims the state shall establish the necessary organisations
or facilities, or arrange for their establishment by other bodies.
C. Turkish Nationals Working Abroad
ARTICLE 62. The state shall take the necessary measures to ensure family unity,
the education of the children, the cultural needs, and the social security of
Turkish nationals working abroad, and shall take the necessary measures to safeguard
their ties with the home country and to help them on their return home.
XI. Conservation of Historical, Cultural and Natural Wealth
ARTICLE 63. The state shall ensure the conservation of the historical, cultural
and natural assets and wealth, and shall take supportive and promotive measures
towards that end.
Any limitations to be imposed on such privately owned assets and wealth and
the compensation and exemptions to be accorded to the owners of such, as a result
of these limitations, shall be regulated by law.
XII. Protection of Arts and Artists
ARTICLE 64. The state shall protect artistic activities and artists. The state
shall take the necessary measures to protect, promote and support works of art
and artists, and encourage the growth of appreciation for the arts.
XIII. The Extent of Social and Economic Duties of the State
ARTICLE 65. (As amended on October 17, 2001)
The State shall fulfil its duties as laid down in the Constitution in the social
and economic fields within the capacity of its financial resources, taking into
consideration the priorities appropriate with the aims of these duties.
CHAPTER FOUR
POLITICAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES
I. Turkish Citizenship
ARTICLE 66. (As amended on October 17, 2001)
Everyone bound to the Turkish state through the bond of citizenship is a Turk.
The child of a Turkish father or a Turkish mother is a Turk.
Citizenship can be acquired under the conditions stipulated by law, and shall
be forfeited only in cases determined by law.
No Turk shall be deprived of citizenship, unless he commits an act incompatible
with loyalty to the motherland.
Recourse to the courts in appeal against the decisions and proceedings related
to the deprivation of citizenship, shall not be denied.
II. Right to Vote, to be Elected and to Engage in Political Activity
ARTICLE 67. (As amended on October 17, 2001)
In conformity with the conditions set forth in the law, citizens have the right
to vote, to be elected, and to engage in political activities independently
or in a political party, and to take part in a referendum.
Elections and referenda shall be held under the direction and supervision of
the judiciary, in accordance with the principles of free, equal, secret, and
direct, universal suffrage, and public counting of the votes. However, the conditions
under which the Turkish citizens who are abroad shall be able to exercise their
right to vote, are regulated by law.
All Turkish citizens over 18 years of age shall have the right to vote in elections
and to take part in referenda.
The exercise of these rights shall be regulated by law.
Privates and corporals serving in the armed services, students in military schools,
and convicts in penal execution excluding those convicted of negligent offences
cannot vote. The Supreme Election Council shall determine the measures to be
taken to ensure the safety of the counting of votes when detainees in penal
institutions or prisons vote; such voting is done under the on-site direction
and supervision of authorized judge. The electoral laws shall be drawn up in
such a way as to reconcile the principles of fair representation and consistency
in administration.
The amendments made in the electoral laws shall not be applied to the elections
to be held within the year from when the amendments go into force.
III. Provisions Relating to Political Parties
A. Forming Parties, Membership and Withdrawal From Membership in a Party
ARTICLE 68. (As amended on July 23, 1995: 4121/6 Article)
Citizens have the right to form political parties and in accordance with the
established procedure to join and withdraw from them. One must be over 18 years
of age to become a member of a party.
Political parties are indispensable elements of democratic political life.
Political parties can be formed without prior permission and shall pursue their
activities in accordance with the provisions set forth in the Constitution and
law.
The statutes and programmes, as well as the activities of political parties
shall not be in conflict with the independence of the state, its indivisible
integrity with its territory and nation, human rights, the principles of equality
and rule of law, sovereignty of the nation, the principles of the democratic
and secular republic; they shall not aim to protect or establish class or group
dictatorship or dictatorship of any kind, nor shall they incite citizens to
crime.
Judges and prosecutors, members of higher judicial organs including those of
the Court of Accounts, civil servants in public institutions and organizations,
other public servants who are not considered to be labourers by virtue of the
services they perform, members of the armed forces and students who are not
yet in higher education institutions, shall not become members of political
parties.
The membership of the teaching staff at higher education institutions in political
parties is regulated by law. This law cannot allow those members to assume responsibilities
outside the central organs of the political parties. It also sets forth the
regulations which the teaching staff at higher education institutions shall
observe as members of political parties.
The principles concerning the membership of students at higher education institutions
to political parties are regulated by law.
The state shall provide the political parties with adequate financial means
in an equitable manner. The financial assistance to be extended to political
parties, as well as procedures related to collection of membership dues and
donations are regulated by law.
B. Principles to be Observed by Political Parties
ARTICLE 69. (As amended on October 17, 2001)
The activities, internal regulations and operation of political parties shall
be in line with democratic principles. The application of these principles is
regulated by law.
Political parties shall not engage in commercial activities.
The income and expenditure of political parties shall be consistent with their
objectives. The application of this rule is regulated by law. The auditing of
the income, expenditure and acquisitions of political parties as well as the
establishment of the conformity to law of their revenue and expenses, methods
of auditing and sanctions to be applied in the event of unconformity shall also
be regulated by law. The Constitutional Court shall be assisted in performing
its task of auditing by the Court of Accounts. The judgments rendered by the
Constitutional Court as a result of the auditing shall be final.
The dissolution of political parties shall be decided finally by the Constitutional
Court after the filing of a suit by the office of the Chief Public Prosecutor
of the Republic.
The permanent dissolution of a political party shall be decided when it is established
that the statute and programme of the political party violate the provisions
of the fourth paragraph of Article 68.
A political party shall be deemed to become the centre of such actions only
when such actions are carried out intensively by the members of that party or
the situation is shared implicitly or explicitly by the grand congress, general
chairmanship or the central decision-making or administrative organs of that
party or by the group’s general meeting or group executive board at the Turkish
Grand National Assembly or when these activities are carried out in determination
by the above-mentioned party organs directly.
Instead of dissolving them permanently in accordance with the above-mentioned
paragraphs, the Constitutional Court may rule the concerned party to be deprived
of State aid wholly or in part with respect to intensity of the actions brought
before the court.
The foundation and activities of political parties, their supervision and dissolution,
or their deprival of State aid wholly or in part as well as the election expenditures
and procedures of the political parties and candidates, are regulated by law
in accordance with the above-mentioned principles.
IV. Right to Enter Public Service
A. Entry into Public Service
ARTICLE 70. Every Turk has the right to enter public service.
No criteria other than the qualifications for the office concerned shall be
taken into consideration for recruitment into public service.
B. Declaration of Assets
ARTICLE 71. Declaration of assets by persons entering public service and the
frequency of such declaration, shall be determined by law. Those serving in
the legislative and executive organs shall not be exempted from this requirement.
V. National Service
ARTICLE 72. National service is the right and duty of every Turk. The manner
in which this service shall be performed, or considered as performed, either
in the Armed Forces or in public service shall be regulated by law.
VI. Obligation to Pay Taxes
ARTICLE 73. Everyone is under obligation to pay taxes according to his financial
resources, in order to meet public expenditure.
An equitable and balanced distribution of the tax burden is the social objective
of fiscal policy.
Taxes, fees, duties, and other such financial impositions shall be imposed,
amended, or revoked by law.
The Council of Ministers may be empowered to amend the percentages of exemption,
exceptions and reductions in taxes, fees, duties and other such financial impositions,
within the minimum and maximum limits prescribed by law.
VII. Right of Petition
ARTICLE 74. (As amended on October 17, 2001)
Citizens and foreigners resident considering the principle of reciprocity have
the right to apply in writing to the competent authorities and to the Turkish
Grand National Assembly with regard to the requests and complaints concerning
themselves or the public.
The result of the application concerning himself shall be made known to the
petitioner in writing without delay.
The way of exercising this right shall be determined by law.
PART THREE
FUNDAMENTAL ORGANS OF THE REPUBLIC
CHAPTER ONE
LEGISLATIVE POWER
I. The Turkish Grand National Assembly
A. Composition
ARTICLE 75. (As amended on July 23, 1995)
The Turkish Grand National Assembly shall be composed of five hundred and fifty
deputies elected by universal suffrage.
B. Eligibility to be a Deputy
ARTICLE 76. Every Turk over the age of 30 is eligible to be a deputy.
Persons who have not completed their primary education, who have been deprived
of legal capacity, who have failed to perform compulsory military service, who
are banned from public service, who have been sentenced to a prison term totalling
one year or more excluding involuntary offences, or to a heavy imprisonment;
those who have been convicted for dishonourable offences such as embezzlement,
corruption, bribery, theft, fraud, forgery, breach of trust, fraudulent bankruptcy;
and persons convicted of smuggling, conspiracy in official bidding or purchasing,
of offences related to the disclosure of state secrets, of involvement in ideological
and anarchistic activities, or incitement and encouragement of such activities,
shall not be elected deputies, even if they have been pardoned.
Judges and prosecutors, members of the higher judicial organs, members of the
teaching staff at institutions of higher education, members of the Higher Education
Council, employees of public institutions and agencies who have the status of
civil servants, other public employees not regarded as labourers on account
of the duties they perform, and members of the Armed Forces shall not stand
for election or be eligible to be a deputy unless they resign from office.
C. Election Term of the Turkish Grand National Assembly
ARTICLE 77. Elections for the Turkish Grand National Assembly shall be held
every five years.
The Assembly may decide to hold a new election before the termination of this
period, and new elections may also be decided upon according to a decision,
taken in accordance with the conditions set forth in the Constitution, by the
President of the Republic. A deputy whose term of office expires may be eligible
for re-election.
In the event of a decision to hold new elections, the powers of the Assembly
shall continue until the election of a new Assembly.
D. Deferment of Elections to the Turkish Grand National Assembly, and By-elections
ARTICLE 78. If the holding of new elections is found impossible because of war,
the Turkish Grand National Assembly may decide to defer elections for a year.
If the grounds for deferment do not disappear this measure may be repeated under
the procedure for deferment.
By-elections shall be held when vacancies arise in the membership of the Turkish
Grand National Assembly. By-elections shall be held once in every election term
and cannot be held until 30 months have elapsed from the date of the previous
general elections. However, in cases where the number of vacant seats reaches
five percent of the total number of seats, by- elections shall be held within
three months.
By-elections shall not be held within one year before general elections.
E. General Administration and Supervision of Elections
ARTICLE 79. Elections shall be held under the general administration and supervision
of the judicial organs.
The Supreme Election Council shall execute all the functions to ensure the fair
and orderly conduct of the elections from the beginning to the end of polling,
carry out investigations and take final decisions on all irregularities, complaints
and objections concerning the elections during and after the polling, and verify
the election returns of the members of the Turkish Grand National Assembly.
No appeal shall be made to any authority against the decisions of the Supreme
Election Council.
The functions and powers of the Supreme Election Council and other election
councils shall be determined by law.
The Supreme Election Council shall be composed of seven regular members and
four substitutes. Six of the members shall be elected by the Plenary Assembly
of the High Court of Appeals, and five members shall be elected by the Plenary
Assembly of the Council of State from amongst its own members, by secret ballot
and by an absolute majority of the total number of members. These members shall
elect a Chairman and a Vice-Chairman from amongst themselves, by absolute majority
and secret ballot.
Amongst the members elected to the Supreme Election Council by the High Court
of Appeals and by the Council of State, two members from each group shall be
designated, by lot, as substitute members. The Chairman and Vice-Chairman of
the Supreme Election Council shall not take part in this procedure.
The general conduct and supervision of a referendum on legislation amending
the Constitution shall be subject to the same provisions as those relating to
the election of deputies.
F. Provisions Relating to Membership
1. Representing the Nation
ARTICLE 80. Members of the Turkish Grand National Assembly represent, not merely
their own constituencies or constituents, but the Nation as a whole.
2. Oath-Taking
ARTICLE 81. Members of the Turkish Grand National Assembly, on assuming office,
shall take the following oath:
”I swear upon my honour and integrity, before the great Turkish Nation, to safeguard
the existence and independence of the state, the indivisible integrity of the
Country and the Nation, and the absolute sovereignty of the Nation; to remain
loyal to the supremacy of law, to the democratic and secular Republic, and to
Atatürk’s principles and reforms; not to deviate from the ideal according to
which everyone is entitled to enjoy human rights and fundamental freedoms under
peace and prosperity in society, national solidarity and justice, and loyalty
to the Constitution.”
3. Activities Incompatible with Membership
ARTICLE 82. Members of the Turkish Grand National Assembly shall not hold office
in state departments and other public corporate bodies and their subsidiaries;
in corporations and enterprises affiliated with the state and other public corporate
bodies; in the executive or supervisory organs of enterprises and corporations
where there is direct or indirect participation of the state and public corporate
bodies, in the executive and supervisory organs of public benefit associations,
whose special resources of revenue and privileges are provided by law; in the
executive and supervisory organs of foundations which enjoy tax exemption and
receive financial subsidies from the state; and in the executive and supervisory
organs of labour unions and public professional organisations, and in the enterprises
and corporations in which the above-mentioned unions and associations or their
higher bodies have a share; nor can they be appointed as representatives of
the above-mentioned bodies or be party to a business contract, directly or indirectly,
and be arbitrators of representatives in their business transactions.
Members of the Turkish Grand National Assembly shall not be entrusted with any
official or private duties involving recommendation, appointment, or approval
by the executive organ. Acceptance by a deputy of a temporary assignment given
by the Council of Ministers on a specific matter, and not exceeding a period
of six months, is subject to the approval of the Assembly.
Other functions and activities incompatible with membership in the Turkish Grand
National Assembly shall be regulated by law.
4. Parliamentary Immunity
ARTICLE 83. Members of the Turkish Grand National Assembly shall not be liable
for their votes and statements concerning parliamentary functions, for the views
they express before the Assembly, or unless the Assembly decides otherwise on
the proposal of the Bureau for that sitting, for repeating or revealing these
outside the Assembly.
A deputy who is alleged to have committed an offence before or after election,
shall not be arrested, interrogated, detained or tried unless the Assembly decides
otherwise. This provision shall not apply in cases where a member is caught
in the act of committing a crime punishable by a heavy penalty and in cases
subject to Article 14 of the Constitution if an investigation has been initiated
before the election. However, in such situations the competent authority shall
notify the Turkish Grand National Assembly immediately and directly.
The execution of a criminal sentence imposed on a member of the Turkish Grand
National Assembly either before or after his election shall be suspended until
he ceases to be a member; the statute of limitations does not apply during the
term of membership.
Investigation and prosecution of a re-elected deputy shall be subject to whether
or not the Assembly lifts immunity in the case of the individual involved.
Political party groups in the Turkish Grand National Assembly shall not hold
discussions or take decisions regarding parliamentary immunity.
5. Loss of Membership
ARTICLE 84. (As amended on July 23, 1995)
The loss of membership of a deputy who has resigned shall be decided upon by
the plenary of the Turkish Grand National Assembly after the Bureau of the Turkish
Grand National Assembly attests to the validity of the resignation.
The loss of membership, through a final judicial sentence or deprivation of
legal capacity, shall take effect after the final court decision in the matter
has been communicated to the plenary of the Turkish Grand National Assembly.
The loss of membership of a deputy who insists on holding a position or continues
an activity incompatible with membership according to Article 82, shall be decided
by a secret plenary vote, upon the submission of a report drawn up by the authorized
commission setting out the factual situation.
Loss of membership by a deputy who fails to attend without excuse or permission,
five meetings in a period of one month shall be decided by an absolute majority
of the total number of members after the Bureau of the Turkish Grand National
Assembly determines the situation.
The membership of a deputy whose statements and acts are cited in a final judgment
by the Constitutional Court as having caused the permanent dissolution of his
party shall terminate on the date when the decision in question and its justifications
are published in the Official Gazette. The speaker of the Turkish Grand National
Assembly shall immediately take the necessary action concerning such decision
and shall inform the plenary of the Turkish Grand National Assembly accordingly.
6. Application for Annulment
ARTICLE 85. (As amended on July 23, 1995)
If the parliamentary immunity of a deputy has been waived or if the loss of
membership has been decided according to the first, third or fourth paragraphs
of Article 84, the deputy in question or another deputy may, within seven days
from the day of the decision of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey, appeal
to the Constitutional Court, for the decision to be annulled on the grounds
that it is contrary to the Constitution, law or the rules or procedure of the
Turkish Grand National Assembly. The Constitutional Court shall decide on the
appeal within fifteen days.
7. Salaries and Allowances
Article 86. (As amended on November 30, 2001)
The salaries, allowances and retirement arrangements of the members of the Turkish
Grand National Assembly shall be regulated by law. The monthly amount of the
salary shall not exceed the salary of the most senior civil servant; the travel
allowance shall not exceed half of that salary. The members of the Turkish Grand
National Assembly and its retirees are affiliated with the Pension Fund of the
Turkish Republic, and the affiliation of those continue upon their will in case
of their membership expires.
The salaries and allowances paid to the members of the Turkish Grand National
Assembly shall not necessitate the suspension of payments of pensions and similar
benefits by the Pension Fund of the Turkish Republic.
A maximum of three months’ salaries and allowances may be paid in advance.
II. Functions and Powers of the Turkish Grand National Assembly
A. General Provisions
ARTICLE 87. (As amended on October 17, 2001)
The functions and powers of the Turkish Grand National Assembly comprise the
enactment, amendment, and repeal of laws; the supervision of the Council of
Ministers and the Ministers; authorisation of the Council of Ministers to issue
governmental decrees having the force of law on certain matters; debating and
approval of the budget draft and the draft law of the final accounts, making
decisions regarding the printing of currency and declaration of war; ratifying
international agreements, deciding with the three fifth’s of the Turkish Grand
National Assembly on the proclamation of amnesties and pardons of the Constitution;
confirming death sentences passed down by the courts; and exercising the powers
and executing the functions envisaged in the other articles of the Constitution.
B. Proposal and Debate of Laws
ARTICLE 88. The Council of Ministers and deputies are empowered to introduce
laws.
The procedure and principles relating to the debating of draft bills and proposals
of law in the Turkish Grand National Assembly shall be regulated by the Rules
of Procedure.
C. Promulgation of Laws by the President of the Republic
ARTICLE 89. (As amended on October 17, 2001)
The President of the Republic shall promulgate the laws adopted by the Turkish
Grand National Assembly within fifteen days.
He shall, within the same period, refer to the Turkish Grand National Assembly
for further consideration, laws which he deems wholly or in part or unsuitable
for promulgation, together with a statement of his reasons. In the event of
being deemed unsuitable by the President, the Turkish Grand National Assembly
may only discuss those articles deemed to be unsuitable. Budget laws shall not
be subjected to this provision.
Provisions relating to Constitutional amendments are reserved.
D. Ratification of International Treaties
ARTICLE 90. The ratification of treaties concluded with foreign states and international
organisations on behalf of the Republic of Turkey, shall be subject to adoption
by the Turkish Grand National Assembly by a law approving the ratification.
Agreements regulating economic, commercial and technical relations, and covering
a period of no more than one year, may be put into effect through promulgation,
provided they do not entail any financial commitment by the state, and provided
they do not infringe upon the status of individuals or upon the property rights
of Turkish citizens abroad. In such cases, these agreements must be brought
to the knowledge of the Turkish Grand National Assembly within two months of
their promulgation.
Agreements in connection with the implementation of an international treaty,
and economic, commercial, technical, or administrative agreements which are
concluded depending on an authorisation given by law shall not require approval
by the Turkish Grand National Assembly. However, agreements concluded under
the provision of this paragraph and affecting the economic, or commercial relations
and private rights of individuals shall not be put into effect unless promulgated.
Agreements resulting in amendments to Turkish laws shall be subject to the provisions
of the first paragraph.
International agreements duly put into effect carry the force of law. No appeal
to the Constitutional Court can be made with regard to these agreements, on
the ground that they are unconstitutional.
E. Authorisation to Enact Decrees Having the Force of Law
ARTICLE 91. The Turkish Grand National Assembly may empower the Council of Ministers
to issue decrees having the force of law. However, the fundamental rights, individual
rights and duties included in the First and Second Chapter of the Second Part
of the Constitution and the political rights and duties listed in the Fourth
Chapter, cannot be regulated by decrees having the force of law except during
periods of martial law and states of emergency.
The empowering law shall define the purpose, scope, principles, and operative
period of the decree having the force of law, and whether more than one decree
will be issued within the same period.
Resignation or fall of the Council of Ministers, or expiration of the legislative
term shall not cause the termination of the power conferred for the given period.
When approving a decree having the force of law before the end of the prescribed
period, the Turkish Grand National Assembly shall also state whether the power
has terminated or will continue until the expiry of the said period.
Provisions relating to the decrees having the force of law issued by the Council
of Ministers meeting under the chairmanship of the President of the Republic
in time of martial law or states of emergency, are reserved.
Decrees having the force of law shall come into force on the day of their publication
in the Official Gazette. However, a later date may be indicated in the decree
as the date of entry into force.
Decrees are submitted to the Turkish Grand National Assembly on the day of their
publication in the Official Gazette.
Laws of empowering and decrees having the force of law which are based on these,
shall be discussed in the committees and in the plenary sessions of the Turkish
Grand National Assembly with priority and urgency.
Decrees not submitted to the Turkish Grand National Assembly on the day of their
publication shall cease to have effect on that day and decrees rejected by the
Turkish Grand National Assembly shall cease to have effect on the day of publication
of the decision in the Official Gazette. The amended provisions of the decrees
which are approved as amended shall go into force on the day of their publication
in the Official Gazette.
F. Declaration of State of War and Authorisation to Deploy the Armed Forces
ARTICLE 92. The Power to authorise the declaration of a state of war in cases
deemed legitimate by international law and except where required by international
treaties to which Turkey is a party or by the rules of international courtesy
to send Turkish Armed Forces to foreign countries and to allow foreign armed
forces to be stationed in Turkey, is vested in the Turkish Grand National Assembly.
If the country is subjected, while the Turkish Grand National Assembly is adjourned
or in recess, to sudden armed aggression and it thus becomes imperative to decide
immediately on the deployment of the armed forces, the President of the Republic
can decide on the mobilization of the Turkish Armed Forces.
III. Provisions Relating to the Activities of the Turkish Grand National Assembly
A. Convening and Adjournment
ARTICLE 93. (As amended on July 23, 1995)
The Turkish Grand National Assembly shall convene of its own accord on the first
day of October each year.
The Assembly may be in recess for a maximum of three months in the course of
a legislative year. During adjournment or recess it may be summoned by the President
of the Republic either on his own initiative or at the request of the Council
of Ministers.
The Speaker of the Assembly may also summon the Assembly either on his own initiative
or at the written request of one fifth of the members.
If the Turkish Grand National Assembly is convened during an adjournment or
recess, it shall not adjourn or go into recess again before having given priority
consideration to the matter requiring the summons.
B. Bureau of the Assembly
ARTICLE 94. (As amended on October 17, 2001)
The Bureau of the Assembly of the Turkish Grand National Assembly shall be composed
of the Speaker, the Deputy Speaker, Secretary Members, and Administrative Members
elected from among the Assembly members.
The Bureau of the Assembly shall be so composed as to ensure proportionate representation
to the number of members of each political party group in the Assembly. Political
party groups shall not nominate candidates for the Office of the Speaker.
Two elections to the Bureau of the Turkish Grand National Assembly shall be
held in the course of one legislative term. The term of office of those elected
in the first round is two years and the term of office of those elected in the
second round is three years.
The candidates from among the members of the Assembly for the Office of the
Speaker of the Turkish Grand National Assembly shall be announced, within five
days of the convening of the Assembly, to the Bureau of the Assembly. Election
of the Speaker shall be held by secret ballot. In the first two ballots, a two-thirds
majority of the total number of members, and in the third ballot an absolute
majority of the total number of members is required. If an absolute majority
cannot be obtained in the third ballot a fourth ballot shall be held between
the two candidates who have received the highest number of votes in the third
ballot; the member who receives the greatest number of votes in the fourth ballot
shall be elected Speaker. The election of the Speaker shall be completed within
five days of the expiry of the period for the nomination of candidates.
The quorum required for election, the number of ballots and its procedure, the
number of Deputy Speakers, Secretary Members and Administrative Members, shall
be stipulated by the Assembly Rules of Procedure.
The Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the Turkish Grand National Assembly cannot
participate in the activities of the political party or party group in which
they are a member, nor in debates, within or outside the Assembly, except in
cases required by their functions; the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker who is
presiding over the session shall not vote.
C. Rules of Procedure, Political Party Groups and Security Affairs
ARTICLE 95. The Grand National Assembly of Turkey shall carry out its activities
in accordance with the provisions of the Rules of Procedure drawn up by itself.
The provisions of the Rules of Procedure shall be drawn up in such a way as
to ensure the participation of each political party group in all the activities
of the Assembly in proportion to its number of members, political party groups
shall be constituted only if they have at least twenty members.
All security and administrative services of the Turkish Grand National Assembly
regarding all buildings, installations, annexes and grounds shall be organised
and directed by the Office of the Speaker of the Assembly.
Sufficient forces to ensure security and other such services shall be allocated
to the Office of the Speaker of the Assembly by the relevant authorities.
D. Quorums Required for Sessions and Decisions
ARTICLE 96. Unless otherwise stipulated in the Constitution, the Turkish Grand
National Assembly shall convene with at least, one-third of the total number
of members and shall take decisions by an absolute majority of those present;
however, the quorum for decisions can, under no circumstances, be less than
a quarter plus one of the total number of members.
Members of the Council of Ministers may delegate a minister to vote on their
behalf in sessions of the Turkish Grand National Assembly which they are unable
to attend. However, a minister shall not cast more than two votes including
his or her own.
E. Publicity and Publication of Debates
ARTICLE 97. Debates held in the plenary session of the Turkish Grand National
Assembly shall be public and shall be published verbatim in the Journal of Records.
The Turkish Grand National Assembly may hold closed sessions in accordance with
the provisions of its Rules of Procedure; the publication of debates of such
sessions shall be subject to the decision of the Turkish Grand National Assembly.
Public proceedings of the Assembly may be freely published through all means,
unless a decision to the contrary is adopted by the Assembly upon a proposal
of the Bureau of the Assembly.
IV. Ways of Collecting Information and Supervision by the Turkish Grand National
Assembly
A. General Provisions
ARTICLE 98. The Turkish Grand National Assembly shall exercise its supervisory
power by means of questions, parliamentary inquiries, general debates, motions
of censure and parliamentary investigations. A question is a request for information
addressed to the Prime Minister or ministers to be answered orally or in writing
on behalf of the Council of Ministers.
A parliamentary inquiry is an examination conducted to obtain information on
a specific subject.
A general debate is the consideration of a specific subject relating to the
community and the activities of the state at the plenary sessions of the Turkish
Grand National Assembly.
The form of presentation, content, and scope of the motions concerning questions,
parliamentary inquiries and general debates, and the procedures for answering,
debating and investigating them, shall be regulated by the Rules of Procedure.
B. Motions of Censure
ARTICLE 99. A motion of censure may be tabled either on behalf of a political
party group, or by the signature of at least twenty deputies.
A motion of censure shall be circulated in printed form to members within three
days of its being tabled; inclusion of a motion of censure on the agenda shall
be debated within ten days of its circulation. In this debate, only one of the
signatories to the motion, one deputy from each political party group, and the
Prime Minister or one minister on behalf of the Council of Ministers, may take
the floor.
Together with the decision to include the motion of censure on the agenda, the
date for debating it will also be decided; however, the debate shall not take
place less than two days after the decision to place it on the agenda and shall
not be deferred more than seven days.
In the course of the debate on the motion of censure, a motion of no-confidence
with a statement of reasons tabled by deputies or party groups, or the request
for a vote of confidence by the Council of Ministers, shall be put to the vote
only after a full day has elapsed.
In order to unseat the Council of Ministers or a minister, an absolute majority
of the total number of members shall be required in the voting, in which only
the votes of no-confidence shall be counted.
Other provisions concerning motions of censure, provided that they are consistent
with the smooth functioning of the Assembly, and do not conflict with the above-mentioned
principles are detailed in the Rules of Procedure.
C. Parliamentary Investigation
ARTICLE 100. (As amended on October 17, 2001)
Parliamentary investigation concerning the Prime Minister or other ministers
may be requested through a motion tabled by at least one-tenth of the total
number of members of the Turkish Grand National Assembly. The Assembly shall
consider and decide on this request with a secret ballot within one month at
the latest.
In the event of a decision to initiate an investigation, this investigation
shall be conducted by a commission of fifteen members chosen by lot on behalf
of each party from among three times the number of members the party is entitled
to have on the commission, representation being proportional to the parliamentary
membership of the party. The commission shall submit its report on the result
of the investigation to the Assembly within two months. If the investigation
is not completed within the time allotted, the commission shall be granted a
further and final period of two months. At the end of this period, the report
shall be submitted to the Office of the Speaker of the Turkish Grand National
Assembly.
Following its submission to the Office of the Speaker of the Turkish Grand National
Assembly, the report shall be distributed to the members within ten days and
debated within ten days after its distribution and if necessary, a decision
may be taken to bring the person involved before the Supreme Court. The decision
to bring a person before the Supreme Court shall be taken by a secret ballot
only by an absolute majority of the total number of members.
Political party groups in the Assembly shall not hold discussions or take decisions
regarding parliamentary investigations.
CHAPTER TWO
THE EXECUTIVE
I. President of the Republic
A. Qualifications and Impartiality
ARTICLE 101. The President of the Republic shall be elected for a term of office
of seven years by the Turkish Grand National Assembly from among its own members
who are over 40 years of age and who have completed their higher education or
from among Turkish citizens who fulfil these requirements and are eligible to
be deputies.
The nomination of a candidate for the Presidency of the Republic from outside
the Turkish Grand National Assembly shall require a written proposal by at least
one-fifth of the total number of members of the Assembly.
The President of the Republic cannot be elected for a second time.
The President-elect, if a member of a party, shall sever his relations with
his party and his status as a member of the Turkish Grand National Assembly
shall cease.
B. Election
ARTICLE 102. The President of the Republic shall be elected by a two-thirds
majority of the total number of members of the Turkish Grand National Assembly
and by secret ballot. If the Turkish Grand National Assembly is not in session,
it shall be summoned immediately to meet.
The election of the President of the Republic shall begin thirty days before
the term of office of the incumbent President of the Republic expires or ten
days after the Presidency falls vacant, and shall be completed within thirty
days of the beginning of the election. Candidates shall be declared to the Bureau
of the Assembly within the first ten days of this period and elections shall
be completed within the remaining twenty days.
If a two-thirds majority of the total number of members cannot be obtained in
the first two ballots, between which there shall be at least a three-day interval,
a third ballot shall be held and the candidate who receives the absolute majority
of votes of the total number of members shall be elected President of the Republic.
If an absolute majority of votes of the total number of members is not obtained
in the third ballot, a fourth ballot will be held between the two candidates
who receive the greatest number of votes in the third ballot; if the President
of the Republic cannot be elected by an absolute majority of the total number
of members in this ballot, new general elections for the Turkish Grand National
Assembly shall be held immediately.
The term of office of the incumbent President of the Republic shall continue
until the President-elect takes office.
C. Taking the Oath
ARTICLE 103. On assuming office, the President of the Republic shall take the
following oath before the Turkish Grand National Assembly:
“In my capacity as President of the Republic I swear upon my honour and integrity
before the Turkish Grand National Assembly and before history to safeguard the
existence and independence of the state, the indivisible integrity of the Country
and the Nation and the absolute sovereignty of the Nation, to abide by the Constitution,
the rule of law, democracy, the principles of the secular Republic, not to deviate
from the ideal according to which everyone is entitled to enjoy human rights
and fundamental freedoms under conditions of national peace and prosperity and
in a spirit of national solidarity and justice, and do my utmost to preserve
and exalt the glory and honour of the Republic of Turkey and perform without
bias the functions that I have assumed.”
D. Duties and Powers
ARTICLE 104. The President of the Republic is the Head of the state. In this
capacity he or she shall represent the Republic of Turkey and the unity of the
Turkish Nation; he or she shall ensure the implementation of the Constitution,
and the regular and harmonious functioning of the organs of state.
To this end, the duties he or she shall perform, and the powers he or she shall
exercise, in accordance with the conditions stipulated in the relevant articles
of the Constitution are as follows:
a) Those relating to legislation:
to deliver, if he or she deems it necessary, the opening address of the Turkish
Grand National Assembly on the first day of the legislative year,
to summon the Turkish Grand National Assembly to meet, when necessary,
to promulgate laws,
to return laws to the Turkish Grand National Assembly to be reconsidered,
to submit to referendum, if he or she deems it necessary, legislation regarding
amendment of the Constitution.
to appeal to the Constitutional Court for the annulment in part or entirety
of certain provisions of laws, decrees having the force of law, and the Rules
of Procedure of the Turkish Grand National Assembly on the grounds that they
are unconstitutional in form or in content,
to call new elections for the Turkish Grand National Assembly.
b) Those relating to executive functions:
to appoint the Prime Minister and to accept his or her resignation,
to appoint and dismiss Ministers on the proposal of the Prime Minister,
to preside over the Council of Ministers or to call the Council of Ministers
to meet under his or her chairmanship whenever he or she deems it necessary,
to accredit representatives of the Turkish state to foreign states and to receive
the representatives of foreign states appointed to the Republic of Turkey,
to ratify and promulgate international treaties,
to represent the Supreme Military Command of the Turkish Armed Forces on behalf
of the Turkish Grand National Assembly,
to decide on the mobilization of the Turkish Armed Forces,
to appoint the Chief of the General Staff,
to call the National Security Council to meet,
to preside over the National Security Council,
to proclaim martial law or state of emergency, and to issue decrees having the
force of law, in accordance with the decisions of the Council of Ministers under
his or her chairmanship,
to sign decrees,
to remit, on grounds of chronic illness, disability, or old age, all or part
of the sentences imposed on certain individuals,
to appoint the members and the chairman of the state Supervisory Council,
to instruct the State Supervisory Council to carry out inquiries, investigations
and inspections,
to appoint the members of the Higher Education Council,
to appoint rectors of universities.
c) Those relating to the judiciary:
to appoint the members of the Constitutional Court, one- fourth of the members
of the Council of State, the Chief Public Prosecutor and the Deputy Chief Public
Prosecutor of the High Court of Appeals, the members of the Military High Court
of Appeals, the members of the Supreme Military Administrative Court and the
members of the Supreme Council of Judges and Public Prosecutors.
The President of the Republic shall also exercise powers of election and appointment,
and perform the other duties conferred on him or her by the Constitution and
laws.
E. Presidential Accountability and Non-accountability
ARTICLE 105. All Presidential decrees except those which the President of the
Republic is empowered to enact by himself without the signatures of the Prime
Minister and the minister concerned, in accordance with the provisions of the
Constitution and other laws, shall be signed by the Prime Minister, and the
ministers concerned. The Prime Minister and the ministers concerned shall be
accountable for these decrees.
No appeal shall be made to any legal authority, including the Constitutional
Court, against the decisions and orders signed by the President of the Republic
on his or her own initiative.
The President of the Republic may be impeached for high treason on the proposal
of at least one-third of the total number of members of the Turkish Grand National
Assembly, and by the decision of at least three-fourths of the total number
of members.
F. Acting for the President of the Republic
ARTICLE 106. In the event of a temporary absence of the President of the Republic
on account of illness, travel abroad or similar circumstances, the Speaker of
the Turkish Grand National Assembly shall serve as Acting President of the Republic
and exercise the powers of the President of the Republic until the President
of the Republic resumes his or her functions, and in the event that the Presidency
falls vacant as a result of death or resignation or for any other reason, until
the election of a new President of the Republic.
G. General Secretariat of the President of the Republic
ARTICLE 107. The establishment, the principles of organisation and functioning,
and the appointment of General Secretariat of the Presidency of the Republic
personnel shall be regulated by Presidential decrees.
H. State Supervisory Council
ARTICLE 108. The State Supervisory Council which shall be attached to the Office
of the Presidency of the Republic with the purpose of performing and furthering
the regular and efficient functioning of the administration and its observance
of law, will be empowered to conduct upon the request of the President of the
Republic all inquiries, investigations and inspections of all public bodies
and organisations, all enterprises in which those public bodies and organisations
share more than half of the capital, public professional organisations, employers’
associations and labour unions at all levels, and public welfare associations
and foundations.
The Armed Forces and all judicial organs are outside the jurisdiction of the
State Supervisory Council.
The Members and the Chairman to be designated from among the members of the
State Supervisory Council shall be appointed by the President of the Republic
from among those with the qualifications set forth in the law.
The functioning of the State Supervisory Council, the term of office of its
members, and other matters relating to their status shall be regulated by law.
II. Council of Ministers
A. Formation
ARTICLE 109. The Council of Ministers shall consist of the Prime Minister and
the ministers.
The Prime Minister shall be appointed by the President of the Republic from
among the members of the Turkish Grand National Assembly.
The ministers shall be nominated by the Prime Minister and appointed by the
Turkish Grand National Assembly, or from among those eligible for election as
deputies; and they can be dismissed by the President of the Republic, upon the
proposal of the Prime Minister when deemed necessary.
B. Taking Office and Vote of Confidence
ARTICLE 110. The complete list of members of the Council of Ministers shall
be submitted to the Turkish Grand National Assembly. If the Turkish Grand National
Assembly is in recess, it shall be summoned to meet.
The Government Programme of the Council of Ministers shall be read by the Prime
Minister or by one of the ministers before the Turkish Grand National Assembly
within a week of the formation of the Council of Ministers following which there
shall be a vote of confidence. Debate on the vote of confidence shall begin
two full days after the reading of the programme and the vote shall be taken
one full day after the end of debate.
C. Vote of Confidence While in Office
ARTICLE 111. If the Prime Minister deems it necessary, and after discussing
the matter in the Council of Ministers, he or she may ask for a vote of confidence
in the Turkish Grand National Assembly.
The request for a vote of confidence shall not be debated before one full day
has elapsed from the time it was submitted to the Turkish Grand National Assembly
and shall not be put to the vote until one full day has passed after debate.
A request for a vote of confidence shall be rejected only by an absolute majority
of the total number of members.
D. Functions and Political Responsibilities
ARTICLE 112. The Prime Minister, as Chairman of the Council of Ministers, shall
ensure cooperation among the ministers, and supervise the implementation of
the government’s general policy.
The members of the Council of Ministers are jointly responsible for the implementation
of this policy.
Each minister shall be responsible to the Prime Minister and shall also be responsible
for the conduct of affairs under his or her jurisdiction and for the acts and
activities of his or her subordinates.
The Prime Minister shall ensure that the ministers exercise their functions
in accordance with the Constitution and the laws and shall take corrective measures
to this end.
The members of the Council of Ministers who are not deputies shall take their
oath before the Turkish Grand National Assembly as written in Article 81, and
during their term of office as ministers they shall abide by the rules and conditions
to which deputies are subject and shall enjoy parliamentary immunity. They receive
the same salaries and allowances as members of the Turkish Grand National Assembly.
E. Ministers, and the Formation of Ministries
ARTICLE 113. The formation, abolition, functions, powers and organisation of
the ministries shall be regulated by law.
A minister may act for another if a ministry becomes vacant or if the minister
is on leave or absent for a valid reason. However, a minister shall not act
for more than one other minister.
A minister who is brought before the Supreme Court by decision of the Turkish
Grand National Assembly, shall lose his or her ministerial status. If the Prime
Minister is brought before the Supreme Court, the Government shall be considered
to have resigned.
If a Ministerial position becomes vacant for any reason, a new appointment shall
be made to it within fifteen days.
F. Provisional Council of Ministers During Elections
ARTICLE 114. The Ministers of Justice, Internal Affairs and Communications shall
resign prior to general elections from the Turkish Grand National Assembly.
Three days before elections begin or in the event of a decision to hold new
elections before the end of the election term, within five days of this decision,
the Prime Minister shall appoint independent persons from within or outside
the Turkish Grand National Assembly to these Ministries.
In the event of a decision to hold new elections under Article 116, the Council
of Ministers shall resign and the President of the Republic shall appoint a
Prime Minister to form a Provisional Council of Ministers.
The Provisional Council of Ministers shall be composed of members of the political
party groups in proportion to their parliamentary membership with the exception
of the ministers of Justice, Internal Affairs, and Communications, who shall
be independent persons appointed from within or outside the Turkish Grand National
Assembly.
The number of members to be taken from political party groups shall be determined
by the President of the Turkish Grand National Assembly, and shall be communicated
to the Prime Minister. Party members who do not accept the ministerial posts
offered to them, or who subsequently, resign shall be replaced by independent
persons from within or outside the Grand National Assembly of Turkey.
The Provisional Council of Ministers shall be formed within five days of publication
in the Official Gazette of the decision to hold new elections.
The Provisional Council of Ministers shall not be subject to a vote of confidence.
The Provisional Council of Ministers shall remain in office for the duration
of the elections, and until the new Assembly convenes.
G. Regulations
ARTICLE 115. The Council of Ministers may issue regulations governing the mode
of implementation of laws or designating matters ordered by law, provided that
they do not conflict with existing laws and are examined by the Council of State.
Regulations shall be signed by the President of the Republic and promulgated
in the same manner as laws.
H. Calling for Elections for the Turkish Grand National Assembly by the President
of the Republic
ARTICLE 116. In cases where the Council of Ministers fails to receive a vote
of confidence under Article 110 or is compelled to resign by a vote of no-confidence
under Article 99 or 111, and if a new Council of Ministers cannot be formed
within forty-five days or the new Council of Ministers fails to receive a vote
of confidence, the President of the Republic, in consultation with the President
of the Turkish Grand National Assembly, may call for new elections.
If a new Council of Ministers cannot be formed within forty-five days of the
resignation of the Prime Minister without being defeated by a vote of confidence
or also within forty-five days of elections for the Bureau of the President
of the Turkish Grand National Assembly of the newly elected Turkish Grand National
Assembly, the President of the Republic may likewise, in consultation with the
President of the Turkish Grand National Assembly, call for new elections.
The decision to call for new elections shall be published in the Official Gazette
and the election shall be held thereafter.
I. National Defence
A. Offices of Commander-in-Chief and Chief of the General Staff
ARTICLE 117. The Office of Commander-in-Chief is inseparable from the spiritual
existence of the Turkish Grand National Assembly and is represented by the President
of the Republic.
The Council of Ministers shall be responsible to the Turkish Grand National
Assembly for national security and for the preparation of the Armed Forces for
the defence of the country.
The Chief of the General Staff is the commander of the Armed Forces, and, in
time of war exercises the duties of Commander-in-Chief on behalf of the President
of the Republic.
The Chief of the General Staff shall be appointed by the President of the Republic
following the proposal of the Council of Ministers; his duties and powers shall
be regulated by law. The Chief of the General Staff shall be responsible to
the Prime Minister in the exercise of his duties and powers.
The functional relations and scope of jurisdiction of the Ministry of National
Defence with regard to the Chief of the General Staff and the Commanders of
the Armed Forces shall be regulated by law.
B. National Security Council
ARTICLE 118. (As amended on October 17, 2001)
The National Security Council shall be composed of the Prime Minister, the Chief
of the General Staff, Deputy Prime Ministers, Ministers of Justice, National
Defence, Internal Affairs, and Foreign Affairs, the Commanders of the Army,
Navy and Air Forces and the General Commander of the Gendarmerie, under the
chairmanship of the President of the Republic.
Depending on the particulars of the agenda, Ministers and other persons concerned
may be invited to meetings of the Council and their views heard.
The National Security Council shall submit to the Council of the Ministers its
views on the advisory decisions that are taken and ensuring the necessary condition
with regard to the formulation, establishment, and implementation of the national
security policy of the state. The Council of Ministers shall evaluate decisions
of the National Security Council concerning the measures that it deems necessary
for the preservation of the existence and independence of the state, the integrity
and indivisibility of the country and the peace and security of society.
The agenda of the National Security Council shall be drawn up by the President
of the Republic taking into account the proposals of the Prime Minister and
the Chief of the General Staff.
In the absence of the President of the Republic, the National Security Council
shall meet under the chairmanship of the Prime Minister.
The organisation and duties of the General Secretariat of the National Security
Council shall be regulated by law.
III. Procedure Governing Emergency Rule
A. States of Emergency
1. Declaration of State of Emergency on Account of Natural Disaster or Serious
Economic Crisis
ARTICLE 119. In the event of natural disaster, dangerous epidemic diseases or
a serious economic crisis, the Council of Ministers, meeting under the chairmanship
of the President of the Republic may declare a state of emergency in one or
more regions or throughout the country for a period not exceeding six months.
2. Declaration of State of Emergency on Account of Widespread Acts of Violence
and Serious Deterioration of Public Order
ARTICLE 120. In the event of serious indications of widespread acts of violence
aimed at the destruction of the free democratic order established by the Constitution
or of fundamental rights and freedoms, or serious deterioration of public order
because of acts of violence, the Council of Ministers, meeting under the chairmanship
of the President of the Republic, after consultation with the National Security
Council, may declare a state of emergency in one or more regions or throughout
the country for a period not exceeding six months.
3. Rules Relating to the State of Emergency
ARTICLE 121. In the event of a declaration of a state of emergency under the
provisions of Articles 119 and 120 of the Constitution, this decision shall
be published in the Official Gazette and shall be submitted immediately to the
Turkish Grand National Assembly for approval. If the Turkish Grand National
Assembly is in recess, it shall be assembled immediately. The Assembly may alter
the duration of the state of emergency, extend the period, for a maximum of
four months only, each time at the request of the Council of Ministers, or may
lift the state of emergency.
The financial, material and labour obligations which are to be imposed on citizens
in the event of the declaration of state of emergency under Article 119 and,
applicable according to the nature of each kind of state of emergency, the procedure
as to how fundamental rights and freedoms shall be restricted or suspended in
line with the principles of Article 15, how and by what means the measures necessitated
by the situation shall be taken, what sort of powers shall be conferred on public
servants, what kind of changes shall be made in the status of officials, and
the procedure governing emergency rule, shall be regulated by the Law on State
of Emergency.
During the state of emergency, the Council of Ministers meeting under the chairmanship
of the President of the Republic, may issue decrees having the force of law
on matters necessitated by the state of emergency. These decrees shall be published
in the Official Gazette, and shall be submitted to the Turkish Grand National
Assembly on the same day for approval; the time limit and procedure for their
approval by the Assembly shall be indicated in the Rules of Procedure.
B. Martial Law, Mobilization and State of War
ARTICLE 122. The Council of Ministers, under the chairmanship of the President
of the Republic, after consultation with the National Security Council, may
declare martial law in one or more regions or throughout the country for a period
not exceeding six months, in the event of widespread acts of violence which
are more dangerous than the cases necessitating a state of emergency and which
are aimed at the destruction of the free democratic order or the fundamental
rights and freedoms embodied in the Constitution; or in the event of war, the
emergence of a situation necessitating war, an uprising, or the spread of violent
and strong rebellious actions against the motherland and the Republic, or widespread
acts of violence of either internal or external origin threatening the indivisibility
of the country and the nation. This decision shall be published immediately
in the Official Gazette, and shall be submitted for approval to the Turkish
Grand National Assembly, on the same day. If the Turkish Grand National Assembly
is in recess, it shall be assembled immediately. The Turkish Grand National
Assembly may, when it deems necessary, reduce or extend the period of martial
law or lift it.
During the period of martial law, the Council of Ministers meeting under the
chairmanship of the President of the Republic may issue decrees having the force
of law on matters necessitated by the state of martial law.
These decrees shall be published in the Official Gazette and shall be submitted
for approval to the Turkish Grand National Assembly on the same day. The time
limit and procedure for their approval by the Assembly shall be indicated in
the Rules of Procedure.
Extension of the period of martial law for a maximum of four months each time,
shall require a decision by the Turkish Grand National Assembly. In the event
of state of war, the limit of four months does not apply.
In the event of martial law, mobilization and state of war, the provisions to
be applied and conduct of affairs, relations with the administration, the manner
in which freedoms are to be restricted or suspended and the obligations to be
imposed on citizens in a state of war or in the event of emergence of a situation
necessitating war, shall be regulated by law.
The Martial Law Commanders shall exercise their duties under the authority of
the Chief of the General Staff.
IV. Administration
A. Fundamentals of the Administration
1. Integral Unity and Public Legal Personality of the Administration
ARTICLE 123. The administration forms a whole with regard to its structure and
functions, and shall be regulated by law.
The organisation and functions of the administration are based on the principles
of centralization and local administration.
Public corporate bodies shall be established only by law, or by the authority
expressly granted by law.
2. By-laws
ARTICLE 124. The Prime Ministry, the ministries, and public corporate bodies
may issue by-laws in order to ensure the application of laws and regulations
relating to their particular fields of operation, provided that they are not
contrary to these laws and regulations.
The law shall designate which by-laws are to be published in the Official Gazette.
B. Recourse to Judicial Review
ARTICLE 125. (As amended on August 13, 1999)
Recourse to judicial review shall be available against all actions and acts
of administration. National or international arbitration may be suggested to
settle the disputes which arise from conditions and contracts under which concessions
are granted concerning public services. Only those disputes involving foreign
elements can be solved by international arbitration.
The acts of the President of the Republic on his or her own competence, and
the decisions of the Supreme Military Council are outside the scope of judicial
review. In suits filed against administrative acts, the statute of limitations
shall be effective from the date of written notification.
Judicial power is limited to the verification of the conformity of the actions
and acts of the administration with law. No judicial ruling shall be passed
which restricts the exercise of the executive function in accordance with the
forms and principles prescribed by law, which has the quality of an administrative
action and act, or which removes discretionary powers.
If the implementation of an administrative act should result in damages which
are difficult or impossible to compensate for, and at the same time this act
is clearly unlawful, then a stay of execution may be decided upon, stating the
reasons why.
The law may restrict the issuing of stay of execution orders in cases of state
of emergency, martial law, mobilisation and state of war, and for reasons of
national security, public order and public health.
The administration shall be liable to compensate for damages resulting from
its actions and acts.
C. Organisation of the Administration
1. Central Administration
ARTICLE 126. In terms of central administrative structure, Turkey is divided
into provinces on the basis of geographical situation and economic conditions,
and public service requirements; provinces are further divided into lower levels
of administrative districts.
The administration of the provinces is based on the principle of devolution
of wider powers.
Central administrative organisations comprising several provinces may be established
to ensure efficiency and coordination of public services. The functions and
powers of these organisations shall be regulated by law.
2. Local Administrations
ARTICLE 127. (As amended on July 23, 1995)
Local administrative bodies are public corporate entities established to meet
the common local needs of the inhabitants of provinces, municipal districts
and villages, whose decision-making organs are elected by the electorate as
described in law, and whose principles of structure are also determined by law.
The formation, duties and powers of the local administration shall be regulated
by law in accordance with the principle of local administration.
The elections for local administrations shall be held every five years in accordance
with the principles set forth in Article 67. However, general or by-elections
for local administrative bodies or for members thereof, which are to be held
within a year before or after the general or by-elections for deputies, shall
be held simultaneously with the general or by-elections for deputies. Special
administrative arrangements may be introduced by law for larger urban centres.
The procedures dealing with objections to the acquisition by elected organs
of local government or their status as an organ, and their loss of such status,
shall be resolved by the judiciary. However, as a provisional measure, the Minister
of Internal Affairs may remove from office those organs of local administration
or their members against whom investigation or prosecution has been initiated
on grounds of offences related to their duties, pending judgement.
The central administration has the power of administrative trusteeship over
the local governments in the framework of principles and procedures set forth
by law with the objective of ensuring the functioning of local services in conformity
with the principle of the integral unity of the administration, securing uniform
public service, safeguarding the public interest and meeting local needs, in
an appropriate manner.
The formation of local administrative bodies into a union with the permission
of the Council of Ministers for the purpose of performing specific public services;
and the functions, powers, financial and security arrangements of these unions,
and their reciprocal ties and relations with the central administration, shall
be regulated by law. These administrative bodies shall be allocated financial
resources in proportion to their functions.
D. Provisions Relating to Public Servants
1. General Principles
ARTICLE 128. The fundamental and permanent functions required by the public
services that the state, state economic enterprises and other public corporate
bodies are assigned to perform, in accordance with principles of general administration,
shall be carried out by public servants and other public employees.
The qualifications of public servants and other public employees, procedures
governing their appointments, duties and powers, their rights and responsibilities,
salaries and allowances, and other manners related to their status shall be
regulated by law.
The procedure and principles governing the training of senior administrators
shall be specially regulated by law.
2. Duties and Responsibilities, and Guarantees During Disciplinary Proceedings
ARTICLE 129. Public servants and other public employees are obliged to carry
out their duties with loyalty to the Constitution and the laws. Public servants,
other public employees and members of public professional organisations or their
higher bodies shall not be subjected to disciplinary penalties without being
granted the right of defence.
Disciplinary decisions shall be subject to judicial review, with the exception
of warnings and reprimands.
Provisions concerning the members of the Armed Forces, judges and prosecutors
are reserved.
Actions for damages arising from faults committed by public servants and other
public employees in the exercise of their duties shall be brought against the
administration only in accordance with the procedure and conditions prescribed
by law, and subject to recourse to them.
Prosecution of public servants and other public employees for alleged offences
shall be subject, except in cases prescribed by law, to the permission of the
administrative authority designated by law.
E. Institutions of Higher Education and Their Higher Bodies
1. Institutions of Higher Education
ARTICLE 130. For the purpose of training manpower under a system of contemporary
education and training principles and meeting the needs of the nation and the
country, universities comprising several units will be established by the state
and by law as public corporations having autonomy in teaching, assigned to educate,
train at different levels after secondary education, and conduct research, to
act as consultants, to issue publications and to serve the country and humanity.
Institutions of higher education, under the supervision and control of the state,
can be established by foundations in accordance with the procedures and principles
set forth in the law provided that they do not pursue lucrative aims.
The law shall provide for a balanced geographical distribution of universities
throughout the country.
Universities, members of the teaching staff and their assistants may freely
engage in all kinds of scientific research and publication. However, this shall
not include the liberty to engage in activities directed against the existence
and independence of the state, and against the integrity and indivisibility
of the Nation and the Country.
Universities and units attached to them are under the control and supervision
of the state and their security is ensured by the state.
University rectors shall be appointed by the President of the Republic, and
faculty deans by the Higher Education Council, in accordance with the procedures
and provisions of the law.
The administrative and supervisory organs of the universities and the teaching
staff may not for any reason whatsoever be removed from their office by authorities
other than those of the competent organs of the university or by the Higher
Education Council.
The budgets drawn up by universities, after being examined and approved by the
Higher Education Council shall be presented to the Ministry of National Education,
and shall be put into effect and supervised in conformity with the principles
applied to general and subsidiary budgets.
The establishment of institutions of higher education and their organs, their
functioning and elections, their duties, authorities and responsibilities, the
procedures to be followed by the state in the exercise of the right to supervise
and inspect the universities, the duties of the teaching staff, their titles,
appointments, promotions and retirement, the training of the teaching staff,
the relations of the universities and the teaching staff with public institutions
and other organisations, the level and duration of education, admission of students
into institutions of higher education, attendance requirements and fees, principles
relating to assistance to be provided by the state, disciplinary and penalty
matters, financial affairs, personnel rights, conditions to be conformed with
by the teaching staff, the assignment of the teaching staff in accordance with
inter-university requirements, the pursuance of training and education in freedom
and under guarantee and in accordance with the requirements of contemporary
science and technology, and the use of financial resources provided by the state
to the Higher Education Council and the universities, shall be regulated by
law.
Institutions of higher education established by foundations shall be subject
to the provisions set forth in the Constitution for state institutions of higher
education, as regards the academic activities, recruitment of teaching staff
and security, except for financial and administrative matters.
2. Superior Bodies of Higher Education
ARTICLE 131. The Higher Education Council shall be established to plan, organise,
administer, and supervise the education provided by institutions of higher education,
to orient teaching activities, education and scientific research, to ensure
the establishment and development of these institutions in conformity with the
objectives and principles set forth by law, to ensure the effective use of the
resources allotted to the universities, and to plan the training of the teaching
staff.
The Higher Education Council is composed of members appointed by the President
of the Republic from among the candidates who are nominated by the Council of
Ministers, the Chief of the General Staff and the universities, and in accordance
with the numbers, qualifications and procedure prescribed by law, priority being
given to those who have served successfully as faculty members as rectors, and
of members directly appointed by the President of the Republic himself.
The organisation, functions, authority, responsibility and operating principles
of the Council shall be regulated by law.
3. Institutions of Higher Education Subject to Special Provisions
ARTICLE 132. Institutions of Higher Education attached to the Turkish Armed
Forces and to security organisations are subject to the provisions of their
respective special laws.
F. Radio and Television Administrations and State-Financed News Agencies
ARTICLE 133. Radio and television stations shall be established and administered
freely in conformity with rules to be regulated by law.
The unique radio and television administration established by the state as a
public corporate body and the news agencies which receive aid from public corporate
bodies shall be autonomous and their broadcasts shall be impartial.
G. The Atatürk High Institution of Culture, Language and History
ARTICLE 134. The “Atatürk High Institution of Culture, Language and History”
shall be established as a public corporate body, under the moral aegis of Atatürk,
under the supervision of and with the support of the President of the Republic,
attached to the Office of the Prime Minister, and composed of the Atatürk Centre
of Research, the Turkish Language Society, the Turkish Historical Society and
the Atatürk Cultural Centre, in order to conduct scientific research, to produce
publications and to disseminate information on the thought, principles and reforms
of Atatürk, Turkish culture, Turkish history and the Turkish language.
The financial income of the Turkish Language Society and Turkish Historical
Society, bequeathed to them by Atatürk in his will are reserved and shall be
allocated to them accordingly.
The establishment, organs, operating procedures and personnel matters of the
Atatürk High Institution of Culture, Language and History, and its authority
over the institutions within it, shall be regulated by law.
H. Public Professional Organisations
ARTICLE 135. (As amended on July 23, 1995)
Public professional organisations and their higher organisations are public
corporate bodies established by law, with the objectives of meeting the common
needs of the members of a given profession, to facilitate their professional
activities, to ensure the development of the profession in keeping with common
interests, to safeguard professional discipline and ethics in order to ensure
integrity and trust in relations among its members and with the public; their
organs shall be elected by secret ballot by their members in accordance with
the procedure set forth in the law, and under judicial supervision.
Persons regularly employed in public institutions, or in state economic enterprises
shall not be required to become members of public professional organisations.
These professional organizations shall not engage in activities outside the
aims for which they are established.
Political parties shall not nominate candidates in elections for the organs
of these professional organizations or their higher bodies.
The rules concerning the administrative and financial supervision of these professional
organizations by the state shall be prescribed by law.
The responsible organs of professional organizations which engage in activities
beyond their objectives shall be dissolved by court decision at the request
of the authority designated by law or the public prosecutor, and new organs
shall be elected in their place.
However, in cases where delay endangers national security, public order and
in cases where it is necessary to prevent the perpetration or the continuation
of a crime or to effect an arrest, an authority designated by law may be vested
with power to suspend professional organizations from activity. The decision
of the said authority shall be submitted for approval to the responsible judge
within twenty-four hours. Unless the judge declares a decision within forty-eight
hours, this administrative decision is annulled automatically.
I. Department of Religious Affairs
ARTICLE 136. The Department of Religious Affairs, which is within the general
administration, shall exercise its duties prescribed in its particular law,
in accordance with the principles of secularism, removed from all political
views and ideas, and aiming at national solidarity and integrity.
J. Unlawful Orders
ARTICLE 137. A person employed in public services, irrespective of his position
or status, when he finds an order given by his superiors to be contrary to the
provisions of by-laws, regulations, laws, or the Constitution shall not carry
it out, and shall inform the person giving the order of this inconsistency.
However, if his superior insists on the order and renews it in writing, his
order shall be executed; in this case the person executing the order shall not
be held responsible.
An order which in itself constitutes an offence shall under no circumstances
be executed; the person who executes such an order shall not evade responsibility.
Exceptions designated by law relating to the execution of military duties and
the protection of public order or public security in urgent situations are reserved.
SECTION THREE
JUDICIAL POWER
I. General Provisions
A. Independence of the Courts
ARTICLE 138. Judges shall be independent in the discharge of their duties; they
shall give judgment in accordance with the Constitution, law, and their personal
conviction conforming with the law.
No organ, authority, office or individual may give orders or instructions to
courts or judges relating to the exercise of judicial power, send them circulars,
or make recommendations or suggestions.
No questions shall be asked, debates held, or statements made in the Legislative
Assembly relating to the exercise of judicial power concerning a case under
trial.
Legislative and executive organs and the administration shall comply with court
decisions; these organs and the administration shall neither alter them in any
respect, nor delay their execution.
B. Security of Tenure of Judges and Public Prosecutors
ARTICLE 139. Judges and public prosecutors shall not be dismissed, or retired
before the age prescribed by the Constitution; nor shall they be deprived of
their salaries, allowances or other rights relating to their status, even as
a result of the abolition of court or post.
Exceptions indicated in law relating to those convicted for an offence requiring
dismissal from the profession, those who are definitely established as unable
to perform their duties on account of ill-health, and those determined as unsuitable
to remain in the profession, are reserved.
C. Judges and Public Prosecutors
ARTICLE 140. Judges and public prosecutors shall serve as judges and public
prosecutors of courts of justice and of administrative courts. These duties
shall be carried out by professional judges and public prosecutors.
Judges shall discharge their duties in accordance with the principles of the
independence of the courts and the security of tenure of judges.
The qualifications, appointment, rights and duties, salaries and allowances
of judges and public prosecutors, their promotion, temporary or permanent change
in their duties or posts, the initiation of disciplinary proceedings against
them and the subsequent imposition of disciplinary penalties, the conduct of
investigation concerning them and the subsequent decision to prosecute them
on account of offences committed in connection with, or in the course of, their
duties, the conviction for offences or instances of incompetence requiring their
dismissal from the profession, their in-service training and other matters relating
to their personnel status shall be regulated by law in accordance with the principles
of the independence of the courts and the security of tenure of judges.
Judges and public prosecutors shall exercise their duties until they reach the
age of sixty-five; promotion according to age and the retirement of military
judges shall be prescribed by law.
Judges and public prosecutors shall not assume official or public functions
other than those prescribed by law.
Judges and public prosecutors shall be attached to the Ministry of Justice where
their administrative functions are concerned.
Those judges and public prosecutors working in administrative posts within the
system of legal services shall be subject to the same provisions as other judges
and public prosecutors. Their categories and grades shall be determined according
to the principles applying to judges and public prosecutors and they shall enjoy
all the rights accorded to judges and public prosecutors.
D. Publicity of Hearings and Verdict Justification
ARTICLE 141. Court hearings shall be open to the public. It may be decided to
conduct all or part of the hearings in closed session only in cases where absolutely
required for reasons of public morality or public security.
Special provisions shall be provided in the law with respect to the trial of
minors.
The decisions of all courts shall be made in writing with a statement of justification.
It is the duty of the judiciary to conclude trials as quickly as possible and
at minimum cost.
E. Organisation of Courts
ARTICLE 142. The organisation, functions and jurisdiction of the courts, their
functioning and trial procedures shall be regulated by law.
F. State Security Courts
ARTICLE 143. (As amended on June 18, 1999)
State Security Courts shall be established to deal with offences against the
indivisible integrity of the State with its territory and nation, the free democratic
order, or against the Republic whose characteristics are defined in the Constitution,
and offences directly involving the internal and external security of the State.
However, provisions concerning state of martial law and state of war are reserved.
State Security Courts shall consist of a president, two regular members and
one substitute, one chief public prosecutor and a sufficient number of public
prosecutors.
The president, two regular and one substitute members and the chief public prosecutor
from among the first category judges and public prosecutors, the public prosecutors
from the other public prosecutors of the Republic shall be appointed by the
Supreme Council of Judges and Public Prosecutors in accordance with the procedures
prescribed by special law for a four-year term; those whose term of office has
expired may be reappointed.
The High Court of Appeals is the competent authority to examine appeals against
the judgements of the State Security Court.
Other provisions relating to the functioning, the duties and jurisdiction and
the trial procedures of the State Security Court shall be prescribed by law.
G. Supervision of Judges and Public Prosecutors
ARTICLE 144. Supervision of judges and public prosecutors with regard to the
performance of their duties in accordance with laws, regulations, by-laws and
circulars (administrative circulars, in the case of judges), investigation into
whether they have committed offences in connection with, or in the course of
their duties, whether their behaviour and attitude are in conformity with their
status and duties and if necessary, inquiry and investigations concerning them
shall be made by judiciary inspectors with the permission of the Ministry of
Justice. The Minister of Justice may request the investigation or inquiry to
be conducted by a judge or public prosecutor who is senior to the judge or public
prosecutor to be investigated.
H. Military Justice
ARTICLE 145. Military justice shall be exercised by military courts and military
disciplinary courts. These courts shall have jurisdiction to try military personnel
for military offences, for offences committed by them against other military
personnel or in military places, or for offences connected with military service
and duties.
Military courts also have jurisdiction to try non-military persons for military
offences specified in the special law; and for offences committed while performing
their duties specified by law, or against military personnel on military places
specified by law.
The offences and persons falling within the jurisdiction of military courts
in time of war or under martial law, their organisation and the appointment,
where necessary, of judges and public prosecutors from courts of justice to
military courts shall be regulated by law.
The organisation of military judicial organs, their functions, matters relaying
to the status of military judges, relations between military judges acting as
military prosecutors and the office of commander under which they serve, shall
be regulated by law in accordance with the principles of the independence of
courts and the security of tenure of judges and with the requirements of military
service. Relations between military judges and the office of commander under
which they serve, regarding the requirements of military service apart from
judicial functions, shall also be prescribed by law.
II. Higher Courts
A. The Constitutional Court
1. Organisation
ARTICLE 146. The Constitutional Court shall be composed of eleven regular and
four substitute members.
The President of the Republic shall appoint two regular and two substitute members
from the High Court of Appeals, two regular and one substitute member from the
Council of State, and one member each from the Military High Court of Appeals,
the High Military Administrative Court and the Audit Court, three candidates
being nominated for each vacant office by the Plenary Assemblies of each court
from among their respective presidents and members, by an absolute majority
of the total number of members; the President of the Republic shall also appoint
one member from a list of three candidates nominated by the Higher Education
Council from among members of the teaching staff of institutions of higher education
who are not members of the Council, and three members and one substitute member
from among senior administrative officers and lawyers.
To qualify for appointments as regular or substitute members of the Constitutional
Court, members of the teaching staff of institutions of higher education, senior
administrative officers and lawyers shall be required to be over the age of
forty and to have completed their higher education, or to have served at least
fifteen years as a member of the teaching staff of institutions of higher education
or to have actually worked at least fifteen years in public service or to have
practiced as a lawyer for at least fifteen years.
The Constitutional Court shall elect a president and Deputy president from among
its regular members for a term of four years by secret ballot and by an absolute
majority of the total number of members. They may be re-elected at the end of
their term of office.
The members of the Constitutional Court shall not assume other official and
private functions, apart from their main functions.
2. Termination of Membership
ARTICLE 147. The members of the Constitutional Court shall retire on reaching
the age of sixty-five. Membership in the Constitutional Court shall terminate
automatically if a member is convicted of an offence requiring his dismissal
from the judicial profession, it shall terminate by a decision of an absolute
majority of the total number of members of the Constitutional Court if it is
definitely established that he is unable to perform his duties on account of
ill-health.
3. Functions and Powers
ARTICLE 148. The Constitutional Court shall examine the constitutionality, in
respect of both form and substance, of laws, decrees having the force of law,
and the Rules of Procedure of the Turkish Grand National Assembly. Constitutional
amendments shall be examined and verified only with regard to their form. However,
no action shall be brought before the Constitutional Court alleging unconstitutionality
as to the form or substance of decrees having the force of law issued during
a state of emergency, martial law or in time of war.
The verification of laws as to form shall be restricted to consideration of
whether the requisite majority was obtained in the last ballot; the verification
of constitutional amendments shall be restricted to consideration of whether
the requisite majorities were obtained for the proposal and in the ballot, and
whether the prohibition on debates under urgent procedure was complied with.
Verification as to form may be requested by the President of the Republic or
by one-fifth of the members of the Turkish Grand National Assembly. Applications
for annulment on the grounds of defect in form shall not be made more than ten
days after the date on which the law was promulgated; nor shall objection be
raised.
The President of the Republic, members of the Council of Ministers, presidents
and members of the Constitutional Court, of the High Court of Appeals, of the
Council of State, of the Military High Court of Appeals, of the High Military
Administrative Court of Appeals, their Chief Public Prosecutors, Deputy Public
Prosecutors of the Republic, and the presidents and members of the Supreme Council
of Judges and Public Prosecutors, and of the Audit Court shall be tried for
offences relating to their functions by the Constitutional Court in its capacity
as the Supreme Court.
The Chief Public Prosecutor of the Republic or Deputy Chief Public Prosecutor
of the Republic shall act as public prosecutor in the Supreme Court.
The judgements of the Supreme Court shall be final.
The Constitutional Court shall also perform the other functions given to it
by the Constitution.
4. Functioning and Trial Procedure
ARTICLE 149. (As amended on October 17, 2001)
The Constitutional Court shall convene with its president and ten members, and
shall take decisions by absolute majority. Decision of annulment of Constitutional
amendments and closure in the cases of the political parties shall be taken
by three-fifths majority.
The Constitutional Court shall give priority to the consideration of, and to
decisions on, applications for annulment on the grounds of defect in form.
The organisation and trial procedures of the Constitutional Court shall be determined
by law; its method of work and the division of labour among its members shall
be regulated by the Rules of Procedure made by the Court.
The Constitutional Court shall examine cases on the basis of written evidence,
except where it acts as the Supreme Court. However, when it deems necessary,
it may call on those concerned and those having knowledge relevant to the case,
to present oral explanations (Annexed sentence: 23.7.1995 - 4121/14 Article)
and in lawsuits on whether to permanently dissolve a political party or not,
the Constitutional Court shall hear the defence of the chairman of the party
whose dissolution is in process or of a proxy appointed by the chairman, after
the Chief Public Prosecutor of the Republic.
5. Annulment Action
ARTICLE 150. The President of the Republic, parliamentary groups of the party
in power and of the main opposition party and a minimum of one-fifth of the
total number of members of the Turkish Grand National Assembly shall have the
right to apply for annulment action to the Constitutional Court, based on the
assertion of the unconstitutionality of laws in form and in substance, of decrees
having the force of law, of Rules of Procedure of the Turkish Grand National
Assembly or of specific articles or provisions thereof. If more than one political
party is in power, the right of the parties in power to apply for annulment
action shall be exercised by the party having the greatest number of members.
6. Time Limit for Annulment Action
ARTICLE 151. The right to apply for annulment directly to the Constitutional
Court shall lapse sixty days after publication in the Official Gazette of the
contested law, the decree having the force of law, or the Rules of Procedure.
7. Contention of Unconstitutionality Before Other Courts
ARTICLE 152. If a court which is trying a case, finds that the law or the decree
having the force of law to be applied is unconstitutional, or if it is convinced
of the seriousness of a claim of unconstitutionality submitted by one of the
parties, it shall postpone the consideration of the case until the Constitutional
Court decides on the issue.
If the court is not convinced of the seriousness of the claim of unconstitutionality,
such a claim together with the main judgment shall be decided upon by the competent
authority of appeal.
The Constitutional Court shall decide on the matter and make public its judgment
within five months of receiving the contention. If no decision is reached within
this period, the trial court shall conclude the case under existing legal provisions.
However, if the decision on the merits of the case becomes final, the trial
court is obliged to comply with it.
No allegation of unconstitutionality shall be made with regard to the same legal
provision until ten years elapse after publication in the Official Gazette of
the decision of the Constitutional Court dismissing the application on its merits.
8. Decisions of the Constitutional Court
ARTICLE 153. The decisions of the Constitutional Court are final. Decisions
of annulment cannot be made public without a written statement of reasons.
In the course of annulling the whole, or a provision, of laws or decrees having
the force of law, the Constitutional Court shall not act as a law-maker and
pass judgment leading to new implementation.
Laws, decrees having the force of law, or the Rules of Procedure of the Turkish
Grand National Assembly or provisions thereof, shall cease to have effect from
the date of publication in the Official Gazette of the annulment decision. Where
necessary, the Constitutional Court may also decide on the date on which the
annulment decision shall come into effect. That date shall not be more than
one year from the date of publication of the decision in the Official Gazette.
In the event of the postponement of the date on which an annulment decision
is to come into effect, the Turkish Grand National Assembly shall debate and
decide with priority on the draft bill or law proposal, designed to fill the
legal void arising from the annulment decision.
Annulment decisions cannot be applied retroactively.
Decisions of the Constitutional Court shall be published immediately in the
Official Gazette, and shall be binding on the legislative, executive, and judicial
organs, on the administrative authorities, and on persons and corporate bodies.
B. The High Court of Appeals
ARTICLE 154. The High Court of Appeals is the last instance for reviewing decisions
and judgements given by courts of justice and which are not referred by law
to other judicial authority. It shall also be the first and last instance for
dealing with specific cases prescribed by law.
Members of the High Court of Appeals shall be appointed by the Supreme Council
of Judges and Public Prosecutors from among first category judges and public
prosecutors of the Republic, of the courts of justice, or those considered to
be members of this profession, by secret ballot and by an absolute majority
of the total number of members.
The first president, first deputy presidents and heads of division shall be
elected by the Plenary Assembly of the High Court of Appeals from among its
own members, for a term of four years, by secret ballot and by an absolute majority
of the total number of members; they may be re-elected at the end of their term
of office.
The Chief Public Prosecutor of the Republic and the Deputy Chief Public Prosecutor
of the Republic of the High Court of Appeals shall be appointed by the President
of the Republic for a term of four years from among five candidates nominated
for each office by the Plenary Assembly of the High Court of Appeals from among
its own members by secret ballot. They may be re-elected at the end of their
term of office.
The organisation, the function, the qualifications and procedures of election
of the president, deputy presidents, the heads of division and members and the
Chief Public Prosecutor of the Republic and the Deputy Chief Public Prosecutor
of the Republic of the High Court of Appeals shall be regulated by law in accordance
with the principles of the independence of courts and the security of tenure
of judges.
C. Council of State
ARTICLE 155. (As amended on August 13, 1999)
The Council of State is the last instance for reviewing decisions and judgements
given by administrative courts and which are not referred by law to other administrative
courts. It shall also be the first and last instance for dealing with specific
cases prescribed by law.
The Council of State shall try administrative cases, give its opinion within
two months of time on draft legislation, the conditions and the contracts under
which concessions are granted concerning public services which are submitted
by the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers, examine draft regulations,
settle administrative disputes and discharge other duties as prescribed by law.
Three-fourths of the members of the Council of State shall be appointed by the
Supreme Council of Judges and Public Prosecutors from among the first category
administrative judges and public prosecutors, or those considered to be of this
profession; and the remaining quarter by the President of the Republic from
among officials meeting the requirements designated by law.
The president, chief public prosecutor, deputy president, and heads of division
of the Council of State shall be elected by the Plenary Assembly of the Council
of State from among its own members for a term of four years by secret ballot
and by an absolute majority of the total number of members. They may be re-elected
at the end of their term of office.
The organization, the functioning, the qualifications and procedures of election
of the president, the chief public prosecutor, the deputy presidents and the
heads of division and the members of the Council of State, shall be regulated
by law in accordance with the principles of specific nature of the administrative
jurisdiction, and of the independence of the Courts and the security of tenure
of judges.
D. Military High Court of Appeals
ARTICLE 156. The Military High Court of Appeals is the last instance for reviewing
decisions and judgements given by military courts. It shall also be the first
and last instance for dealing with specific cases designated by law concerning
military personnel.
Members of the Military High Court of Appeals shall be appointed by the President
of the Republic from among three candidates nominated for each vacant office
by the Plenary Assembly of the Military High Court of Appeals from among military
judges of the first category, by secret ballot and by an absolute majority of
the total number of members.
The president, chief public prosecutor, second presidents and heads of division
of the Military High Court of Appeals shall be appointed according to rank and
seniority from among the members of the Military High Court of Appeals.
The organisation, the functioning of the Military High Court of Appeals, and
disciplinary and personnel matters relating to the status of its members shall
be regulated by law in accordance with the principles of the independence of
the courts and the security of tenure of judges and with the requirements of
military service.
E. High Military Administrative Court of Appeals
ARTICLE 157. The High Military Administrative Court of Appeals shall be the
first and last instance for the judicial supervision of disputes arising from
administrative acts and actions involving military personnel or relating to
military service, even if such acts and actions have been carried out by civilian
authorities. However, in disputes arising from the obligation to perform military
service, there shall be no condition that the person concerned be a member of
the military body.
Members of the High Military Administrative Court of Appeals who are military
judges shall be appointed by the President of the Republic from a list of three
candidates nominated for each vacant office by the president and members of
the Court, who are also military judges, by secret ballot and by an absolute
majority of the total number of such members, from among military judges of
the first category; members who are not military judges shall be appointed by
the President of the Republic from a list of three candidates nominated for
each vacant office by the Chief of the General Staff from among officers holding
the rank and qualifications prescribed by law.
The term of office of members who are not military judges shall not exceed four
years.
The president, chief public prosecutor and head of division of the Court shall
be appointed from among military judges according to rank and seniority.
The organisation and functioning of the High Military Administrative Court,
its procedure, disciplinary affairs and other matters relating to the status
of its members shall be regulated by law in accordance with the principles of
the independence of the courts and the security of tenure of judges within the
requirements of military service.
F. Court of Jurisdictional Disputes
ARTICLE 158. The Jurisdictional Court of Disputes shall be empowered to deliver
final judgements in disputes between courts of justice, and administrative and
military courts concerning their jurisdiction and decisions.
The organisation of the Jurisdictional Court of Disputes the qualifications
of its members and the procedure for their election, and its functioning shall
be regulated by law. The office of president of this Court shall be held by
a member delegated by the Constitutional Court from among its own members.
Decisions of the Constitutional Court shall take precedence in jurisdictional
disputes between the Constitutional Court and other courts.
III. Supreme Council of Judges and Public Prosecutors
ARTICLE 159. The Supreme Council of Judges and Public Prosecutors shall be established
and shall exercise its functions in accordance with the principles of the independence
of the courts and the security of tenure of judges.
The President of the Council is the Minister of Justice. The Undersecretary
to the Minister of Justice shall be an ex-officio member of the Council. Three
regular and three substitute members of the Council shall be appointed by the
President of the Republic for a term of four years from a list of three candidates
nominated for each vacant office by the Plenary Assembly of the High Court of
Appeals from among its own members and two regular and two substitute members
shall be similarly appointed from a list of three candidates nominated for each
vacant office by the Plenary Assembly of the Council of State. They may be re-elected
at the end of their term of office. The Council shall elect a deputy president
from among its elected regular members.
The Supreme Council of Judges and Public Prosecutors shall deal with the admission
of judges and public prosecutors of courts of justice and of administrative
courts into the profession, appointments, transfers to other posts, the delegation
of temporary powers, promotion, and promotion to the first category, the allocation
of posts, decisions concerning those whose continuation in the profession is
found to be unsuitable, the imposition of disciplinary penalties and removal
from office. It shall take final decisions on proposals by the Ministry of Justice
concerning the abolition of a court or an office of judge or public prosecutor,
or changes in the jurisdiction of a court. It shall also exercise the other
functions given to it by the Constitution and laws.
There shall be no appeal to any judicial instance against the decisions of the
Council.
The functioning of the Council and methods of performing its duties, the procedure
governing election and working methods, the principles relating to the examination
of objections within the Council shall be regulated by law.
The Minister of Justice is empowered to appoint judges and public prosecutors
with their consent, to temporary or permanent functions in the central offices
of the Ministry of Justice.
The Minister of Justice may, in cases where delay is deemed prejudicial, confer
temporary powers on judges or public prosecutors to prevent the disruption of
services, subject to the approval of the Supreme Council of Judges and Public
Prosecutors at its first meeting thereafter.
IV. Audit Court
ARTICLE 160. The Audit Court shall be charged with auditing, on behalf of the
Turkish Grand National Assembly, all the accounts relating to the revenue, expenditure
and property of government departments financed by the general and subsidiary
budgets, with taking final decisions on the acts and accounts of the responsible
officials, and with exercising the functions required of it by law in matters
of inquiry, auditing and judgment. Parties concerned may file a single request
for reconsideration of a final decision of the Audit Court within fifteen days
of the date of written notification of the decision. No applications for judicial
review of such decisions shall be filed in administrative courts.
In the event of a dispute between the Council of State and the Audit Court concerning
decisions on matters of taxation or similar financial obligations and duties,
the decision of the Council of State shall take precedence.
The organisation, functioning and auditing procedure of the Audit Court, the
qualifications, appointment, duties and powers, rights and obligations of its
members, other matters relating to their personal status, and the security of
tenure of the president and members shall be regulated by law. The procedure
for auditing, on behalf of the Turkish Grand National Assembly, of state property
in possession of the Armed Forces shall be regulated by law in accordance with
the principles of secrecy required by national defence.
SECTION FOUR
FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC PROVISIONS
CHAPTER ONE
FINANCIAL PROVISIONS
I. Budget
A. Preparation and Implementation of the Budget
ARTICLE 161. The expenditure of the state and those of public corporations other
than state economic enterprises shall be determined by annual budgets.
The beginning of the fiscal year and the preparation and implementation of the
general and subsidiary budgets shall be defined by law.
The law may prescribe special periods and procedures for investments relating
to development plans, or for business and services expected to last more than
one year.
No provisions other than those pertaining to the budget shall be included in
the Budget Act.
B. Debate on the Budget
ARTICLE 162. The Council of Ministers shall submit the draft of general and
subsidiary budgets and the report containing the national budgetary estimates
to the Turkish Grand National Assembly at least seventy-five days before the
beginning of the fiscal year.
The draft budgets and the reports shall be considered by the Budget Committee,
which shall be composed of forty members. In the composition of this Committee,
the proportional representation of the various political party groups and independent
members in the Assembly, shall be taken into consideration subject to the allocation
of at least twenty-five seats to members of the party or parties in power.
Draft budget, which shall be adopted by the Budget Committee within fifty-five
days shall thereafter be considered by the Assembly and shall be decided on
before the beginning of the fiscal year.
Members of the Turkish Grand National Assembly shall express their opinions
on ministerial, departmental and subsidiary budgets during the debates held
in Plenary Session on each budget as a whole; the various headings and motions
for amendments shall be read out and put to the vote without separate debate.
During debates in the plenary session on the draft Budget Act, members of the
Turkish Grand National Assembly shall not make proposals which entail an increase
in expenditure or a decrease in revenue.
C. Principles Governing Budgetary Amendments
ARTICLE 163. The appropriations granted under the general and subsidiary budgets
shall indicate the limit of expenditure allowed. No provisions shall be included
in the budget to the effect that the limit of expenditure may be exceeded in
pursuance of a decision of the Council of Ministers. The Council of Ministers
shall not be empowered to amend the budget by a decree having the force of law.
In draft amendments entailing an increase in appropriations under the budget
for the current fiscal year and, in draft laws and law proposals providing for
additional financial commitments in the budgets for the current or following
year, the financial resources which would meet the stated expenditure shall
be indicated.
D. Final Account
ARTICLE 164. Draft final accounts shall be submitted to the Turkish Grand National
Assembly by the Council of Ministers within seven months of the end of the relevant
fiscal year, unless a shorter period is prescribed by law. The Audit Court shall
submit its notice of conformity to the Turkish Grand National Assembly within
seventy-five days of the submission of the draft final accounts in question.
The draft final accounts shall be placed on the agenda of the Budget Committee
together with the Draft Budget Act for the new fiscal year. The Budget Committee
shall submit the draft Budget Act to the Plenary Assembly in conjunction with
the draft final accounts; the Plenary Assembly shall consider, and decide on
the draft final accounts in conjunction with the draft Budget Act for the new
fiscal year.
The submission of the draft final accounts and the notice of conformity to the
Turkish Grand National Assembly shall not preclude the auditing of accounts
for the relevant year which have not already been dealt with by the Audit Court
and shall not indicate that a final decision has been taken on these accounts.
E. Auditing of State Economic Enterprises
ARTICLE 165. The principles governing the auditing, by the Turkish Grand National
Assembly of the accounts of public establishments and partnerships in which
more than half of the capital directly or indirectly belongs to the state, shall
be regulated by law.
CHAPTER TWO
ECONOMIC PROVISIONS
I. Planning
ARTICLE 166. The planning of economic, social and cultural development, in particular
the speedy, balanced and harmonious development of industry and agriculture
throughout the country, and the efficient use of national resources on the basis
of detailed analysis and assessment and the establishment of the necessary organisation
for this purpose are the duties of the state.
Measures to increase national efficiency and production, to ensure stability
in prices and balance in foreign trade transactions, to promote investment and
employment, shall be included in the plan; investments, public benefit and requirements
shall be taken into account; the efficient use of resources shall be aimed at.
Development activities shall be realised according to this plan.
The procedure and principles governing the preparation of development plans,
their approval by the Turkish Grand National Assembly, their implementation
and their revision, and the prevention of amendments liable to affect the unity
of the plan shall be regulated by law.
II. Supervision of Markets and Regulation of Foreign Trade
ARTICLE 167. The state shall take measures to ensure and promote the sound,
orderly functioning of the money, credit, capital, goods and services markets;
and shall prevent the formation, in practice or by agreement, of monopolies
and cartels in the markets.
In order to regulate foreign trade for the benefit of the economy of the country,
the Council of Ministers may be empowered by law to introduce or lift additional
financial impositions on imports, exports and other foreign transactions in
addition to tax and similar impositions.
III. Exploration and Exploitation of Natural Resources
ARTICLE 168. Natural wealth and resources shall be placed under the control
of, and put at the disposal of the state. The right to explore and exploit resources
belongs to the state. The state may delegate this right to individuals or public
corporations for specific periods. Of the natural wealth and resources, those
to be explored and exploited by the state in partnership with individuals or
public corporations, and those to be directly explored and exploited by individuals
or public corporations shall be subject to the explicit permission of the law.
The conditions to be observed in such cases by individuals and public corporations,
the procedure and principles governing supervision and control by the state,
and the sanctions to be applied shall be prescribed by law.
IV. Forests and the Inhabitants of Forest Villages
A. Protection and Development of Forests
ARTICLE 169. The state shall enact the necessary legislation and take the measures
necessary for the protection of forests and the extension of their areas. Forest
areas destroyed by fire shall be reafforested; other agricultural and stock-breeding
activities shall not be allowed in such areas. All forests shall be under the
care and supervision of the state.
The ownership of state forests shall not be transferred to others. state forests
shall be managed and exploited by the state in accordance with the law. Ownership
of these forests cannot be acquired through prescription, nor shall servitude
other than that in the public interest be imposed in respect of such forests.
Acts and actions which might damage forests shall not be permitted. No political
propaganda which might lead to the destruction of forests shall be made; no
amnesties or pardons specifically granted for offences against forests shall
be legislated. Offences committed with the intention of burning or destroying
forests or reducing forest areas shall not be included within the scope of amnesties
or pardons applicable on other occasions.
The limiting of forest boundaries shall be prohibited, except in respect of
areas whose preservation as forests is considered technically and scientifically
useless, but whose conversion into agricultural land has been found to be definitely
advantageous, and in respect of fields, vineyards, orchards, olive groves or
similar areas which technically and scientifically ceased to be forest before
31 December 1981 and whose use for agricultural or stock-breeding purposes has
been found advantageous, and in respect of built-up areas in the vicinity of
cities, towns or villages.
B. Protection of the Inhabitants of Forest Villages
ARTICLE 170. Measures shall be introduced by law to secure co-operation between
the state and the inhabitants of villages located in or near forests in the
supervision and exploitation of forests for the purpose of ensuring their conservation
and improving the living conditions of their inhabitants; the law shall also
regulate the development of areas which technically and scientifically ceased
to be forests before 31 December 1981, the identification of areas whose preservation
as forest is considered technically and scientifically useless, their exclusion
from forest boundaries, their improvement by the state for the purpose of settling
all or some of the inhabitants of forest villages in them, and their allocation
to these villages.
The state shall take measures to facilitate the acquisition, by these inhabitants,
of farming equipment and other inputs.
The land owned by villagers resettled outside a forest shall immediately be
reafforested as a state forest.
V. Promotion of Cooperatives
ARTICLE 171. (As amended on July 23, 1995)
The state shall take measures in keeping with national and economic interests,
to promote the development of cooperatives, which shall be primarily designed
to increase production and protect consumers.
VI. Protection of Consumers, Small Traders and Craftsmen
A. Protection of Consumers
ARTICLE 172. The state shall take measures to protect and inform consumers;
shall encourage their initiatives to protect themselves.
B. Protection of Small Traders and Craftsmen
ARTICLE 173. The state shall take measures to protect and support small traders
and craftsmen.
SECTION FIVE
MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS
I. Preservation of Reform Laws
ARTICLE 174. No provision of the Constitution shall be construed or interpreted
as rendering unconstitutional the Reform Laws indicated below, which aim to
raise Turkish society above the level of contemporary civilisation and to safeguard
the secular character of the Republic, and which were in force on the date of
the adoption by referendum of the Constitution of Turkey.
1. Act No. 430 of 3 March 1340 (1924) on the Unification of the Educational
System;
2. Act No. 671 of 25 November 1341 (1925) on the Wearing of Hats;
3. Act No. 677 of 30 November 1341 (1925) on the Closure of Dervish Monasteries
and Tombs, the Abolition of the Office of Keeper of Tombs and the Abolition
and Prohibition of Certain Titles;
4. The principle of civil marriage according to which the marriage act shall
be concluded in the presence of the competent official, adopted with the Turkish
Civil Code No. 743 of 17 February 1926, and Article 110 of the Code;
5. Act No. 1288 of 20 May 1928 on the Adoption of International Numerals:
6. Act No. 1353 of 1 November 1928 on the Adoption and Application of the Turkish
Alphabet;
7. Act No 2590 of 26 November 1934 on the Abolition of Titles and Appellations
such as Efendi, Bey or Pasa;
8. Act No. 2596 of 3 December 1934 on the Prohibition of the Wearing of Certain
Garments.
SECTION SIX
PROVISIONAL ARTICLES
PROVISIONAL ARTICLE 1. On the proclamation, under lawful procedure, of the adoption
by referendum of the Constitution as the Constitution of the Republic of Turkey,
the Chairman of the Council of National Security and Head of State at the time
of the referendum, shall assume the title of President of the Republic and shall
exercise the Constitutional functions and powers of the President of the Republic
for a period of seven years. The oath taken as Head of State on 18 September
1980, shall remain valid. At the end of the period of seven years the election
for the Presidency of the Republic shall be held in accordance with the provisions
set forth in the Constitution.
The President of the Republic shall also hold the chairmanship of the Council
of National Security formed on 12 December 1980, under Act No. 2356, until the
convening of the Turkish Grand National Assembly and the formation of the Bureau
of the Assembly following the first general elections.
If the Presidency of the Republic falls vacant for any reason before the Turkish
Grand National Assembly convenes and assumes its functions at the end of the
first general elections, the most senior member of the National Security Council
shall act as President of the Republic and shall exercise all his constitutional
functions and powers until the convening of the Turkish Grand National Assembly
and its election of a new President of the Republic in accordance with the provisions
of the Constitution.
PROVISIONAL ARTICLE 2. The Council of National Security formed on 12 December
1980 under Act No. 2356 shall continue to exercise its functions under Act No.
2324 on the Constitutional Order and Act No. 2485 on the Constituent Assembly
until the convening of the Turkish Grand National Assembly and the formation
of the Bureau of the Assembly following the first general elections held under
the Political Parties Act and the Elections Act prepared in accordance with
the Constitution.
After the adoption of the Constitution, Article 3 of Act No. 2356 relating to
the procedure for winning a seat on the Council of National Security which falls
vacant for any reason, shall cease to apply.
After the Turkish Grand National Assembly has convened and assumed its functions,
the Council of National Security shall become the Presidential Council for a
period of six years, and the members of the Council of National Security shall
acquire the title of members of the Presidential Council. The oath they took
on 18 September 1980, as members of the Council of National Security shall remain
valid. Members of the Presidential Council shall enjoy the rights and immunities
conferred by the Constitution on members of the Turkish Grand National Assembly.
The legal existence of the Presidential Council shall terminate on the expiry
of the period of six years.
The functions of the Presidential Council shall be as follows:
a. to examine laws adopted by the Turkish Grand National Assembly and submitted
to the President of the Republic concerning: the fundamental rights and freedoms
and duties, the principle of secularism, the preservation of the reforms of
Atatürk, national security and public order set forth in the Constitution, the
Turkish Radio and Television Corporation, international treaties, the sending
of Armed Forces to foreign countries and the stationing of foreign forces in
Turkey, emergency rule, martial law and the state of war, and other laws deemed
necessary by the President of the Republic, within the first ten days of the
period of fifteen days granted to the President of the Republic for his consideration;
b. on the request of the President of the Republic and within the period specified
by him:
to consider and give an opinion on matters relating to the holding of new general
elections, the exercise of emergency powers and the measures to be taken during
a state of emergency, the management and supervision of the Turkish Radio and
Television Corporation, the training of the youth and the conduct of religious
affairs;
c. According to the request of the President of the Republic, to consider and
investigate matters relating to internal or external security and such other
matters as are deemed necessary, and to submit its findings to the President
of the Republic.
PROVISIONAL ARTICLE 3. With the convening of the Turkish Grand National Assembly
and the formation of the Bureau of the Assembly following the first general
elections held in accordance with the Constitution:
a. Act No. 2324 of 27 October 1980 on the Constitutional Order;
b. Act No. 2356 of 12 December 1980 on the Council of National Security;
c. Act No. 2485 of 29 June 1981 on the Constituent Assembly, shall cease to
have effect and the legal existence of the Council of National Security and
the Consultative Assembly shall terminate.
PROVISIONAL ARTICLE 4. (Repealed on May 17, 1987)
PROVISIONAL ARTICLE 5. On the tenth day following proclamation by the Supreme
Election Council of the results of the first general elections, the Turkish
Grand National Assembly shall convene of its own accord at the premises of the
Turkish Grand National Assembly in Ankara at 15.00 hours. The eldest deputy
shall take the chair for this session. At this session the deputies shall take
their oaths.
PROVISIONAL ARTICLE 6. Until the Turkish Grand National Assembly, formed in
accordance with the Constitution, adopts the Rules of Procedure which shall
govern its sessions and proceedings, those provisions of the Rules of Procedure
of the National Assembly which were in force before 12 September, 1980, and
which are not contrary to the Constitution shall apply.
PROVISIONAL ARTICLE 7. The present Council of Ministers shall continue in office
until the convening of the Turkish Grand National Assembly and the formation
of the new Council of Ministers following the first general elections.
PROVISIONAL ARTICLE 8. Legislation relating to the organisation, duties, powers
and functioning of the new organs, institutions and agencies established under
the Constitution and other legislation whose introduction or amendment is provided
for in the Constitution, shall be enacted during the period of Constituent Assembly,
starting from the date of the adoption of the Constitution; legislation which
cannot be dealt with during this period shall be enacted within the year following
the first session of the newly elected Turkish Grand National Assembly.
PROVISIONAL ARTICLE 9. Within a period of six years following the formation
of the Bureau of the Turkish Grand National Assembly which is to convene after
the first general elections, the President of the Republic may refer to the
Turkish Grand National Assembly for further consideration of any Constitutional
amendments adopted by the Assembly. In this case the re-submission of the Constitutional
amendment draft in its unchanged form to the President of the Republic by the
Turkish Grand National Assembly, is only possible with a three-fourths majority
of the votes of the total number of members.
PROVISIONAL ARTICLE 10. Local elections shall be held within a year of the first
session of the Turkish Grand National Assembly.
PROVISIONAL ARTICLE 11. Regular and substitute members of the Constitutional
Court who were in office on the date of the adoption by referendum of the Constitution
shall continue to hold office and exercise their functions. Those previously
elected by the Constitutional Court to specific offices shall retain the status
thus acquired.
No election shall be held to fill the vacant seats of the regular members of
the Constitutional Court until the number of these members falls to eleven,
nor shall an election be held to fill the vacant seats of substitute members
until the total number of regular and substitute members falls to fifteen. Until
the Constitutional Court adapts to the new system, the principles and order
of precedence set forth in the Constitution shall be observed in the elections
which are to be held because the number of regular members has fallen below
eleven, or because the total number of regular and substitute members has fallen
below fifteen.
Until the number of regular members of the Constitutional Court falls to eleven,
the quorum prescribed by Act No. 44 of 22 April 1962, shall be observed in all
cases and proceedings.
PROVISIONAL ARTICLE 12. Persons appointed by the Head of State as regular and
substitute members of the Supreme Council of Judges and Public Prosecutors from
among the members of the High Court of Appeals and the Council of State under
Provisional Article 1 of Act No. 2461 of 13 May 1981, on the Supreme Council
of Judges and Public Prosecutors; as chief public prosecutor and deputy chief
public prosecutor in accordance with the Provisional Article appended to Act
No. 1730 on the High Court of Appeals under Act No. 2483 of 25 June 1981; and
as president, chief public prosecutor, deputy presidents and heads of division
of the Council of State under Provisional Article 14, paragraph 2 of Act No.
2576 of 6 January 1982 on the Council of State shall continue to exercise their
functions until the end of the term of office for which they were elected.
The Provisions of the Provisional Articles of Act No. 2576 of 6 January 1982,
which concern the appointment of the presidents and members of Administrative
Courts shall also remain in force.
PROVISIONAL ARTICLE 13. The elections of one regular and one substitute member
to be elected to the Supreme Council of Judges and Public Prosecutors from among
the members of the High Court of Appeals shall take place within twenty days
of the entry into force of the Constitution.
Until the assumption of office by the elected members, the quorum for meetings
of the Council shall be met with the participation of substitute members.
PROVISIONAL ARTICLE 14. The obligation of the labour unions to deposit their
revenues in the state banks shall be fulfilled within two years of the entry
into force of the Constitution, at the latest.
PROVISIONAL ARTICLE 15. No allegation of criminal, financial or legal responsibility
shall be made, nor shall an application be filed with a court for this purpose
in respect of any decisions or measures whatsoever taken by: the Council of
National Security formed under Act No. 2356 which will have exercised legislative
and executive power on behalf of the Turkish Nation from 12 September 1980 to
the date of the formation of the Bureau of the Turkish Grand National Assembly
which is to convene following the first general elections; the governments formed
during the term of office of the Council, or the Consultative Assembly which
has exercised its functions under Act No. 2485 on the Constituent Assembly.
The provisions of the above paragraphs shall also apply in respect of persons
who have taken decisions and adopted or implemented measures as part of the
implementation of such decisions and measures by the administration or by the
competent organs, authorities and officials.
PROVISIONAL ARTICLE 16. Persons who fail to participate in the referendum on
the Constitution without valid legal or actual reasons despite being entitled
to vote and being included in the register of electors and the polling station
register compiled for the referendum, shall neither participate nor stand for
election in general elections, by-elections, local elections or referendums
for a period of five years following the referendum on the Constitution.
PROVISIONAL ARTICLE OF THE LAW NO.4709
(The Law No.4709 amends some of the articles of the Constitution)
A) The last paragraph added to the Article 67 of the Constitution by Article
24 of this Law No.4709 shall not be implemented at the first general election
to be held after this Law No.4709 goes into effect.
B) The amendments made by Article 28 of this Law No.4709 to Article 87 of the
Constitution shall not be implemented on those who perpetrate the acts described
in Article 14 of the Constitution, before this Law No.4709 goes into effect.
This Law No.4709 goes into effect at the date of its issue and in case of submission
to referendum, it shall be voted on as a whole.
SECTION SEVEN
FINAL PROVISIONS
I. Amendment of the Constitution, Participation in Elections and Referenda
ARTICLE 175. (As amended on May 17, 1987)
The constitutional amendment shall be proposed in writing by at least one-third
of the total number of members of the Turkish Grand National Assembly. Proposals
to amend the Constitution shall be debated twice in the Plenary Session. The
adoption of a proposal for an amendment shall require a three-fifths majority
of the total number of members of the Assembly by secret ballot.
The consideration and adopting of proposals for the amendment of the Constitution
shall be subject to the provisions governing the consideration and adoption
of legislation, with the exception of the conditions set forth in this article.
The President of the Republic may refer the laws related to the Constitutional
amendments for further consideration. If the Assembly adopts the draft law referred
by the President by a two-thirds majority, the President may submit the law
to referendum.
If a law is adopted by a three-fifths or less than two-thirds majority of the
total number of votes of the Assembly and is not referred by the President for
further consideration, it shall be published in the Official Gazette and shall
be submitted to referendum.
A law on the Constitutional amendment adopted by a two- thirds majority of the
total number of members of the Turkish Grand National Assembly directly or if
referred back by the President for further consideration, or its articles as
considered necessary may be submitted to a referendum by the President. Laws
or related articles of the Constitutional amendment not submitted to referendum
shall be published in the Official Gazette.
Laws related to Constitutional amendment which are submitted to referendum,
shall require the approval of more than half of the valid votes cast.
The Turkish Grand National Assembly, in adopting the laws related to the Constitutional
amendment, shall also decide on which provisions shall be submitted to referendum
together and which shall be submitted individually.
Every measure including fines shall be taken to secure participation in referenda,
general elections, by-elections and local elections.
II. Preamble and Headings of Articles
ARTICLE 176. The Preamble, which states the basic views and principles underlying
the Constitution, shall form an integral part of the Constitution.
The headings of articles merely indicate the subject matter of the articles,
their order, and the connections between them. These headings shall not be regarded
as a part of the text of the Constitution.
III. Entry into Force of the Constitution
ARTICLE 177. On its adoption by referendum and its publication in the Official
Gazette, this Constitution shall become the Constitution of the Republic of
Turkey and shall come into force in its entirety, subject to the following exceptions
and the provisions relating to their entry into force:
a. The provisions of Part II, Chapter II relating to personal liberty, to security,
the press, publication and the media, and the right to freedom of assembly.
The provisions of Chapter III, relating to labour, collective agreements, the
right to strike, and lockout.
These provisions shall come into force when the relevant legislation is promulgated,
or when the existing legislation is amended, and at the latest, when the Turkish
Grand National Assembly assumes its functions. However until their entry into
force, existing legislation and the decrees and decisions of the Council of
National Security shall apply.
b. The provisions of Part II relating to political parties and the right to
engage in political activities, shall come into force on the promulgation of
the new Political Parties Act, which is to be prepared in accordance with these
provisions.
The right to vote and stand for election shall come into force on the promulgation
of the Elections Act, also to be prepared in accordance with these provisions.
c. The provisions of part III, relating to legislative power:
These provisions shall come into force on the proclamation of the results of
the first general elections. However, the provisions relating to the functions
and powers of the Turkish Grand National Assembly which take place in this section
shall be exercised by the Council of National Security until the Turkish Grand
National Assembly assumes its functions, the provisions of Act No. 2485 of 29
June 1981 on the Constituent Assembly being reserved.
d. The provisions of Part III relating to the functions and powers of the President
of the Republic and to the State Supervisory Council under the heading “President
of the Republic”; to regulations, National Defence, procedures governing emergency
rule under the heading “Council of Ministers”; to all other provisions under
the heading “Administration”, except local administration, and except the Atatürk
High Institution of Culture, Language and History; and all the provisions relating
to the judiciary, except the Courts of the Security of the State, shall come
into force on publication in the Official Gazette of the adoption by referendum
of the Constitution. The provisions relating to local administrations and to
the Courts for State Security shall come into force on the promulgation of the
relevant legislation.
e. If new legislation, or amendments to existing legislation are required in
connection with the constitutional provisions which are to come into force on
the proclamation of the adoption by referendum of the Constitution or in connection
with existing or future institutions, organisations and agencies, the procedure
to be followed shall be subject to those provisions of existing laws which are
not unconstitutional, or to the provisions of the Constitution, in accordance
with Article 11 of the Constitution.
f. The second paragraph of Article 164 regulating the procedure for the consideration
of draft final accounts shall come into force in 1984.