1. The Committee considered the second periodic report of Vietnam (CCPR/C/VNM/2001/2) at its 2019th, 2020th and 2021st meetings, (CCPR/C/SR.2019, 2020 and 2021) held on 11 and 12 July 2002 and adopted the following concluding observations at its 2031st meeting (CCPR/C/SR.2031) held on 19 July 2002.

A. Introduction

2. The Committee welcomes Vietnam's second periodic report, which contains detailed information on domestic legislation in the area of civil and political rights, and the opportunity to resume the discussion with the State party. The Committee welcomes the State party's decision to send a strong delegation from its capital, composed of representatives of various government authorities, for the examination of the report. The Committee regrets, however, the considerable delay in the submission of the report which was due in 1991. It also regrets the lack of information on the human rights situation in practice, as well as the absence of facts and data on the implementation of the Covenant. As a result, a number of credible and substantiated allegations of violations of Covenant provisions which have been brought to the attention of the Committee could not be addressed effectively and the Committee found it difficult to determine whether individuals in the State party's territory and subject to its jurisdiction fully and effectively enjoy their fundamental rights under the Covenant.

B. Positive aspects

3. In this regard, the Committee has noted developments within the State party that reflect some relaxation of the political restraints that have raised serious questions of gross violations of rights protected by the Covenant.

4 The Committee takes note of the efforts which are being made by the State party to reform its domestic legal order, to comply with its international, in particular human rights commitments.

C Principal areas of concern and recommendations

5. The Committee is concerned with the status under domestic law of the rights provided for in the Covenant, which remains unclear. It is also concerned that certain constitutional provisions would appear to be incompatible with the Covenant and that the Vietnamese Constitution does not enumerate all Covenant rights, nor the extent and criteria under which they may be limited. The Committee is concerned that according to Vietnamese law the Covenant rights must be interpreted in such a way which may compromise the enjoyment of these rights by all individuals.

The State party should guarantee the effective protection off all rights enshrined in the Covenant and ensure that they are fully respected and enjoyed by all. (article 2)

6. The Committee is concerned with the statement of the delegation that, because persons under the jurisdiction of the State party have recourse to national mechanisms, the State party does not need to accede to the Optional Protocol.

The State party should consider acceding to the Optional Protocol, in order to enhance the protection of human rights afforded to persons under its jurisdiction.

7. Notwithstanding the reduction in the number of crimes that carry the death penalty, from 44 to 29, the Committee remains concerned with the large number of crimes for which the death penalty may still be imposed. The penalty does not appear to be restricted only to those crimes that are considered as the most serious ones. In this respect, the Committee considers that the definition of certain acts such as opposition to order and national security violations, for which the death penalty may be imposed, are excessively vague and are inconsistent with article 6, paragraph 2, of the Covenant.

The State party should continue to review the list of crimes for which the death penalty may be imposed, in order to reduce and limit these to those which may be strictly considered as the most serious crimes as required by article 6, paragraph 2 and with a view to abolishing capital
punishment in furtherance of article 6 of the Covenant.

8. Notwithstanding the information provided by the delegation that only three persons were currently subject to administrative detention, referred to as probation by the delegation, the Committee remains concerned with the continued use of this practice as prescribed under decree CP-31, since it provides for persons to be kept under house arrest for up to 2 years, without the intervention of a judge or a judicial officer. The Committee is equally preoccupied by the provisions of Art. 71 of the code of Criminal Procedure pursuant to which the Principal Prosecutor may prolong the duration of the preventive detention of an individual without time limits, "if required" and for serious offences against national security"

The State party should ensure that no persons are subjected to arbitrary restriction on their liberty and that all persons deprived of their liberty are
promptly brought before a judge or other officer authorised to exercise judicial power by law and that they can only be deprived of their liberty on the basis of a judgement based on law, as required by article 9, paragraphs 3 and 4, of the Covenant.

9. The Committee is concerned that the judicial system remains weak due to the scarce number of qualified professionally trained lawyers, lack of resources for the judiciary and their susceptibility to political pressure. The Committee is also concerned that the Supreme People' Court is not independent of government influence. It is further concerned that the judiciary seek the opinion of the National Assembly's Standing Committee in regard to the interpretation of laws and that the Standing Committee is responsible for setting criteria and instructions which are binding for the judiciary.

In order to implement article 14 of the Covenant, the State party should take effective measures to strengthen the judiciary and to guarantee its
independence, and ensure that all allegations of undue pressure on the judiciary are dealt with promptly.

10. The Committee is concerned with the procedures for the selection of judges as well as their lack of security of tenure, appointments of only four years in particular, combined with the possibility, provided by law, of taking disciplinary measures against judges because of errors in judicial decisions. All these expose judges to political pressure and jeopardise their independence and impartiality.

The State party should enact procedures to be applied in judicial appointments and assignments, in order to safeguard and ensure the independence and impartiality of the judiciary in line with article 14 of the Covenant. It must ensure that judges may not be removed from their posts, unless they are found guilty of behaviour not becoming a judge, by an independent tribunal.

11. The Committee is concerned that the State party has not yet established an independent, legally constituted body with power to oversee and investigate complaints of human rights violations, including complaints against members of the police, security services and prison guards. This fact may account for the small number of recorded complaints, in contrast to the information about large numbers of violations received from non-governmental sources. (articles 2, 7 and 10)

The State party should establish, by legislation, a permanent independent human rights monitoring body, with adequate powers and resources to receive and investigate allegations of torture or other abuses of power by public officials, including security services and initiate criminal and disciplinary proceedings against those found responsible.

12. The Committee regrets the lack of precise information provided by the delegation with respect to number and location of all detention centres, or institutions in which persons are held against their will, and the conditions under which people are held. (article 10)

The State party should provide information in respect of all the institutions in which persons are held against their will, number and names of the institutions and the number of inmates in each and whether these are remand or convicted persons.

13. The Committee is concerned that the legal right of detainees to access to counsel, medical advice and members of the family is not always respected in practice.

The State party should ensure scrupulous respect for these rights by its law enforcement agencies, procuracy and judiciary.

14. The Committee is concerned that the State party asserts that this it is a new phenomenon, and although some efforts have been made, there is no comprehensive approach to preventing and eliminating domestic violence against women, and punishing perpetrators. (articles 3, 7 ,9 and 26)

The State party should assess the impact of measures already taken to address the incidence of domestic violence against women. It should strengthen and improve the effectiveness of legislation, policies and programmes aimed at combating such violence. The State party should further implement training and sensitisation programmes for the judiciary, law enforcement officials and members of the legal profession, as well as awareness-raising measures to ensure no tolerance in society of violence against women.

15. The Committee is concerned that the State party has not undertaken adequate measures to help women prevent unwanted pregnancies and to ensure that they do not undergo life threatening abortions. (article 6)

The State party should take adequate measures to help women prevent unwanted pregnancies and avoid resorting to life threatening abortions, and to adopt appropriate family planning programmes to this effect.

16. The Committee notes that the information provided by the delegation was insufficient for the Committee to have a clear view of the situation in
Vietnam with regard to religious freedoms. In the light of information available to the Committee that certain religious practices are repressed or strongly
discouraged in Vietnam, the Committee is seriously concerned that the State party's practice in this respect does not meet the requirements of article 18 of
the Covenant. The Committee is deeply concerned by allegations of harassment and detention of religious leaders and regrets that the delegation failed
to provide information relating to such allegations. In this context, the Committee is concerned at the restrictions placed on outside observers who wished
to investigate the allegations.

The State party is requested to provide the Committee with up-to-date information about the number of individuals belonging to various religious
communities and the number of places of worship, as well as the practical measures taken by the authorities to guarantee the freedom of exercise of religious practice.

17. The Committee takes note of the fact that the law makes no provision for the status of conscientious objector to military service, which may legitimately be claimed under article 18 of the Covenant.

The State party should ensure that persons liable for military service may claim the status of conscientious objector and perform alternative
service without discrimination.

18. The Committee is concerned at reports of the extensive limitations on the right to freedom of expression in the media and the fact that the Press Law does not allow the existence of privately owned media. It is also concerned at the press laws which impose restrictions on publications which, inter alia, are said to cause harm to political stability or insult national institutions. These broadly defined offences are incompatible with paragraph 3, of article 19, of the Covenant.

The State party should take all necessary measures to put an end to direct and indirect restrictions on freedom of expression. The press laws should be brought into compliance with article 19 of the Covenant.

19. While noting that the State party denies any violation of the Covenant rights in this respect, the Committee remains concerned at the abundance of information regarding the treatment of the Degar (Montagnard) indicating serious violations of article 7 and 27 of the Covenant. The Committee is concerned at the lack of specific information concerning indigenous peoples, especially the Degar (Montagnard), and about measures taken to ensure that their rights under article 27 to enjoy their cultural traditions, including their religion and language, as well as their agricultural activities, are respected.

The State party should take immediate measures to ensure that the rights of members of indigenous communities are respected.
Non-governmental organisations and other human rights monitors should be granted access to the central highlands.

20. While noting the explanations provided by the delegation regarding the exercise of the right to freedom of association, the Committee is concerned at the absence of specific legislation on political parties and at the fact that only the Communist party is permitted. The Committee is concerned at reported obstacles imposed on the registration and free operation of non-governmental human rights organisations and political parties (article 19, 22 and 25). It is especially concerned with obstacles placed in the path of national and international non-governmental organisations and special rapportuers whose task it is to investigate allegations of human rights violations in the territory of the State party.

The State party should take all the necessary steps to enable national and international non-governmental human rights organisations and political parties to function without hindrance.

21. The Committee is concerned about the restrictions on public meetings and demonstrations. (article 25)

The State party should provide additional information on the conditions for public assemblies and, in particular, to indicate whether and under what conditions the holding of a public assembly can be prohibited and whether such measures can be appealed.

22. The State party should make public the present examination of its second periodic report by the Committee, the written answers it has provided in responding to the lists of issues drawn up by the Committee and, in particular, these concluding observations.

23. The State party is requested pursuant to rule 70, paragraph 5, of the Committee's rules of procedure, to forward information within 12 months on the implementation of the Committee's recommendations regarding paragraphs 7, 12, 14, 16, 19, and 21. The Committee requests that information concerning the reminder of the recommendations be included in the third periodic report, to be submitted by 1 August 2004 .