I. Friendly Settlement

A. ARGENTINA: Report on Friendly Settlement Procedures, Cases 10.288, 10.310, 10.436, 10.496, 10.631, and 10.771, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 35, OEA/ser. L/V/II.83, doc. 14 corr. 1 (1993) (Annual Report 1992-1993).

Complaint: Authorities of the military regime which ruled Argentina from 1976 to 1983 unlawfully arrested the petitioners and imprisoned them for up to seven years, though none was convicted of any crime. Within three months of the fall of the Junta, petitioners sued the government for property and mental damages. The Argentine Supreme Court of Justice barred the suit stating the statute of limitations had expired. Petitioners stated that this ruling violated their rights to a fair trial and to judicial protection.

Action Taken: After mediation, the Argentine government enacted legislation for the petitioners to be properly compensated. Petitioners agreed to the amounts offered by the government and both parties asked the Commission to close the case because a friendly settlement had been reached.

ARGENTINA: Osvaldo Antonio Lopez, Case 9635, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 32, OEA/ser. L/V/II.71, doc. 9 rev. 1 (1987) (Annual Report 1986-1987).

Complaint: Argentina authorities illegally and arbitrarily detained Lopez and denied all appeals filed. Petitioner alleged violations of Articles 1, 2, 7, 8, 9, 24, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the case was admissible and placed itself at the disposal of the parties with a view to reaching a friendly settlement.

B. HONDURAS: Luis Alonzo Monge, Case 7956, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 104, OEA/ser. L/V/II.66, doc. 10 rev. 1 (1985) (Annual Report 1984-1985).

Complaint: Monge, a Honduran citizen, was imprisoned and ordered deported without due process. He had been working as a CARITAS volunteer in the refugee camps set up for Salvadorans in Honduras. He was accused of and later admitted to providing blankets and corn to the Salvadoran guerrillas. The government alleged that Monge was actually a Salvadoran citizen and claimed that his papers verifying his Honduran nationality were inadequately completed.

Action Taken: The Commission carried out negotiations between the Honduran government and Monge in an effort to reach a friendly settlement. The Honduran government expressed its willingness to allow Monge back into the country in order to prove his Honduran nationality. Monge agreed to satisfy Honduran legal procedures and obtain a birth certificate that would clear the question of his nationality. The Commission thanked both parties for their cooperation in reaching a friendly settlement.

C. PERU: Newspaper Sanctions, Case 1866, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 159, (1980) (Ten Years of Activities 1971-81).

Complaint: Fulfilling a governmental decree, police expropriated national newspapers and the property of those who distributed the papers.

Action Taken: The Commission offered its good offices to the Government of Peru and the claimants in order to reach a friendly settlement based on respect for human rights.

II. Admissibility

A. CANADA: Cheryl Monica Joseph, Case 11.092, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 32, OEA/ser. L/V/II.85, doc. 9 rev. (1993) (Annual Report 1993).

Complaint: Mrs. Joseph, a Trinidadian citizen, was left with five children when her husband died in an accident in Canada. Her application for refugee status was denied and an expulsion order was issued. She sought to stay the deportation order on compassionate grounds.

Action Taken: The Commission considered the petition as inadmissible and determined that domestic remedies created for immigration procedures had not been exhausted. The Commission, however, recommended that the Canadian government allow the petitioner to stay in the country until all proceedings regarding the estate of petitioner's husband were completed.

B. COSTA RICA: Claus W. Haupt Korte, Case 9788, Inter-Am C.H.R. 63, OEA/ser. L/V/II.71, doc. 9 rev. 1 (1987) (Annual Report 1986-1987).

Complaint: A Costa Rican court sentenced Korte to a 16-year jail term for rape and fraud. Korte alleged the violation of his right to legal guarantees under Article 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

Action Taken: The Commission found the case inadmissible due to lack of evidence showing that Korte was judged without a proper defense.

COSTA RICA: Luis Bertello Masperi, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 64, OEA/ser. L/V/II.71, doc. 9 rev. 1 (1986) (Annual Report 1986-1987).

Complaint: Masperi claimed that the offenses for which his extradition was sought were political offenses, thus, the Government of Costa Rica would violate the American Convention on Human Rights if it extradited him to Peru.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved this case as inadmissible because there were no facts indicating that the offenses were political in nature.

COSTA RICA: In the Matter of Viviana Gallardo et al., Res. No. 13/83, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 49, OEA/ser. L/V/II.61, doc. 22 rev. 1 (1983) (Annual Report 1982-1983).

Complaint: The Government of Costa Rica asked the Commission to give its point of view on the competence of the Court to proceed with the decision of whether the Costa Rican authorities had violated human rights in connection with the death of Viviana Gallardo and injuries to her cell mates. The Government of Costa Rica had presented new evidence clearly showing that it was not involved in these incidents.

Action Taken: The Commission found the petition inadmissible because it was clear that the Government of Costa Rica had acted in conformity with current legal provisions and punished with full force of law the person responsible for the acts charged. Article 48 of the American Convention on Human Rights allows the Commission to declare a petition inadmissible based on information or evidence subsequently received.

C. DOMINICAN REPUBLIC: Salvador Jorge Blanco, Case 10.208, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 67, OEA/ser. L/V/II.76, doc. 10 (1989) (Annual Report 1988-1989).

Complaint: Blanco claimed that judicial authorities of the Dominican Republic violated his rights by filing several arbitrary charges and initiating trial proceedings against him in absentia.

Action Taken: The Commission found that the case was not admissible because the complainant only exhausted remedies dealing with incidental matters and did not exhaust all available domestic remedies.

D. GUATEMALA: Jose Efrain Rios Montt, Case 10.804, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 206, OEA/ser. L/V/II.85, doc. 9 rev. (1993) (Annual Report 1993).

Complaint: Jose Efrain Rios Montt filed a complaint against the Guatemalan Government for alleged violation of the Convention regarding his right to participate as a candidate in presidential elections. Mr. Rios Montt had been a former head of a "de facto" military Government in the early 1980s.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved the petition as inadmissible because the facts sub examine did not constitute a violation of the rights recognized by the American Convention on Human Rights.

E. JAMAICA: Wesley Cuthbert, Case 9190, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 55, OEA/ser. L/V/II.68, doc. 8 rev. 1 (1986) (Annual Report 1985-1986).

Complaint: Petitioner claimed that he was wrongfully arrested, unfairly tried, convicted, and sentenced to death for the murder of family members.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved the case inadmissible because there was no evidence of the alleged violations of the American Convention on Human Rights. The Commission, however, recommended that the Government of Jamaica suspend the execution of those persons sentenced to death, commute the sentence of the Cuthbert, and consider the abolition of the death penalty.

JAMAICA: Lynden Champagnie, Case 7505, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 51, OEA/ser. L/V/II.68, doc. 8 rev. 1 (1986) (Annual Report 1985-1986).

Complaint: Petitioner claimed that Jamaican authorities wrongfully arrested him, beat him during interrogations, and forced him to sign a confession to murder. Petitioner claims "misconduct" and "gross injustice" in the trial that led to his conviction and sentence to death.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved the case inadmissible because there was no evidence of the alleged violations of the American Convention on Human Rights. However, the Commission recommended that the Government of Jamaica suspend the execution of those persons sentenced to death, commute the sentence of the Champagnie, and consider the abolition of the death penalty.

JAMAICA: Earl Pratt, Case 9054, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 111, OEA/ser. L/V/II.66, doc. 10 rev. 1 (1984) (Annual Report 1984-1985).

Complaint: Pratt was arrested and sentenced to death. He alleges that he did not commit the crime. The government submitted to the Commission copies of the transcripts of the trial and the appeal of the death sentence.

Action Taken: The Commission determined that no violations of rights set forth in the American Convention on Human Rights were found. The Commission did, however, recommend that the Government of Jamaica suspend the death sentence in keeping with Article 4 of the Convention and abolish the death penalty altogether.

JAMAICA: Roosevelt Edwards, Case 7604, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 54, OEA/ser. L/V/II.63, doc. 10 (1984) (Annual Report 1983-1984).

Complaint: Edwards claimed that he had been falsely tried, convicted, and sentenced to death for the murder of Percival Wilshire.

Action Taken: The Commission determined that there was no evidence that the Government of Jamaica had violated the rights set forth in the American Convention on Human Rights. The Commission did, however, recommend that the Government of Jamaica suspend the sentence of execution and abolish the death penalty.

JAMAICA: Davlin Morris, Case 3552, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 99, OEA/ser. L/V/II.61, doc. 22 rev. 1 (1982) (Annual Report 1982-1983).

Complaint: Petitioner claimed that he was wrongfully arrested, charged with murder, unfairly tried, and unjustly sentenced to death. He unsuccessfully appealed his conviction.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that Morris received a fair trial and that there was no evidence of the alleged violations of the American Convention on Human Rights. The Commission recommended that the Government of Jamaica suspend the execution of those persons sentenced to death, commute the sentence of the Morris, and consider the abolition of the death penalty.

Note: The Commission stated that in cases 3553, 3554, 7500, 7503, 7506, 7509, and 7514, it adopted resolutions virtually identical to that in the above-noted case, i.e., it recommended the suspension of the executions of the convicted persons and the abolition of the death penalty in Jamaica. Inter-Am. C.H.R. 100, OEA/ser. L/V/II.61, doc. 22 rev. 1 (1982) (Annual Report 1982-1983).

F. MEXICO: Luis Sanchez Aguilar, Case 10.957, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 104, OEA/ser. L/V/II.83, doc. 14 corr. 1 (1992) (Annual Report 1992-1993).

Complaint: Aguilar, chairman of the Social Democratic Party, claimed that Mexican electoral authorities had unfairly denied his party conditional registration for the 1991 elections. He also claimed that Mexico had arbitrarily denied his appeal against the registration rejection.

Action Taken: The Commission found that the appeal was presented extemporaneously and after the deadline for doing so had expired. Therefore, it was not appropriate for the Commission to consider a document that had not been made part of the judicial records. The Commission resolved the case as inadmissible.

G. PANAMA: Hugo Spadafora Franco, Case 9726, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 110, OEA/ser. L/V/II.71, doc. 9 rev. 1 (1986) (Annual Report 1986-1987).

Complaint: Petitioner accuses Panamanian authorities of beheading his brother, Dr. Hugo Spadafora Franco, a Panamanian physician and former Vice-Minister of Health of Panama.

Action Taken: The Commission declared the petition admissible.

H. UNITED STATES: Repatriation of Haitians, Case 10.675, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 334, OEA/ser. L/V/II.85, doc. 9 rev. (1993) (Annual Report 1993).

Complaint: Petitioners alleged that the U.S. unlawfully interdicted Haitian boat people at sea and indiscriminately repatriated them, although many had a reasonable fear of persecution.

Action Taken: The Commission declared the petition admissible and resolved to proceed to consider the merits of the case.

UNITED STATES: U.S. Military Action in Panama, Case 10.573, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 312, OEA/ser. L/V/II.85, doc. 9 rev. (1993) (Annual Report 1993).

Complaint: Petitioners submitted 60 petitions on behalf of named victims injured by the U.S. invasion of Panama of December 19, 1989. Victims were identified as civilian Panamanians and non-citizen residents who suffered the deaths of family members, personal injury, and destruction of home and property as a direct result of the invasion.

Action Taken: The Commission declared the petitions admissible and resolved to proceed to consider the merits of the case.

UNITED STATES: Move Organization, Case 10.865, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 142, OEA/ser. L/V/II.83, doc. 14 corr. 1 (1992) (Annual Report 1992-1993).

Complaint: Petitioner, a member of the Move Organization, alleged that between 1970 and 1978 judges issued false criminal warrants against Move members. Consequently, police and government officials committed acts of brutality against Move members, resulting in several deaths.

Action Taken: The Commission concluded that the petition was inadmissible because the petitioner had not exhausted domestic remedies. Petitioner must wait for the decision from a lawsuit pending before domestic courts.

UNITED STATES: Willie L. Celestine, Case 10.031, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 62, OEA/ser. L/V/II.77, doc. 7 rev. 1 (1989) (Annual Report 1989-1990).

Complaint: The State of Louisiana sentenced Celestine, an indigent African-American, to death for the rape and murder of a European American woman. Petitioner alleged that the United States had violated Articles I, II, and XXVI of the American Declaration on the Rights and Duties of Man by arbitrarily depriving petitioner of his right to life, by imposing the death penalty in a racially discriminatory manner, and by accepting a sentence from a death-qualified jury.

Action Taken: The Commission found the petition inadmissible for failure to state facts that constituted a violation of any of the rights set forth in the American Declaration on the Rights and Duties of Man.

UNITED STATES: Disabled Peoples' International et al., Case 9213, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 184, OEA/ser. L/V/II.71, doc. 9 rev. 1 (1987) (Annual Report 1986-1987).

Complaint: Disabled Peoples' International (DPI) claimed that United States military aircraft bombed the Richmond Hill Insane Asylum in Grenada during its invasion of 1983. DPI alleged the violation of Articles I and XI of the American Declaration on the Rights and Duties of Man.

Action Taken: The Commission held that there were no effective domestic remedies available to the petitioners, that the petitioners fell under the exemptions set forth in Article 37 of the Regulations of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, and is, therefore, excused from exhausting domestic remedies. The application is admissible.

I. URUGUAY: Movimiento Vanguardia Nacional de Jubilados y Pensionistas del Uruguay, Case 9893, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 77, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Movimiento Vanguardia Nacional de Jubilados y Pensionistas del Uruguay, a pension and retirement group, claimed that a 1986 Uruguayan law set retirement payment increases in a discriminatory manner in violation of Article 24 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

Action Taken: The Commission found the petition inadmissible for failure to exhaust domestic remedies. The Commission also recommended that the government consider legislative measures to resolve the "open question" pending a solution.

J. VENEZUELA: Dr. Orlando Bosch Avila et al., Case 9058, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 127, OEA/ser. L/V/II.66, doc. 10 rev. 1 (1984) (Annual Report 1984-1985).

Complaint: Dr. Avila, Luis Posada Carriles, Hernan Ricardo Lozano, and Freddy Lugo were arrested and charged with the terrorist act of placing a bomb on board a Cuban airliner. The plane exploded, killing 70 persons, most of whom were athletes. The Permanent War Council of Caracas acquitted the four men, but referred the case to the Court Martial for consultation. The men were detained in prison for over six years while the case was pending before the Court Martial. Dr. Avila health deteriorated and he was denied visits by his family.

Action Taken: The Commission determined that the petition was admissible before the Court, and urged the Government of Venezuela to expedite the proceedings to define the legal situation of the indicted individuals.

III. No Violations Found

A. ARGENTINA: Mario Eduardo Firmenich, Case 10.037, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 36, OEA/ser. L/V/II.76, doc. 10 (1989) (Annual Report 1988-1989).

Complaint: Mario Eduardo Firmenich claimed that his two trials before Argentine courts resulted in his imprisonment without sentencing.

Action Taken: The Commission found no violation of the American Convention on Human Rights, explaining that the duration of detention was not excessive and that the prosecution conducted the court proceedings according to Argentina's Code of Criminal Procedure.

ARGENTINA: Challenge to Election Law, Case 10.109, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 102, OEA/ser. L/V/II.74, doc. 10 rev. 1 (1988) (Annual Report 1987-1988).

Complaint: Complainant asked to be registered as an independent candidate for the office of national deputy in the Corrientes province. He was unable to do so because of provisions in Argentine election laws requiring that candidates be nominated by a political party.

Action Taken: The Commission determined that there were no violations of the American Convention on Human Rights.

ARGENTINA: Maximo Bomchil and Alejandro M. Ferrari, Cases 9777 and 9718, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 31, OEA/ser. L/V/II.74, doc. 10 rev. 1 (1988) (Annual Report 1987-1988).

Complaint: Bomchil and Ferrari objected to a law passed by an Argentinean city government requiring the registration of all attorneys before they could practice. The petitioners alleged that the law violated Article 16 of the American Convention on Human Rights which provides for freedom of association.

Action Taken: The Commission declared that the law did not violate Article 16 of the American Convention on Human Rights since its purpose was public in nature.

ARGENTINA: Osvaldo Antonio Lopez, Case 9635, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 82, OEA/ser. L/V/II.74, doc. 10 rev. 1 (1988) (Annual Report 1987-1988).

Complaint: Lopez was tried and convicted by a military court and sentenced to 16 years. The San Martin Federal Appeals Court acquitted Lopez and released him after serving ten years. Lopez filed a special appeal charging the acquittal was wrongfully based on a coerced confession and on the fact that he had already served time in prison, rather than on the basis of the flawed legal proceedings. He asserted that his acquittal and release were unconstitutionally conditional, and therefore violative of Articles 8 and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

Action Taken: The Commission observed that because the highest tribunal in Argentina had declared the proceedings null and void, and because Lopez was free and not subject to any condition whatsoever handed down by the San Martin Federal Court of Appeals, the alleged violations ceased to exist. The Commission declared that the case was concluded.

ARGENTINA: Cases of Disappeared Persons in Argentina, Res. No. 1/83, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 46, OEA/ser. L/V/II.61, doc. 22 rev. 1 (1983) (Annual Report 1982-1983).

Complaint: The Commission received a large number of complaints alleging that public law enforcement agents have apprehended many persons in their residences, places of work, or in public places and that the people apprehended have since disappeared.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Argentine Government is responsible for taking necessary measures to clarify and resolve the problems of disappeared persons in Argentina.

B. BRAZIL: Henrique Pereira Neto et al., Case 1684, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 104, (1974) (Ten Years of Activities 1971-81).

Complaint: Petitioners claimed that governmental authorities were responsible for many instances of torture, abuse, and detention of persons in violation of Articles I, XXV, XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

Action Taken: The Commission recommended that the Government of Brazil carry out a thorough investigation into the complaints and inform the Commission of the results, and punish, to the full extent of the law, those persons whom the evidence proves to have been responsible for violations of human rights. The Commission found no violations.

C. CHILE: Cases of Disappeared Persons in Chile, Res. No. 11/83, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 47, OEA/ser. L/V/II.61, doc. 22 rev. 1 (1983) (Annual Report 1982-1983).

Complaint: The Commission has received a large number of complaints alleging that public law enforcement agents have apprehended many persons in their residences, places of work, or in public places, and that the people apprehended have since disappeared.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Chilean Government is responsible for taking necessary measures to clarify and resolve the problems of disappeared persons in Chile.

D. COSTA RICA: Sheik Kadir Sahib Tajudeen, Case 10.289, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 73, OEA/ser. L/V/II.81, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1992) (Annual Report 1991).

Complaint: Sheik Kadir Sahib Tajudeen, also known as Mohammad Ali, claimed that the Government of Costa Rica denied him due process of law in granting an extradition request by the Government of France.

Action Taken: The Commission found no violation of the due process rights recognized by the American Convention on Human Rights because the petitioner had ample opportunity for defense and for appeal, of which he had availed himself extensively.

COSTA RICA: Cases 9328, 9329, 9742, 9884, 10.131, 10.193, 10.230, 10.429, 10.469, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 74, OEA/ser. L/V/II.83, doc. 14 corr. 1 (1992) (Annual Report 1992-1993).

Complaint: The Commission received a number of complaints alleging that provisions of the Costa Rican Code of Criminal Procedure obstructed the right to a fair trial as provided for by the American Convention on Human Rights Article 8.2.h, particularly the right to appeal a judgment to a higher court.

Action Taken: The Commission concluded that the recognition of the constitutional pre-eminence of the American Convention on Human Rights over the domestic legal code, by the Costa Rican Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court of Justice, effectively established the legal guarantees recognized in Article 8.2.h, and thus allowed the petitioners an opportunity for legal remedy. Hence, the petitions giving rise to the claim are now without merit.

COSTA RICA: Stephen Schmidt, Case 9178, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 51, OEA/ser. L/V/II.66, doc. 10 rev. 1 (1984) (Annual Report 1984-1985).

Complaint: Schmidt, a United States citizen and journalist but legal resident of Costa Rica for ten years, was convicted in criminal court and sentenced to three months in prison for illegal exercise of a profession. He petitioned the Commission to hear his case and restore his freedom of expression under Article 13 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

Action Taken: The Commission found that Article 13 of the American Convention on Human Rights was not violated. The decision was strongly dissented by one of the members of the Commission.

E. GRENADA: Einstein Louison, Case 9597, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 29, OEA/ser. L/V/II.76, doc. 10 (1988) (Annual Report 1988-1989).

Complaint: Grenada government officials seized Louison's passport, preventing him from leaving Grenada to attend a Congress in East Germany and to visit his wife in Cuba. The Supreme Court of Grenada rejected his complaint. Government officials subsequently returned Louison's passport.

Action Taken: The Commission found that it did not need to take any action.

F. GUATEMALA: Carlos Humberto Guerra Callejas et al., Case 10.400, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 193, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1991) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: The Guatemalan government and a nongovernmental human rights organization brought conflicting allegations of the torture and killings of Carlos Humberto Guerra Callejas and 20 other individuals to the attention of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights.

Action Taken: The Commission found that there were no grounds for the petition made by the nongovernmental organization and ordered that the record be closed.

G. HAITI: Joseph Nicolas Gaetjens, Case 1716, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 135, (1973) (Ten Years of Activities 1971-81).

Complaint: Petitioner claimed that Haitian authorities arbitrarily detained Gaetjens in Port-au-Prince in 1964. Since that date there has been no further information as to his whereabouts.

Action Taken: The Commission recommended that the Government of Haiti order an investigation into these events and grant reparation or compensation to those persons to whom it is due by law. The Commission found no violations.

H. JAMAICA: Ransford Thomas, Case 3115, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 91, OEA/ser. L/V/II.57, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1981) (Annual Report 1981-1982).

Complaint: Ransford Thomas alleged that he was falsely arrested, beaten, and coerced to admit the wrong name of "Ransford Thomas," when his right name, according to him, was "Ransford James." He was sentenced to death.

Action Taken: The Commission found that the Jamaican government had not violated any rights provided in the American Convention on Human Rights. The Commission did, however, recommend suspension of the death sentence for convicted persons as well as abolition of the death penalty altogether.

JAMAICA: Noel Riley, Case 3102, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 89, OEA/ser. L/V/II.57, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1981) (Annual Report 1981-1982).

Complaint: Riley and Anthony Forbes were arrested for the murder of Leo Horatio Henry. They alleged that they were both sentenced to death on the basis of sparse, questionable, and conflicting evidence.

Action Taken: The Commission found that the Government of Jamaica had not violated any rights provided in the American Convention on Human Rights, but recommended suspension of the death sentence for the convicted persons. The Commission also recommended complete abolition of the death penalty.

I. MEXICO: Luis Felipe Bravo Mena, Case 10.956, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 259, OEA/ser. L/V/II.85, doc. 9 rev. (1993) (Annual Report 1993).

Complaint: In May 1991, the Commission received a communication in which Mr. Luis Felipe Bravo Mena of the Partido Accion Nacional (National Action Party - PAN) denounced numerous election irregularities that took place in Mexico between March and November 1990.

Action Taken: The Commission drew up recommendations on the suitability of domestic remedies in terms of elections: the need for an evidentiary system that will allow citizens to enjoy simple, expeditious, and effective remedies in connection with political rights, and the composition of electoral bodies.

MEXICO: Cases 9768, 9780 and 9828, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 97, OEA/ser. L/V/II.77, doc. 7 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1989-1990).

Complaint: Petitioners, members of the National Action Party, alleged that the Institutional Revolutionary Party, the party in power in Mexico, committed irregularities in three electoral processes.

Action Taken: The Commission found that Mexican law offered no adequate means or any other effective remedy to protect petitioners from violation of political rights. The Commission reminded the Government of Mexico of its duty under the American Convention on Human Rights to adopt measures of internal law necessary to make effective the rights and liberties which the Convention recognizes. Mexico informed the Commission that it had undertaken the reform of its electoral laws. The Commission has expressed its willingness to cooperate in this reform process, and has asked Mexico to inform the Commission of any steps taken.

MEXICO: Aulo Cebrian Elizondo, Case 9706, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 163, OEA/ser. L/V/II.74, doc. 10 rev. 1 (1988) (Annual Report 1987-1988).

Complaint: Aulo and Alejandro Elizondo asserted their innocence when brought up on charges of fraud. They claimed that their human rights had been violated.

Action Taken: The Commission found that there had been no violations of the American Convention on Human Rights.

J. NICARAGUA: Cases 5154, 7313, 7314, 7316, 7320, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 120, OEA/ser. L/V/II.61, doc. 22 rev. 1 (1983) (Annual Report 1982-1983).

Complaint: The Government of Nicaragua requested that the Commission reconsider its resolutions regarding cases 5154, 7313, 7314, 7316, and 7320.

Action Taken: Reconsideration of the resolutions were denied by the Commission.

K. PANAMA: Roy McFarlane, Case 2523, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 105, OEA/ser. L/V/II.47, doc. 13 rev. 1 (1979) (Annual Report 1978).

Complaint: Citizens chased and beat McFarlane after he made advances toward two young women. A member of the National Guard arrested McFarlane during the beating and took him to Guard headquarters. He died soon thereafter.

Action Taken: In an on-site visit, Commission members could not determine who was responsible for the death. The Commission filed the complaint and communicated that decision to the complainants and to the Government of Panama.

L. PERU: Shareholders of Banco de Lima, Case 10.169, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 423, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1991) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Shareholders of the Banco de Lima alleged that the Government of Peru violated Articles 8, 21, 24, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights when the President announced a plan to expropriate all of the shares of the Peruvian banks remaining in private hands.

Action Taken: The Commission found that the shareholders asserted the collective property rights of the company and not their individual property rights. The Commission found that it had no jurisdiction, under Article 21 of the American Convention on Human Rights, over the rights of juridical beings, such as banks.

M. UNITED STATES: Christian S. White et al., Case 2141, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 25, OEA/ser. L/V/II.54, doc. rev. 1 (1981) (Annual Report 1980-1981).

Complaint: Petitioners claimed that as a result of a United States Supreme Court decision legalizing abortion, a fetus was killed in violation of Article I of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

Action Taken: The Commission found that the decision of the United States Supreme Court did not constitute a violation of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

IV. Violations of the American Convention on Human Rights

A. Article 1 - Obligation to Respect Rights

1. ARGENTINA: Alicia Consuelo Herrera et al., Cases 10.147, 10.181, 10.240, 10.262, 10.309, and 10.311, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 41, OEA/ser. L/V/II.83, doc. 14 corr. 1 (1992) (Annual Report 1992-1993).

Complaint: Petitioners denounced Argentine laws which immunized members of the armed forces from prosecution for crimes committed during the so-called "dirty war" of the military dictatorship from 1976 to 1983. Violations included disappearances, summary executions, torture, and kidnapping.

Action Taken: The Commission concluded that the laws violated Article XVIII of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man, and Articles 1, 8, and 15 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

2. COLOMBIA: Pedro Miguel Gonzalez Martinez et al., Case 10.912, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 132, OEA/ser. L/V/II.85, doc. 9 rev. (1994) (Annual Report 1993).

Complaint: On March 4, 1988, twenty peasant workers from Antioquia were killed by armed men. All the men killed were members of the Antioquia Agricultural Workers Trade Union.

Action Taken: The Commission concluded that the killings could be imputed to the Government of Colombia, and that the government violated Articles 1, 4, 8, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights. It also found that Colombia had violated Sections I and XVIII of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

COLOMBIA: Alvaro Garces Parra et al., Case 10.473, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 94, OEA/ser. L/V/II.85, doc. 9 rev. (1994) (Annual Report 1993).

Complaint: Dr. Alvaro Garces Parra, mayor of Sabana de Torres and member of Union Patriotica-Frente Amplio del Magdalena Medio, was murdered on August 15, 1987 by members of the Colombian Army. Petitioners alleged a military plot and cover-up.

Action Taken: The Commission concluded that the Government of Colombia failed to observe Articles 1, 4, 8, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights and Articles I and XVIII of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

COLOMBIA: Olga Esther Bernal, Case 10.537, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 117, OEA/ser. L/V/II.85, doc. 9 rev. (1993) (Annual Report 1993).

Complaint: Olga Esther Bernal Duenas was arrested by a police agent in January 1988. She has not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission concluded that the Government of Colombia had violated Articles 1, 4, 13, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

COLOMBIA: Irma Vera Pena, Case 10.456, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 81, OEA/ser. L/V/II.85, doc. 9 rev. (1993) (Annual Report 1993).

Complaint: On February 6, 1987, Irma Vera Pena, 17, was found dead in an area occupied by the Colombian Army. Her husband, Delfin Torres Castro, reported her death and was subsequently assassinated on June 9, 1992.

Action Taken: The Commission concluded that the Government of Colombia violated Articles 1, 4, 5, 7, 8, 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

COLOMBIA: Patricia Rivera de Bernal et al., Case 9477, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 60, OEA/ser. L/V/II.85, doc. 9 rev. (1993) (Annual Report 1993).

Complaint: On December 10, 1982, Patricia Rivera, her two daughters, and Marco Antonio Crespo, were seized by state security agents. They have not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission concluded that the Government of Colombia violated Articles 1, 4, 5, 7, 8, 19, 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

COLOMBIA: Alirio de Jesus Pedraza Becerra, Case 10.581, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 61, OEA/ser. L/V/II.83, doc. 14 corr. 1 (1992) (Annual Report 1992-1993).

Complaint: Heavily armed men in civilian clothes beat and arbitrarily detained Becerra, a member of the Political Prisoners Solidarity Committee. Two policemen on the scene failed to take any action as Becerra's abductors identified themselves as members of a state security agency. Becerra had previously received death threats from a paramilitary group.

Action Taken: The Commission concluded that the Colombian government failed to comply with its obligations under Articles 1, 4, 5, 7, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

COLOMBIA: Martin Calderon Jurado, Case 10.454, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 52, OEA/ser. L/V/II.83, doc. 14 corr. 1 (1992) (Annual Report 1992-1993).

Complaint: A paramilitary group assassinated Jurado, a prominent human rights activist, and his driver, Primitivo Silva. Jurado's body had at least 50 bullet wounds. Jurado had previously received death threats from individuals associated with the police and the army.

Action Taken: The Commission concluded that Colombia failed to comply with its obligations under Articles 1, 4, 5, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

COLOMBIA: Orlando Garcia Villamizar et al., Case 10.235, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 27, OEA/ser. L/V/II.81, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1992) (Annual Report 1991).

Complaint: During the course of an investigation into the abduction and deaths of three children, government agents arrested 13 persons. At least three of those apprehended were later found dead while a number of others remain missing.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved the Government of Colombia failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 25, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

3. EL SALVADOR: Maria Teresa Guardado, Case 10.915, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 196, OEA/ser. L/V/II.85, doc. 9 rev. (1994) (Annual Report 1993).

Complaint: In March 1991, Maria Teresa Guardado, age 8, was killed by a bullet fired from within a crowd of celebrating soldiers. Judicial proceedings were not held as the Government of El Salvador argued that it was impossible to determine the identity of the criminal.

Action Taken: The Commission found that the Government of El Salvador violated Articles 1, 4, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

EL SALVADOR: Flor de Maria Hernandez Rivas, Case 10.911, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 188, OEA/ser. L/V/II.85, doc. 9 rev. (1994) (Annual Report 1993).

Complaint: In March 1990, Flor de Maria Hernandez Rivas, age 14, was forcibly arrested by National Guardsmen. She was accused of participating in the November 1989 FMLN offensive and was raped and tortured by three men.

Action Taken: The Commission concluded that the Government of El Salvador violated Articles 1, 5, 7, 8, 19, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

EL SALVADOR: Maria Dolores Rivas Quintanilla, Case 10.772, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 181, OEA/ser. L/V/II.85, doc. 9 rev. (1994) (Annual Report 1993).

Complaint: In May 1990, Maria Dolores Rivas Quintanilla, age 7, was raped by a soldier. A local judge refused to consider case.

Action Taken: The Commission concluded that the Government of El Salvador had violated Articles 1, 5, 11, 19, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

EL SALVADOR: Elvis Gustavo Lovato Rivera, Case 10.574, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 174, OEA/ser. L/V/II.85, doc. 9 rev. (1994) (Annual Report 1993).

Complaint: In February 1990, Elvis Gustavo Lovato Rivera was arrested by the army and accused of being a guerrilla. During his detention, he was tortured. Rivera was released three weeks later, but had been threatened with disappearance. Consequently, he was forced to leave his native town.

Action Taken: The Commission concluded that the Government of El Salvador had violated Articles 1, 5, 7, 8, and 22 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

EL SALVADOR: Julio Cesar Juarez Vasquez et al., Case 10.517, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 164, OEA/ser. L/V/II.85, doc. 9 rev. (1994) (Annual Report 1993).

Complaint: In December 1985, Vasquez and his brother Juan Antonio Juarez Vaquez were arrested by members of the Las Chianamas Civilian Defense Force. A few days later, Leonardo Perez Nunez, Gerardo Saldana Salazar, Juan Saldana Salazar, and Jose Eladio Saldana Salazar were seized by soldiers and four men in civilian clothes. Vasquez and the others have not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission concluded that the Government of El Salvador violated Articles 1, 4, 5, 8, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

EL SALVADOR: Jurg Dieter Weis, Case 10.242, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 154, OEA/ser. L/V/II.85, doc. 9 rev. (1994) (Annual Report 1993).

Complaint: On August 22, 1988, in the village of Las Flores, agents of the National Police murdered Mr. Jurg Dieter Weis, a Swiss citizen and theologian.

Action Taken: The Commission concluded that the Government of El Salvador violated Articles 1, 4, 5, 8, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

EL SALVADOR: Erik Felipe Romero Canales, Case 10.571, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 153, OEA/ser. L/V/II.81, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1992) (Annual Report 1991).

Complaint: Members of the First Infantry Brigade arrested Canales on suspicion of being a guerrilla. Canales has not been seen since and the Brigade denies knowledge of his whereabouts.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of El Salvador failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4, 7, and 25, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

EL SALVADOR: Leonardo Ramirez Murcia, Case 10.447, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 149, OEA/ser. L/V/II.81, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1992) (Annual Report 1991).

Complaint: Members of the Treasury Police abducted Murcia for supposed ties to the FMLN, a revolutionary group. The Treasury Police claimed that Murcia's job had been to release guerrillas that had been captured by the security forces. Police tortured Murcia after he refused to admit to the charges.

Action Taken: The Commission declared that the Government of El Salvador failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 5 and 7, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

EL SALVADOR: Andres Colindres Vasquez et al., Case 10.399, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 141, OEA/ser. L/V/II.81, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1992) (Annual Report 1991).

Complaint: Members of the Military Detachment of Armed Force Engineers detained and tortured Vasquez, his wife Maria Luisa Panameno, and son Miguel Colindres Panameno, before executing them. The family had been accused of being affiliated with guerrilla groups.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of El Salvador failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4, 7, and 25, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

EL SALVADOR: Mesias Elias Hernandez Anzora, Case 10.323, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 136, OEA/ser. L/V/II.81, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1992) (Annual Report 1991).

Complaint: Members of the San Martin Civil Defense and the Salvadoran Air Forces abducted Anzora from his home. They accused Anzora of possessing a firearm and of being a guerrilla collaborator. He has not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of El Salvador failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4, 7, and 25, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

EL SALVADOR: Las Hojas Massacre, Case 10.287, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 83, OEA/ser. L/V/II.83, doc. 14 corr. 1 (1992) (Annual Report 1992-1993).

Complaint: Members of the Salvadoran army assassinated approximately 74 people near Las Hojas. The Government of El Salvador failed to prosecute members of its forces that were implicated in the massacre, and it improperly used an amnesty law which immunized them from prosecution.

Action Taken: The Commission declared that the Government of El Salvador failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4, 5, 8, and 25, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

EL SALVADOR: Manuel de Jesus Munguia Choto, Case 10.284, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 131, OEA/ser. L/V/II.81, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1992) (Annual Report 1991).

Complaint: Members of the National Guard, having been told that Choto was a rebel, took Choto from a hospital before he had fully recovered and brought him to a National Guard post where later died of gunshot wounds. The National Guard told Choto's family that he had killed himself.

Action Taken: The Commission declared that the Government of El Salvador had failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4 and 5, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

EL SALVADOR: Julio Ernesto Fuentes Perez, Cases 10.277 and 10.333, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 110, OEA/ser. L/V/II.81, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1992) (Annual Report 1991).

Complaint: Members of the Salvadoran Air Force (FAS) abducted Perez, a 10-year-old boy. His family went to FAS headquarters where they were told that the boy was in custody. Later FAS denied having the child. Several days later, soldiers threw three bodies from a helicopter at 300 meters altitude. A body matching Perez's description was among them. The body had signs of torture and the head had been smashed.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of El Salvador failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 25, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

EL SALVADOR: William Fernandez Rivera and Raquel Fernandez Rivera, Case 10.277 and 10.333, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 110, OEA/ser. L/V/II.81, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1992) (Annual Report 1991).

Complaint: Members of the Salvadoran Air Force abducted Rivera and his sister, Raquel Fernandez Rivera, from their home. The body of William Rivera was found the following day showing signs of torture.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of El Salvador failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 25, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

EL SALVADOR: Rosa Marta Cerna Alfaro and Ismael Hernandez Flores, Case 10.257, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 125, OEA/ser. L/V/II.81, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1992) (Annual Report 1991).

Complaint: Salvadoran soldiers abducted Rosa Marta Cerna Alfaro and Ismael Hernandez Flores and interrogated them about valises containing medicine. During interrogation, soldiers forced Alfaro to remove her clothes and sexually assaulted her. Soldiers also tortured Flores, a former political prisoner. Authorities later released both.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of El Salvador failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 5 and 7, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

EL SALVADOR: Francisco Alberto Martinez Marroquin, Case 10.256, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 121, OEA/ser. L/V/II.81, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1992) (Annual Report 1991).

Complaint: Members of the Arce Battalion abducted Marroquin from his car, blindfolded him and placed him in an underground jail. Soldiers accused Marroquin of having links to guerrilla groups and beat and tortured him over a one-week period. Authorities released Marroquin after this period and told him to leave the country within 15 days.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of El Salvador failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 5 and 7, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

EL SALVADOR: Eliseo Cordova Aguilar, Case 10.211, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 105, OEA/ser. L/V/II.81, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1992) (Annual Report 1991).

Complaint: Three heavily armed men wearing hoods abducted Aguilar. The abductors were either Treasury Police or members of the National Guard. Aguilar's location is still unknown.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of El Salvador failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4, 7, and 25, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

EL SALVADOR: Jose Angel Alas Gomez, Case 10.190, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 99, OEA/ser. L/V/II.81, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1992) (Annual Report 1991).

Complaint: Members of the Atlacatl Battalion took Gomez from his home, brought him to Atlacatl headquarters, and then transferred him to the Santa Tecla National Police Headquarters. Police tortured Gomez for several days before releasing him. Two weeks later, the Treasury Police arrested Gomez. He was killed in police custody, his body showing signs of torture. The government asserted that Gomez died a natural death from cardiac arrest.

Action Taken: The Commission issued a report declaring that the Government of El Salvador failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4 and 5, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

EL SALVADOR: Jose Javier Santamaria Medina et al., Case 10.151, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 92, OEA/ser. L/V/II.81, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1992) (Annual Report 1991).

Complaint: A group of armed men, some in civilian dress and others in army uniforms, abducted Jose Javier Santamaria Medina, a 16-year-old boy, Jose Luis Cornejo, and Angel de Jesus Santamaria Raymundo. Their tortured bodies were found the next day at a place called "La Puerta del Diablo," a site commonly used by death squads to dump the bodies of their victims. Witnesses recognized one abductor as a deserter from the Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front (the revolutionary front) and an army collaborator.

Action Taken: The Commission issued a report declaring that the Government of El Salvador failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4 and 5, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

EL SALVADOR: Francisco Hernandez Quintanilla et al., Case 10.103, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 86, OEA/ser. L/V/II.81, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1992) (Annual Report 1991).

Complaint: Soldiers of the First Infantry Brigade stationed at San Carlos base abducted Hernandez and Juan Armando Martinez. On the same day, COPREFA (Salvadoran Armed Service Press Committee) issued a press release claiming that the three men had been kidnapped by guerrillas. Witnesses stated that this press release was false. None of the three men has been seen since the kidnapping.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved the Government of El Salvador failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4, 7, and 25, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

EL SALVADOR: Pedro Jose Castro Alvarenga, Case 10.003, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 81, OEA/ser. L/V/II.81, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1992) (Annual Report 1991).

Complaint: Three heavily armed men in plain clothes entered Alvarenga's home, beat him, and abducted him in a pick-up truck with no license plates. Although witnesses later saw him at National Police Headquarters, police denied any knowledge of his whereabouts. Alvarenga has not been seen again and is presumed dead.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved the Government of El Salvador had violated Articles 1, 4, 7, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

EL SALVADOR: Nicolas Alfaro et al., Case 10.252, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 54, OEA/ser. L/V/II.77, doc. 7 rev. 1 (1989) (Annual Report 1989-1990).

Complaint: Soldiers of Jiboa Battalion, Fifth Infantry Brigade, detained forty Salvadoran farm-workers, abusing them physically and psychologically. The soldiers later led the farm-workers to a school and summarily executed ten of them.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of El Salvador had violated Articles 1, 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

EL SALVADOR: Ita Ford et al., Case 7575, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 53, OEA/ser. L/V/II.61, doc. 22 rev. 1 (1983) (Annual Report 1982-1983).

Complaint: Salvadoran authorities detained four women from the United States (three nuns and a social worker) while the women were returning from the airport to La Libertad. Local residents found the Americans' van burned and their bodies buried nearby. The women had been raped, tortured, and murdered.

Action Taken: The Commission found that the Government of El Salvador had violated Articles 1, 4, 5, and 11 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

4. GUATEMALA: Alejandro Piche Cuca, Case 10.975, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 216, OEA/ser. L/V/II.85, doc. 9 rev. (1993) (Annual Report 1993).

Complaint: In April 1991, Alejandro Piche Cuca and others were taken by soldiers and forcibly recruited into the army. A request for habeas corpus was filed on his behalf but was rejected. Petitioner pointed out that his detention was unlawful according to Guatemalan law and constitution and that his right of freedom of movement had been violated. The Supreme Court of Guatemala ruled that habeas corpus remedies were not subject to appeal and declared the petition inadmissible.

Action Taken: The Commission found that the Government of Guatemala had violated Articles 1, 7, 11, and 22 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Hector Oqueli and Gilda Flores, Case 10.518, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 173, OEA/ser. L/V/II.81, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1992) (Annual Report 1991).

Complaint: Oqueli, a Salvadoran doctor, and Flores, a Guatemalan lawyer, were found dead after being abducted by heavily armed men. Flores had been driving Oqueli, who had been in the country less than 24 hours, to the airport at the time of their abduction.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4, 5, 7, 16, and 25, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Domingo Morente Gomez, Case 10.113, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 169, OEA/ser. L/V/II.81, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1992) (Annual Report 1991).

Complaint: Guatemalan army soldiers arrested Gomez, a peasant, and took him to the local military post for requesting to patrol 12 hours in the civil defense patrols rather than the required 24 hours.

Action Taken: The Commission issued a resolution declaring that the Government of Guatemala had failed to comply with Article 1 and had violated Article 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Danilo Sergio Alvarado Mejia and Rene Aroldo Leiva Cayax, Cases 10.111 and 10.112, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 162, OEA/ser. L/V/II.81, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1992) (Annual Report 1991).

Complaint: Mejia and Cayax, both members of the Western AEVO Student Association, were abducted, in two separate incidents, by plain-clothes members of the security forces driving cars with government plates. Both were found later dead. Mejia's body showed signs of torture.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 25, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: German Ventura Hernandez, Case 10.120, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 171, OEA/ser. L/V/II.81, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1991) (Annual Report 1991).

Complaint: At the Mexico-Guatemala border, immigration officials abducted Hernandez, a former labor leader, and turned him over to Guatemala's counterinsurgent Kaibiles battalion who took him to an unknown destination.

Action Taken: The Commission issued a resolution finding that the Government of Guatemala had failed to comply with Article 1 and had violated Article 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Basilio Tuis Ramirez, Case 9995, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 189, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1991) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: A bullet fired by an unidentified man wounded Ramirez, a member of the Mutual Support Group. As volunteer firefighters transported Ramirez to a hospital, members of the security forces commandeered the ambulance and took it to a remote location. Ramirez has not been seen since and is presumed dead.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4 and 7, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Mario Lester Morales, Case 9992, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 185, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Crew members of a Guatemalan naval ship detained Morales, the owner of a salt mine. When he resisted, crew members shot and wounded him. They then took him to the Pacific Naval Base. Empty shell casings from a Galil rifle were found at the place of the event. He has been missing since this incident.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4 and 7, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Pedro Lopez Gutierrez, Case 9991, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 181, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Members of the military illegally detained Gutierrez in the early morning at his home. Gutierrez was a farm-worker who had organized a group of farmers to apply to the government for land. He has not been seen since the abduction.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4 and 7, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Isabel Ajcalon, Case 9989, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 178, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Members of the military carrying heavy caliber weapons raided the home of Isabel Ajcalon, a 62-year-old farm worker, and abducted her. She has not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4 and 7, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Pascual Saon and Mario Chingo, Case 9988, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 175, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Heavily armed security forces entered a bar, threatened the customers, and abducted Saon, Chingo, and two other unidentified young men. They have not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4 and 7, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Ileana Lopez Rivera and Andres Espinoza Lopez, Case 9983, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 171, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Members of the security forces abducted Rivera, 25, and Lopez, 11, as they left their home. Neither has been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4 and 7, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Susana Ramos Grijalba, Case 9968, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 168, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Members of the security forces abducted Grijalba from her house. She has not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4 and 7, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Irma Yolanda Gudiel Pineda, Case 9967, Inter-Am C.H.R. 165, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Members of the security forces abducted Pineda, 22. She has not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4 and 7, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Rony Huber Reyes Cifuentes, Case 9964, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 162, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Members of the security forces abducted Cifuentes. He has not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4 and 7, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Guillermo Alfredo Molina Ambrosio, Case 9963, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 159, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Members of the security forces abducted Ambrosio. He has not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4 and 7, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Jose Maria Garcia Portillo, Case 9961, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 156, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Members of the security forces abducted Portillo, the mayor of Chiquimula, as he rode in his vehicle to Guatemala City. He has not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4 and 7, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Martin Garcia Guzman and Tereso Garcia Guzman, Case 9960, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 152, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1(1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Members of the security forces abducted the Guzman brothers. Neither has been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4 and 7, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Francisco Meza and Hugo Erick Gomez, Case 9956, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 149, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Members of the security forces abducted Meza, a transport worker, and his son, Gomez, at the departmental seat of Chimaltenango. Neither has been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4 and 7, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Jorge Herrera, Case 9955, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 145, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Members of the security forces abducted Herrera, a law student, as he returned from Amatitlan with his family. The soldiers kidnapped him in a Ford Bronco automobile. He has not been seen since. Herrera had been the advisor to several trade union organizations and a teacher at a trade union training school. Other members of his family have also disappeared.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4 and 7, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Marta Judith Chiric Ortiz, Case 9948, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 142, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Members of the security forces abducted Ortiz, 15, as she was walking with her father. She has not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4 and 7, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Nicolas Agustin Cruz, Case 9946, Inter-Am C.H.R. 139, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Members of the security forces abducted Cruz from his house. He has not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4 and 7, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Laura Elizabeth del Cid, Case 9936, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 136, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Members of the security forces abducted del Cid, age 12, as she was riding with her family in a vehicle. She has not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4 and 7, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Maria Elena Rodas Orellana, Case 9935, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 133, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Members of the security forces abducted Orellana, a 20-year-old industrial engineering student, outside of the University of San Carlos. She has not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4 and 7, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Samuel Rolando Melgar Flores, Case 9933, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 130, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Members of the security forces abducted Flores, an accountant, as he was leaving his house.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4 and 7, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Waldemar Duarte Fernandez, Case 9932, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 127, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Members of the security forces abducted Fernandez while he was hunting with two friends. His friends were released, but Fernandez has not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4 and 7, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Maria Tzampop, Case 9926, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 124, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Members of the security forces raided Tzampop's house and abducted her. She has not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4 and 7, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Marco Cax Garcia, Case 9925, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 121, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Members of the security forces raided Garcia's house and abducted him. He has not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4 and 7, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Sandra Zamora Lopez, Case 9922, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 118, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Members of the security forces abducted Lopez. She has not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4 and 7, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Leady Giron Ruano, Case 9918, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 114, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Members of the security forces abducted 17-year-old Ruano. He has not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4 and 7, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

5. HAITI: Jean Emile Estimable et al., Cases 11.102, 11.105, 11.107, 11.110, 11.111, 11.112, 11.113, 11.114, 11.118, 11.120, and 11.122, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 224, OEA/ser. L/V/II.85, doc. 9 rev. (1994) (Annual Report 1993).

Complaint: Several petitions were received by the Commission, regarding illegal detentions by Haitian Armed Forces. The cases were consolidated and the report prepared for all the petitions.

Action Taken: The Commission decided to presume the alleged facts as true. It found that the Haitian authorities had violated Articles 1, 5, 7, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights. The legitimate Government of Haiti, illegally overthrown, was ruled to have been unable to investigate the complaints.

HAITI: Brunel Jacquelin et al., Cases 11.106, 11.108, 11.109, 11.115, 11.119, 11.121, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 232, OEA/ser. L/V/II.85, doc. 9 rev. (1994) (Annual Report 1993).

Complaint: The Commission received several petitions concerning killings and disappearances in Haiti. There were no local judicial investigations into any of the cases.

Action Taken: The Commission considered the alleged facts as true, and concluded that the Haitian authorities had violated Articles 1, 4, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

HAITI: Georges Izmery, Case 11.128, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 239, OEA/ser. L/V/II.85, doc. 9 rev. (1994) (Annual Report 1993).

Complaint: In May 1992, Georges Izmery, the brother of a known supporter of President Aristide, was shot before hundreds of witnesses by a group of soldiers. His body was recovered three days later.

Action Taken: The Commission decided that the Haitian authorities had violated Articles 1, 4, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

HAITI: Cledanor Antoine, Case 10.483, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 233, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1991) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Soldiers detained Antoine because they suspected him of harboring an individual who allegedly possessed evidence intended for presentation at the trial of a former tonton macoute (secret police agent). The soldiers tortured Antoine, took him to his home and strangled him to death with a rope in front of one of his children.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Haiti failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4 and 5, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

HAITI: Yves Volel, Case 10.095, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 229, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Volel was shot and killed by members of the police force while giving a speech on human rights to a group of journalists.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Haiti failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Article 4, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

HAITI: Vladimir David, Case 9905, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 224, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1991) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Police detained David, 17, after he participated in a peaceful protest march against government abductions. Police fired on the demonstrators. David has not been seen since and is presumed to be dead.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Haiti failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4 and 7, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

6. HONDURAS: Miguel Angel Pavon Salazar and Moises Landaverde Recarte, Case 10.437, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 249, OEA/ser. L/V/II.85, doc. 9 rev. (1994) (Annual Report 1993).

Complaint: Miguel Angel Pavon and Moises Landaverde Recarte were assassinated on January 14, 1988 in the city of San Pedro Sula. Pavon had been a witness for the Inter-American Court of Human Rights.

Action Taken: The Commission concluded that the Government of Honduras had violated Articles 1, 4, 8, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

HONDURAS: Francisco Javier Bonilla, Case 10.793, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 93, OEA/ser. L/V/II.83, doc. 14 corr. 1 (1993) (Annual Report 1992-1993).

Complaint: An agent of the National Investigations Department shot and killed Bonilla, an activist in the Honduran Social Security Institute Union.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government had violated Articles 1, 2, 8, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

HONDURAS: Saul Godinez Cruz, Case 8097, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 49, OEA/ser. L/V/II.68, doc. 8 rev. 1 (1986) (Annual Report 1985-1986).

Complaint: Government agents arrested Cruz and he has not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government violated Articles 1, 5, and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights, and referred the case to the Inter-American Court of Human Rights.

HONDURAS: Francisco Fiaren Garbi and Yolanda Solis Corrales, Case 7951, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 47, OEA/ser. L/V/II.68, doc. 8 rev. 1 (1986) (Annual Report 1985-1986).

Complaint: Government agents arrested Garbi and Corrales while they were passing through Honduras. They remain missing.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government violated Articles 1, 5, and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights, and referred the case to the Inter-American Court of Human Rights.

HONDURAS: Angel Manfredo Velazquez Rodriguez, Case 7920, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 40, OEA/ser. L/V/II.68, doc. 8 rev. 1 (1986) (Annual Report 1985-1986).

Complaint: Government agents arrested Rodriguez and took him to a prison where they tortured him in an attempt to elicit a confession for the commission of political crimes. He remains missing and is presumed dead.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Honduras violated Articles 1, 5, and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights, and referred the case to the Inter-American Court of Human Rights.

7. NICARAGUA: Haydee A. de Marin et al., Case 10.770, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 293, OEA/ser. L/V/II.85, doc. 9 rev. (1994) (Annual Report 1993).

Complaint: The Inter-American Commission received a complaint stating that the National Reconstruction Governing Junta had in 1979 denied Haydee A. de Marin, Leonor Marin Arcia, Orlando Marin Arcia, and Maria Haydee Marin Arcia their rights to possess, own, and use their private properties in Nicaragua, even though there was no decree ordering confiscation of the property.

Action Taken: The Commission presumed the alleged facts as true and concluded that the Government of Nicaragua had violated Articles 1, 8, 21, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

8. PERU: Guadalupe Ccalloccunto Olano, Case 10.563, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 303, OEA/ser. L/V/II.85, doc. 9 rev. (1993) (Annual Report 1993).

Complaint: In June 1990, Mrs. Guadalupe Ccalloccunto Olano was abducted by fifteen men in attire similar to that worn by the military. She has not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission concluded that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 1, 4, 5, 7, 8 and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Simerman Rafael Antonio Navarro, Case 10.531, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 136, OEA/ser. L/V/II.83, doc. 14 corr. 1 (1993) (Annual Report 1992-1993).

Complaint: Approximately 12 soldiers of the Peruvian army broke into Navarro's home and abducted him. When his parents inquired about him at a military base close to their home, spokesmen denied knowledge of the incident. His whereabouts are still unknown.

Action Taken: The Commission found that the Government of Peru failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 25, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Falconieri Saravia Castillo, Case 10.528, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 128, OEA/ser. L/V/II.83, doc. 14 corr. 1 (1993) (Annual Report 1992-1993).

Complaint: An armed military man in civilian clothes arrested Castillo, president of the Huancavelica Agrarian Federation, municipal agent for the community of Santa Barbara, and member of the United Left. Although witnesses saw Castillo being taken in the direction of the office of the Political Military Command, that office denied ever arresting Castillo. Thereafter, Castillo's body was found with visible signs of torture.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Peruvian Government had violated Articles 1, 4, 5, 7, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Teofilo Rimac Capcha, Case 10.443, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 118, OEA/ser. L/V/II.83, doc. 14 corr. 1 (1993) (Annual Report 1992-1993).

Complaint: The Peruvian Army arrested a number of people on charges of terrorism. Soldiers detained and tortured the arrestees. Capcha, a university professor, died as a result.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 1, 4, 5, 7, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Raul Salas Chocas et al., Case 10.433, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 110, OEA/ser. L/V/II.83, doc. 14 corr. 1 (1993) (Annual Report 1992-1993).

Complaint: Following a clash between the Peruvian Army and the Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement, the army took seven civilians into custody. The army later denied having any knowledge regarding the missing persons.

Action Taken: The Commission concluded that the Peruvian Government had violated Articles 1, 4, 7, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Hugo Bilbao Valenzuela et al., Case 10.493, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 419, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Army personnel abducted Valenzuela and five other individuals and took them to a nearby military base. The army later denied that the individuals were at the base. None of those abducted has been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 1, 4, and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: P. Jorge Parraga Castillo et al., Case 10.487, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 414, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Army personnel arrested Castillo and seven other members of the Peruvian Evangelical Church from Atcas. The officers threatened to kill the arrested individuals immediately, but the arrestees' family members begged for their lives. The soldiers then took the eight away. None of them has been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 1, 4, and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Ismael Pimentel Davalos, Case 10.477, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 410, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Unknown individuals abducted Davalos, 17, during a festival in the community of Quisapata. Residents of the community stated that they saw Davalos detained at a military facility in Abancay. Davalos has not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 1, 4, and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Santos Rojas Quispe, Case 10.475, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 406, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Military personnel abducted Santos Rojas Quispe after accusing him of collaborating with subversives. Soldiers took Quispe in the direction of a military base, but he has not been seen since his arrest. Military authorities denied any knowledge of Quispe's whereabouts.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 1, 4, and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Vicente Bocanegra Espinoza et al., Case 10.470, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 402, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Army personnel entered the village of Ishanga and seized Espinoza and nine others. Soldiers looted the houses in the village. None of the abducted persons has been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 1, 4, and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Silvio Alejandro Campos et al., Case 10.467, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 398, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Police abducted Campos, along with six others in the area of Mazamari. None of those abducted has been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 1, 4, and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Fernando Mejia Egocheaga and Aladino Melgarejo Ponce, Case 10.466, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 394, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Police arrested, tortured, and murdered Egocheaga and Ponce. Before their murder, Agustin Mantilla, Minister of the Interior, attempted to intervene and secure their release. Nevertheless, the bodies of Egocheaga and Ponce were later found with signs of torture. Egocheaga was a lawyer, chairman of the Provincial Committee of the United Left, and legal advisor to the peasant communities and residents of Oxapampa. Ponce was a teacher and leader of SUTEP (Single Labor Union of Peruvian Education Personnel).

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 1, 4, and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Pedro Valenzuela Tamayo and Manuel Mejia Cotrina, Case 10.464, Inter-Am.C.H.R. 390, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Tamayo and Cotrina, president and treasurer, respectively, of the peasant union of Huaripampa, disappeared after lodging a complaint against the mayor of their district. Residents from the community said there was considerable reason to blame the mayor and the police for the disappearances.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 1, 4, and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Coqui Samuel Huamali Sanchez, Case 10.463, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 385, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Masked assailants in military uniforms abducted Sanchez, a lawyer and member of the board of directors of the Pasco Human Rights Defense Committee. The assailants beat and threatened members of Sanchez's family, and warned that they would set the family home on fire if the assailants were followed. The next morning, Sanchez's body was found with three bullet wounds to the head. Next to his body was a leaflet that read "Death to the Traitor" with a hammer and sickle in red ink.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 1, 4, and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Teofilo Carrion Yaulis, Case 10.461, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 381, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Government agents abducted Yaulis. He has not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 1, 4, and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Cipriano Agama Anaya, Case 10.460, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 377, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1990).

Complaint: Military agents abducted Anaya, coordinator of the Transportation Committee of the Progreso-Culebra-Paraiso highway, while he was repairing a flat tire. Witnesses report that soldiers took Anaya by helicopter to the army headquarters at Tingo Maria. Army officials acknowledged that they had arrested Anaya, but claimed that he subsequently escaped. Others claim that Anaya continues to be held at the army facility.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 1, 4, and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Gregorio Castellares Robles, Case 10.444, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 373, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Soldiers arrested Robles, mayor of Carhuancho, along with other community officials. There was no legitimate reason for the arrest. Soldiers beat and tortured the officials before releasing them.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Article 1, 5, and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Andres Huayhua and Ciro Huayhua, Case 10.203, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 369, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: An army patrol entered the village of Santa Rose de Ccotccoy and looted homes. The patrol abducted Andres Huayhua and his nephew, Ciro Huayhua. The two have not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 1, 4, and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Sonia Munoz de Yangali, Case 10.202, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 364, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Soldiers entered Munoz's house, made death threats, tortured her, and beat her two children (aged 9 and 12) when they attempted to defend their mother. After abducting Munoz, they shot her in the head and chest and abandoned her at the side of the road with signs indicating that she had been executed because she was an informant for the Shining Path guerrillas. Munoz survived the attack.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 1, 5, and 7 of the Convention.

PERU: Tecero Lava Ramirez et al., Case 10.163, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 360, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Peruvian soldiers arrested Martinez, Julio and Oscar Saboya Pisco, Marcelino de la Cruz Manayay, Hilario Puelles Trolles and Julio Campesino Sangama without providing any information as the reasons for their detention.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 1, 4, and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

9. URUGUAY: Hugo Leonardo de los Santos Mendoza et al., Cases 10.029, 10.036, 10.145, 10.305, 10.372, 10.373, 10.374, and 10.375, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 154, OEA/ser. L/V/II.83, doc. 14 corr. 1 (1992) (Annual Report 1992-1993).

Complaint: Petitioners denounced a law immunizing police and military personnel from prosecution for politically motivated crimes committed before March 1, 1985.

Action Taken: The Commission concluded that the law violated Article XVIII of the American Declaration on the Rights and Duties of Man and Articles 1, 8, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

B. Article 2 - Domestic Legal Effects

1. HONDURAS: Francisco Javier Bonilla, Case 10.793, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 93, OEA/ser. L/V/II.83, doc. 14 corr. 1 (1993) (Annual Report 1992-1993).

Complaint: An agent of the National Investigations Department shot and killed Bonilla, an activist in the Honduran Social Security Institute Union.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government had violated Articles 1, 2, 8, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

2. MEXICO: National Action Party, Case 10.180, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 237, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1991) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: The National Action Party charged that the 1987 Electoral Law of the State of Nueva Leon prevented the exercise of political rights and deprived the citizens of simple, prompt, and effective recourse to independent and impartial courts for the determination of their political rights.

Action Taken: The Commission concluded that the Mexican government is obligated to immediately adopt corrective measures so that its domestic laws comport with Articles 2, 8, 23, 25, and 28.2 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

C. Article 3 - Right to Juridical Personality

D. Article 4 - Right to Life

1. BOLIVIA: Artemio Camargo et al., Case 7739, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 55, OEA/ser. L/V/II.54, doc. 9 rev. 1 (1981) (Annual Report 1980-1981).

Complaint: A combined group of paramilitary forces and regular soldiers raided a house in La Paz where members of the Revolutionary Leftist Movement were meeting. The raiders killed nine persons.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Bolivia violated Articles 4, 5, and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

BOLIVIA: Marcelo Quiroga Santa Cruz, Case 7458, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 57, OEA/ser. L/V/II.54, doc. 9 rev. 1 (1981) (Annual Report 1980-1981).

Complaint: Government agents detained and killed Cruz, a member of the congress and a socialist party presidential candidate, at the Bolivian Workers Union headquarters.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Bolivia had violated Articles 4, 5, and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

2. COLOMBIA: Pedro Miguel Gonzalez Martinez et al., Case 10.912, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 132, OEA/ser. L/V/II.85, doc. 9 rev. (1994) (Annual Report 1993).

Complaint: On March 4, 1988, twenty peasant workers from Antioquia were killed by armed men. All the men killed were members of the Antioquia Agricultural Workers Trade Union.

Action Taken: The Commission concluded that the killings could be imputed to the Government of Colombia, and that the government violated Articles 1, 4, 8, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights. It also found that Colombia had violated Sections I and XVIII of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

COLOMBIA: Alvaro Garces Parra et al., Case 10.473, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 94, OEA/ser. L/V/II.85, doc. 9 rev. (1994) (Annual Report 1993).

Complaint: Dr. Alvaro Garces Parra, mayor of Sabana de Torres and member of Union Patriotica-Frente Amplio del Magdalena Medio, was murdered on August 15, 1987 by members of the Colombian Army. Petitioners alleged a military plot and cover-up.

Action Taken: The Commission concluded that the Government of Colombia failed to observe Articles 1, 4, 8, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights and Articles I and XVIII of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

COLOMBIA: Olga Esther Bernal, Case 10.537, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 117, OEA/ser. L/V/II.85, doc. 9 rev. (1993) (Annual Report 1993).

Complaint: Olga Esther Bernal Duenas was arrested by a police agent in January 1988. She has not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission concluded that the Government of Colombia had violated Articles 1, 4, 13, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

COLOMBIA: Irma Vera Pena, Case 10.456, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 81, OEA/ser. L/V/II.85, doc. 9 rev. (1993) (Annual Report 1993).

Complaint: On February 6, 1987, Irma Vera Pena, 17, was found dead in an area occupied by the Colombian Army. Her husband, Delfin Torres Castro, reported her death and was subsequently assassinated on June 9, 1992.

Action Taken: The Commission concluded that the Government of Colombia violated Articles 1, 4, 5, 7, 8, 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

COLOMBIA: Patricia Rivera de Bernal et al., Case 9477, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 60, OEA/ser. L/V/II.85, doc. 9 rev. (1993) (Annual Report 1993).

Complaint: On December 10, 1982, Patricia Rivera, her two daughters, and Marco Antonio Crespo, were seized by state security agents. They have not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission concluded that the Government of Colombia violated Articles 1, 4, 5, 7, 8, 19, 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

COLOMBIA: Alirio de Jesus Pedraza Becerra, Case 10.581, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 61, OEA/ser. L/V/II.83, doc. 14 corr. 1 (1992) (Annual Report 1992-1993).

Complaint: Heavily armed men in civilian clothes beat and arbitrarily detained Becerra, a member of the Political Prisoners Solidarity Committee. Two policemen on the scene failed to take any action as Becerra's abductors identified themselves as members of a state security agency. Becerra had previously received death threats from a paramilitary group.

Action Taken: The Commission concluded that the Colombian government failed to comply with its obligations under Articles 1, 4, 5, 7, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

COLOMBIA: Martin Calderon Jurado, Case 10.454, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 52, OEA/ser. L/V/II.83, doc. 14 corr. 1 (1992) (Annual Report 1992-1993).

Complaint: A paramilitary group assassinated Jurado, a prominent human rights activist, and his driver, Primitivo Silva. Jurado's body had at least 50 bullet wounds. Jurado had previously received death threats from individuals associated with the police and the army.

Action Taken: The Commission concluded that Colombia failed to comply with its obligations under Articles 1, 4, 5, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

COLOMBIA: Orlando Garcia Villamizar et al., Case 10.235, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 27, OEA/ser. L/V/II.81, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1992) (Annual Report 1991).

Complaint: During the course of an investigation into the abduction and deaths of three children, government agents arrested 13 persons. At least three of those apprehended were later found dead while a number of others remain missing.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved the Government of Colombia failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 25, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

3. EL SALVADOR: Maria Teresa Guardado, Case 10.915, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 196, OEA/ser. L/V/II.85, doc. 9 rev. (1994) (Annual Report 1993).

Complaint: In March 1991, Maria Teresa Guardado, age 8, was killed by a bullet fired from within a crowd of celebrating soldiers. Judicial proceedings were not held as the Government of El Salvador argued that it was impossible to determine the identity of the criminal.

Action Taken: The Commission found that the Government of El Salvador violated Articles 1, 4, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

EL SALVADOR: Julio Cesar Juarez Vasquez et al., Case 10.517, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 164, OEA/ser. L/V/II.85, doc. 9 rev. (1994) (Annual Report 1993).

Complaint: In December 1985, Vasquez and his brother Juan Antonio Juarez Vaquez were arrested by members of the Las Chianamas Civilian Defense Force. A few days later, Leonardo Perez Nunez, Gerardo Saldana Salazar, Juan Saldana Salazar, and Jose Eladio Saldana Salazar were seized by soldiers and four men in civilian clothes. Vasquez and the others have not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission concluded that the Government of El Salvador violated Articles 1, 4, 5, 8, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

EL SALVADOR: Jurg Dieter Weis, Case 10.242, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 154, OEA/ser. L/V/II.85, doc. 9 rev. (1994) (Annual Report 1993).

Complaint: On August 22, 1988, in the village of Las Flores, agents of the National Police murdered Mr. Jurg Dieter Weis, a Swiss citizen and theologian.

Action Taken: The Commission concluded that the Government of El Salvador violated Articles 1, 4, 5, 8, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

EL SALVADOR: Erik Felipe Romero Canales, Case 10.571, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 153, OEA/ser. L/V/II.81, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1992) (Annual Report 1991).

Complaint: Members of the First Infantry Brigade arrested Canales on suspicion of being a guerrilla. Canales has not been seen since and the Brigade denies knowledge of his whereabouts.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of El Salvador failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4, 7, and 25, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

EL SALVADOR: Andres Colindres Vasquez et al., Case 10.399, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 141, OEA/ser. L/V/II.81, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1992) (Annual Report 1991).

Complaint: Members of the Military Detachment of Armed Force Engineers detained and tortured Vasquez, his wife Maria Luisa Panameno, and son Miguel Colindres Panameno, before executing them. The family had been accused of being affiliated with guerrilla groups.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of El Salvador failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4, 7, and 25, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

EL SALVADOR: Mesias Elias Hernandez Anzora, Case 10.323, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 136, OEA/ser. L/V/II.81, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1992) (Annual Report 1991).

Complaint: Members of the San Martin Civil Defense and the Salvadoran Air Forces abducted Anzora from his home. They accused Anzora of possessing a firearm and of being a guerrilla collaborator. He has not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of El Salvador failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4, 7, and 25, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

EL SALVADOR: Las Hojas Massacre, Case 10.287, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 83, OEA/ser. L/V/II.83, doc. 14 corr. 1 (1992) (Annual Report 1992-1993).

Complaint: Members of the Salvadoran army assassinated approximately 74 people near Las Hojas. The Government of El Salvador failed to prosecute members of its forces that were implicated in the massacre, and it improperly used an amnesty law which immunized them from prosecution.

Action Taken: The Commission declared that the Government of El Salvador failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4, 5, 8, and 25, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

EL SALVADOR: Manuel de Jesus Munguia Choto, Case 10.284, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 131, OEA/ser. L/V/II.81, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1992) (Annual Report 1991).

Complaint: Members of the National Guard, having been told that Choto was a rebel, took Choto from a hospital before he had fully recovered and brought him to a National Guard post where later died of gunshot wounds. The National Guard told Choto's family that he had killed himself.

Action Taken: The Commission declared that the Government of El Salvador had failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4 and 5, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

EL SALVADOR: Julio Ernesto Fuentes Perez, Case 10. 277 and 10.333, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 110, OEA/ser. L/V/II.81, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1992) (Annual Report 1991).

Complaint: Members of the Salvadoran Air Force (FAS) abducted Perez, a 10-year-old boy. His family went to FAS headquarters where they were told that the boy was in custody. Later FAS denied having the child. Several days later, soldiers threw three bodies from a helicopter at 300 meters altitude. A body matching Perez's description was among them. His body had signs of torture and his head had been smashed.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of El Salvador failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 25, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

EL SALVADOR: William Fernandez Rivera and Raquel Fernandez Rivera, Case 10.277 and 10.333, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 110, OEA/ser. L/V/II.81, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1992) (Annual Report 1991).

Complaint: Members of the Salvadoran Air Force abducted Rivera and his sister, Raquel Fernandez Rivera, from their home. The body of William Rivera was found the following day showing signs of torture.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of El Salvador failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 25, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

EL SALVADOR: Eliseo Cordova Aguilar, Case 10.211, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 105, OEA/ser. L/V/II.81, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1992) (Annual Report 1991).

Complaint: Three heavily armed men wearing hoods abducted Aguilar. The abductors were either Treasury Police or members of the National Guard. Aguilar's location is still unknown.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of El Salvador failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4, 7, and 25, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

EL SALVADOR: Jose Angel Alas Gomez, Case 10.190, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 99, OEA/ser. L/V/II.81, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1992) (Annual Report 1991).

Complaint: Members of the Atlacatl Battalion took Gomez from his home, brought him to Atlacatl headquarters, and then transferred him to the Santa Tecla National Police Headquarters. Police tortured Gomez for several days before releasing him. Two weeks later, the Treasury Police arrested Gomez. He was killed in police custody, his body showing signs of torture. The government asserted that Gomez died a natural death from cardiac arrest.

Action Taken: The Commission issued a report declaring that the Government of El Salvador failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4 and 5, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

EL SALVADOR: Jose Javier Santamaria Medina et al., Case 10.151, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 92, OEA/ser. L/V/II.81, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1992) (Annual Report 1991).

Complaint: A group of armed men, some in civilian dress and others in army uniforms, abducted Jose Javier Santamaria Medina, a 16-year-old boy, Jose Luis Cornejo, and Angel de Jesus Santamaria Raymundo. Their tortured bodies were found the next day at a place called "La Puerta del Diablo," a site commonly used by death squads to dump the bodies of their victims. Witnesses recognized one abductor as a deserter from the Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front (the revolutionary front) and an army collaborator.

Action Taken: The Commission issued a report declaring that the Government of El Salvador failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4 and 5, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

EL SALVADOR: Francisco Hernandez Quintanilla et al., Case 10.103, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 86, OEA/ser. L/V/II.81, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1992) (Annual Report 1991).

Complaint: Soldiers of the First Infantry Brigade stationed at San Carlos base abducted Hernandez and Juan Armando Martinez. On the same day, COPREFA (Salvadoran Armed Service Press Committee) issued a press release claiming that the three men had been kidnapped by guerrillas. Witnesses stated that this press release was false. None of the three men has been seen since the kidnapping.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved the Government of El Salvador failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4, 7, and 25, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

EL SALVADOR: Pedro Jose Castro Alvarenga, Case 10.003, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 81, OEA/ser. L/V/II.81, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1992) (Annual Report 1991).

Complaint: Three heavily armed men in plain clothes entered Alvarenga's home, beat him, and abducted him in a pick-up truck with no license plates. Although witnesses later saw him at National Police Headquarters, police denied any knowledge of his whereabouts. Alvarenga has not been seen again and is presumed dead.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved the Government of El Salvador had violated Articles 1, 4, 7, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

EL SALVADOR: Jose Walter Chavez Palacios, Case 10.001, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 100, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1991) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: A group of 25 soldiers abducted Palacios, a 15-year-old student, from his home. He has only been seen twice since the abduction: once aboard a military truck accompanied by soldiers and once in a vehicle accompanied by the Treasury Police. A Treasury Police agent informed Palacio's grandmother that Palacio was with six other young men in the basement of a security unit. The Treasury Police and the First Infantry Brigade have since denied any knowledge of Palacio's whereabouts. He remains missing.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of El Salvador had violated Articles 4 and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

EL SALVADOR: Wilfredo Najarro Vivas, Case 10.000, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 96, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1991) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Soldiers abducted Vivas from his home. Witnesses later saw Vivas in the custody of the Treasury Police who have since denied any knowledge of his whereabouts. He remains missing.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of El Salvador had violated Articles 4 and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

EL SALVADOR: Manuel Antonio Alfaro Carmona, Case 9999, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 93, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1991) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Soldiers of the First Infantry Brigade abducted 15-year-old Carmona. Treasury Police and the First Infantry Brigade denied they were holding him. Carmona remains missing.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of El Salvador had violated Articles 4 and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

EL SALVADOR: Nicolas Alfaro et al., Case 10.252, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 54, OEA/ser. L/V/II.77, doc. 7 rev. 1 (1989) (Annual Report 1989-1990).

Complaint: Soldiers of Jiboa Battalion, Fifth Infantry Brigade, detained forty Salvadoran farm-workers, abusing them physically and psychologically. The soldiers later led the farm-workers to a school and summarily executed ten of them.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of El Salvador had violated Articles 1, 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

El SALVADOR: Arnaldo Cerrito et al., Case 10.201, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 47, OEA/ser. L/V/II.77, doc. 7 rev. 1 (1989) (Annual Report 1989-1990).

Complaint: Heavily armed soldiers abducted Arnaldo Cerrito, Vicente Cerrito, and Arturo Navarro Garcia from their homes and shot them to death.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of El Salvador had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

EL SALVADOR: Sebastian Gutierrez et al., Case 10.179, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 36, OEA/ser. L/V/II.77, doc. 7 rev. 1 (1989) (Annual Report 1989-1990).

Complaint: Soldiers abducted Gutierrez, Jose Mario Cruz Rivera, and Felix Rivera. The soldiers tortured them with fire and mutilated their bodies. Jose Mario Cruz and Felix Rivera were killed while Gutierrez remains missing.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of El Salvador had violated Articles 4, 5, and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

EL SALVADOR: Felipe Bernal Martinez et al., Case 9811, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 31, OEA/ser. L/V/II.77, doc. 7 rev. 1 (1989) (Annual Report 1989-1990).

Complaint: Soldiers abducted Martinez and his two brothers, Julian and Domingo. All of them were found dead with their throats cut. Domingo's tongue had been cut out. The commandant at the Civil Defense Headquarters asserted that they had been executed because they were accused of collaboration with the guerrillas.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of El Salvador had violated Articles 4, 5, and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

EL SALVADOR: Miguel Angel Ramos Ayala, Case 9810, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 27, OEA/ser. L/V/II.77, doc. 7 rev. 1 (1989) (Annual Report 1989-1990).

Complaint: Soldiers seized Ayala in his home when they recognized him as a former political prisoner. The soldiers bound him and subjected him to threats, blows, and torture. They denied his wife the opportunity to speak with him. Witnesses heard shots that evening and later a soldier wearing Ayala's hat went to Ayala's house to ask his wife for tortillas. Ayala is presumed to have been murdered.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of El Salvador had violated Articles 4, 5, and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

EL SALVADOR: Miguel Angel Rivas Hernandez, Case 9844, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 140, OEA/ser. L/V/II.74, doc. 10 rev. 1 (1988) (Annual Report 1987-1988).

Complaint: Hernandez, a high school student, was kidnapped. Information surfaced that he was being held prisoner at Ilopango Air Force Base and later at the National Guard facilities. The police and armed forces deny that they have Hernandez in custody.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of El Salvador had violated Articles 4 and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

EL SALVADOR: Wilfredo Loyola et al., Case 6724, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 79, OEA/ser. L/V/II.66, doc. 10 rev. 1 (1985) (Annual Report 1984-1985).

Complaint: The Salvadoran Armed Forces invaded the community of Cinquera capturing Wilfredo Loyola, Isabel Avalos, and Guadalupe Monge alive. Their bodies were found after the invasion.

Action Taken: The Commission found that the Government of El Salvador had violated Articles 4 and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

EL SALVADOR: Roberto Castellanos Brana and Anette Mathiessen, Case 6095, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 77, OEA/ser. L/V/II.66, doc. 10 rev. 1 (1985) (Annual Report 1984-1985).

Complaint: Professor Brana and his wife, Anette Mathiessen, were abducted by the National Police. Their bodies were later found in an open grave.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the El Salvadoran government had violated Articles 4 and 5 of the American Convention on Human Rights. In response to the government's objections to the provisions of the resolution, the Commission reaffirmed and reiterated the resolution.

EL SALVADOR: Ita Ford et al., Case 7575, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 53, OEA/ser. L/V/II.61, doc. 22 rev. 1 (1983) (Annual Report 1982-1983).

Complaint: Salvadoran authorities detained four women from the United States (three nuns and a social worker) while the women were returning from the airport to La Libertad. Local residents found the Americans' van burned and their bodies buried nearby. The women had been raped, tortured, and murdered.

Action Taken: The Commission found that the Government of El Salvador had violated Articles 1, 4, 5, and 11 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

EL SALVADOR: Aida Escobar and Felix Rivera, Case 6720, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 40, OEA/ser. L/V/II.63, doc. 10 (1983) (Annual Report 1983-1984).

Complaint: 17-year-old Aida Escobar and 23-years-old Felix Rivera were captured and murdered by the National Guard.

Action Taken: The Commission found that the El Salvadoran government violated Articles 4 and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

EL SALVADOR: Santos Gonzalez et al., Case 6719, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 38, OEA/ser. L/V/II.63, doc. 10 (1983) (Annual Report 1983-1984).

Complaint: Santos Gonzalez, Martin Gonzalez, and Victor Antonio Turcios, labor union port workers, and Narciso Antonio Cueva, a campesino, were captured and murdered by military forces who had laid siege to several rural villages.

Action Taken: The Commission declared that the El Salvadoran government had violated Articles 4 and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

EL SALVADOR: Pedro Gamez et al., Case 6718, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 37, OEA/ser. L/V/II.63, doc. 10 (1983) (Annual Report 1983-1984).

Complaint: Pedro Gamez, Pedro Lainez, Fidencio Velasquez, Demecio Recinos, Bonifacio Hernandez, Conrado Hernandez, and Francisco Leiva were murdered by military forces who had occupied and destroyed several rural villages. The soldiers, in addition to committing the murders, looted and burned the villages' houses.

Action Taken: The Commission declared that the Government of El Salvador violated Articles 4 and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

EL SALVADOR: Antonia Guardado et al., Case 6717, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 35, OEA/ser. L/V/II.63, doc. 10 (1983) (Annual Report 1983-1984).

Complaint: Mrs. Antonia Guardado, her seven year-old daughter, Maria, Rafael Navarro, Berta Lidia Landuerdo, Luisa Abrego, and Abrego's baby were brutally murdered when military forces occupied and destroyed several rural villages. The soldiers set fire to the homes of the campesinos and degraded the murder victims' bodies.

Action Taken: The Commission declared that the Government of El Salvador had violated Articles 4 and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

4. GUATEMALA: Hector Oqueli and Gilda Flores, Case 10.518, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 173, OEA/ser. L/V/II.81, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1992) (Annual Report 1991).

Complaint: Oqueli, a Salvadoran doctor, and Flores, a Guatemalan lawyer, were found dead after being abducted by heavily armed men. Flores had been driving Oqueli, who had been in the country less than 24 hours, to the airport at the time of their abduction.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4, 5, 7, 16, and 25, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Danilo Sergio Alvarado Mejia and Rene Aroldo Leiva Cayax, Cases 10.111 and 10.112, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 162, OEA/ser. L/V/II.81, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1992) (Annual Report 1991).

Complaint: Mejia and Cayax, both members of the Western AEVO Student Association, were abducted, in two separate incidents, by plain-clothes members of the security forces driving cars with government plates. Both were found later dead. Mejia's body showed signs of torture.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 25, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Basilio Tuis Ramirez, Case 9995, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 189, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1991) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: A bullet fired by an unidentified man wounded Ramirez, a member of the Mutual Support Group. As volunteer firefighters transported Ramirez to a hospital, members of the security forces commandeered the ambulance and took it to a remote location. Ramirez has not been seen since and is presumed dead.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4 and 7, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Martin Garcia Guzman and Tereso Garcia Guzman, Case 9960, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 152, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1991) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Members of the security forces abducted the Guzman brothers. Neither has been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala had violated Articles 1, 4, and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Camilo Garcia Luis et al., Case 9858, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 105, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1991) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Heavily armed men seized Luis and drove him away in a truck. His wife, Marta Odilia Raxjal Sisimit, informed the police and the news media of the abduction. At police request, she went to the police station for questioning and was never seen alive again. The same day, a group of men driving a vehicle with tinted glass abducted Sisimit's mother, Maria Esteban Sisimit. Several days later, the bodies of all three were found on a highway.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 25 of the American Convention n Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Mario Lester Morales, Case 9992, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 185, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Crew members of a Guatemalan naval ship detained Morales, the owner of a salt mine. When he resisted, crew members shot and wounded him. They then took him to the Pacific Naval Base. Empty shell casings from a Galil rifle were found at the place of the event. He has been missing since this incident.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4 and 7, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Pedro Lopez Gutierrez, Case 9991, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 181, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Members of the military illegally detained Gutierrez in the early morning at his home. Gutierrez was a farm-worker who had organized a group of farmers to apply to the government for land. He has not been seen since the abduction.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4 and 7, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Isabel Ajcalon, Case 9989, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 178, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Members of the military carrying heavy caliber weapons raided the home of Isabel Ajcalon, a 62-year-old farm worker, and abducted her. She has not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4 and 7, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Pascual Saon and Mario Chingo, Case 9988, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 175, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Heavily armed security forces entered a bar, threatened the customers, and abducted Saon, Chingo, and two other unidentified young men. They have not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4 and 7, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Ileana Lopez Rivera and Andres Espinoza Lopez, Case 9983, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 171, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Members of the security forces abducted Rivera, 25, and Lopez, 11, as they left their home. Neither has been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4 and 7, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Susana Ramos Grijalba, Case 9968, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 168, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Members of the security forces abducted Grijalba from her house. She has not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4 and 7, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Irma Yolanda Gudiel Pineda, Case 9967, Inter-Am C.H.R. 165, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Members of the security forces abducted Pineda, 22. She has not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4 and 7, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Rony Huber Reyes Cifuentes, Case 9964, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 162, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Members of the security forces abducted Cifuentes. He has not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4 and 7, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Guillermo Alfredo Molina Ambrosio, Case 9963, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 159, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Members of the security forces abducted Ambrosio. He has not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4 and 7, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Jose Maria Garcia Portillo, Case 9961, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 156, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Members of the security forces abducted Portillo, the mayor of Chiquimula, as he rode in his vehicle to Guatemala City. He has not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4 and 7, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Francisco Meza and Hugo Erick Gomez, Case 9956, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 149, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Members of the security forces abducted Meza, a transport worker, and his son, Gomez, at the departmental seat of Chimaltenango. Neither has been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4 and 7, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Jorge Herrera, Case 9955, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 145, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Members of the security forces abducted Herrera, a law student, as he returned from Amatitlan with his family. The soldiers kidnapped him in a Ford Bronco automobile. He has not been seen since. Herrera had been the advisor to several trade union organizations and a teacher at a trade union training school. Other members of his family have also disappeared.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4 and 7, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Marta Judith Chiric Ortiz, Case 9948, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 142, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Members of the security forces abducted Ortiz, 15, as she was walking with her father. She has not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4 and 7, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Nicolas Agustin Cruz, Case 9946, Inter-Am C.H.R. 139, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Members of the security forces abducted Cruz from his house. He has not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4 and 7, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Laura Elizabeth del Cid, Case 9936, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 136, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Members of the security forces abducted del Cid, age 12, as she was riding with her family in a vehicle. She has not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4 and 7, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Maria Elena Rodas Orellana, Case 9935, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 133, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Members of the security forces abducted Orellana, a 20-year-old industrial engineering student, outside of the University of San Carlos. She has not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4 and 7, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Samuel Rolando Melgar Flores, Case 9933, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 130, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Members of the security forces abducted Flores, an accountant, as he was leaving his house.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4 and 7, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Waldemar Duarte Fernandez, Case 9932, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 127, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Members of the security forces abducted Fernandez while he was hunting with two friends. His friends were released, but Fernandez has not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4 and 7, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Maria Tzampop, Case 9926, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 124, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Members of the security forces raided Tzampop's house and abducted her. She has not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4 and 7, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Marco Cax Garcia, Case 9925, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 121, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Members of the security forces raided Garcia's house and abducted him. He has not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4 and 7, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Sandra Zamora Lopez, Case 9922, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 118, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Members of the security forces abducted Lopez. She has not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4 and 7, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Leady Giron Ruano, Case 9918, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 114, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Members of the security forces abducted 17-year-old Ruano. He has not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4 and 7, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: (Special Case), Inter-Am. C.H.R. 37, OEA/ser. L/V/II.68, doc. 8 rev. 1 (1986) (Annual Report 1985-1986).

Background: Over several years, the Commission received a sizable number of reports of government-sponsored kidnappings and murders in Guatemala.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Marcelino Marroquin et al., Cases 8094, 9038 and 9080, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 81, OEA/ser. L/V/II.66, doc. 10 rev. 1 (1984) (Annual Report 1984-1985).

Complaint: Marroquin and Julio Hernandez Perdomo, Jaime de la Rosa Rodriguez and Julio Cesar Vasquez Juarez were executed by firing squad following trials involving procedural violations. A second execution by firing squad was carried out under the same circumstances, killing Walter Vinicio Marroquin Gonzalez, Sergio Roberto Marroquin Gonzalez, Hector Haroldo Morales Lopez, Marco Antonio Gonzalez, Carlos Subuyug Cuc, and Pedro Raxon Tepet. A third execution was carried out against Mario Ramiro Martinez Gonzalez, Rony Alfredo Martinez Gonzalez, Otto Virula Ayala, Jesus Enrique Velasquez Gutierrez, Julio Cesar Herrera Cardona.

Action Taken: The Commission found that the Guatemalan government had violated Article 4 of the American Convention on Human Rights. Although Guatemala had made a reservation to the Article prior to the Convention's entry into force, the Commission stated that a reservation, restricted by its own wording to Article 4, does not allow the Government of a State party to extend by subsequent legislation the application of the death penalty to crimes for which this penalty had not previously applied. The Commission also declared that the establishment of special courts of jurisdiction in Guatemala and all manner of secret tribunals violate due process and the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Kai Yutah Clouds, Case 7776, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 81, OEA/ser. L/V/II.57, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1982) (Annual Report 1981-1982).

Complaint: Clouds, (also known as Veit Nikolaus Stoscheck) a United States citizen, had been working on an educational and cultural project at the invitation of the Maya Indians of Guatemala. He was kidnapped at gunpoint by five men from the Department of Chimaltenango. He was tortured and then murdered. More than 100 witnesses identified his captors as security officers.

Action Taken: The Commission found that the Government of Guatemala had violated Articles 4 and 5 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Rodolfo Ramirez and Andrea Rodriguez de Ramirez, Case 7585, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 76, OEA/ser. L/V/II.54, doc. 9 rev. 1 (1981) (Annual Report 1980-1981).

Complaint: Unidentified men, presumed to be soldiers, stepped out of a car and shot to death Ramirez and Rodriguez in front of their three children. The murderers threatened and harassed the surviving members of the family.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala had violated Article 4 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Nehemias Cumez et al., Case 7581, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 74, OEA/ser. L/V/II.54, doc. 9 rev. 1 (1981) (Annual Report 1980-1981).

Complaint: Four heavily armed men abducted Cumez, Chief of the Department of Low-Cost Housing of Comalapa. He has not been seen since. Two related abductions occurred four months later. Bodies of several of those abducted have since been found showing signs of torture.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, 8, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Florentino Gomez et al., Case 7403, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 66, OEA/ser. L/V/II.54, doc. 9 rev. 1 (1981) (Annual Report 1980-1981).

Complaint: Police attacked the offices of the National Workers Union and detained 25 to 30 persons, many of whom have not been seen again. Petitioners also denounced the murders of several union leaders and a Spanish priest.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala had violated Articles 4, 7, 8, 15, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Jose Leon Castaneda, Case 7379 Inter-Am. C.H.R. 63, OEA/ser. L/V/II.54, doc. 9 rev. 1 (1981) (Annual Report 1980-1981).

Complaint: Two armed men driving the model of car commonly used by government forces abducted Castaneda. His body was later found in a city street. An autopsy revealed that he had died as a result of severe torture.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala had violated Articles 4, 5, and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Israel Marquez et al., Case 4425, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 81, OEA/ser. L/V/II.54, doc. 9 rev. 1 (1981) (Annual Report 1980-1981).

Complaint: Government agents attempted to kill Marquez, secretary general of the Coca-Cola bottling plant union, with machine-gun fire and attempted to abduct him three months later. Although he survived, other union leaders were illegally fired, threatened, attacked, and murdered.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, 8, 15, 16, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

5. HAITI: Brunel Jacquelin et al., Cases 11.106, 11.108, 11.109, 11.115, 11.119, 11.121, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 232, OEA/ser. L/V/II.85, doc. 9 rev. (1994) (Annual Report 1993).

Complaint: The Commission received several petitions concerning killings and disappearances in Haiti. There were no local judicial investigations into any of the cases.

Action Taken: The Commission considered the alleged facts as true, and concluded that the Haitian authorities had violated Articles 1, 4, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

HAITI: Georges Izmery, Case 11.128, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 239, OEA/ser. L/V/II.85, doc. 9 rev. (1994) (Annual Report 1993).

Complaint: In May 1992, Georges Izmery, the brother of a known supporter of President Aristide, was shot before hundreds of witnesses by a group of soldiers. His body was recovered three days later.

Action Taken: The Commission decided that the Haitian authorities had violated Articles 1, 4, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

HAITI: Cledanor Antoine, Case 10.483, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 233, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1991) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Soldiers detained Antoine because they suspected him of harboring an individual who allegedly possessed evidence intended for presentation at the trial of a former tonton macoute (secret police agent). Soldiers tortured Antoine, took him to his home and strangled him to death with a rope in front of one of his children.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Haiti failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4 and 5, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

HAITI: Yves Volel, Case 10.095, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 229, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Volel was shot and killed by members of the police force while giving a speech on human rights to a group of journalists.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Haiti failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Article 4, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

HAITI: Vladimir David, Case 9905, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 224, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1991) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Police detained David, 17, after he participated in a peaceful protest march against government abductions. Police fired on the demonstrators. David has not been seen since and is presumed to be dead.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Haiti failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4 and 7, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

6. HONDURAS: Miguel Angel Pavon Salazar and Moises Landaverde Recarte, Case 10.437, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 249, OEA/ser. L/V/II.85, doc. 9 rev. (1994) (Annual Report 1993).

Complaint: Miguel Angel Pavon and Moises Landaverde Recarte were assassinated on January 14, 1988 in the city of San Pedro Sula. Pavon had been a witness for the Inter-American Court of Human Rights.

Action Taken: The Commission concluded that the Government of Honduras had violated Articles 1, 4, 8, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

HONDURAS: Colomoncagua Attack, Case 9619, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 75, OEA/ser. L/V/II.71, doc. 9 rev. 1 (1987) (Annual Report 1986-1987).

Complaint: The Honduran Army attacked a Salvadoran refugee camp, killing two (including a baby), wounding 50, apprehending 15, raping two women, and torturing seven others. Three people were hospitalized and listed in critical condition.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Honduras had violated Articles 4, 5, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

HONDURAS: Tomas Nativi and Fidel Martinez, Case 7864, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 65, OEA/ser. L/V/II.71, doc. 9 rev. 1 (1987) (Annual Report 1986-1987).

Complaint: Members of the National Bureau of Investigation abducted Nativi and Martinez from the house of a friend and shot Martinez. Both are still missing.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Honduras had violated Articles 4, 5, and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

7. NICARAGUA: Jose Esteban Lazo Morales, Case 9367, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 123, OEA/ser. L/V/II.68, doc. 8 rev. 1 (1986) (Annual Report 1985-1986).

Complaint: Members of the state security forces arrested Morales at his home, took him to the agency's base of operations, and brought his body back to his home in a coffin. They gave the Morales's family members a death certificate stating the cause of death to be a heart attack, and ordered them not to open the coffin. Despite the warning, the family opened the coffin and found that the corpse had a fractured nose, blood on the head and in the ears, fractured ribs, and deep cuts on the back.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Nicaragua had violated Articles 4 and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

NICARAGUA: Aristides Lopez Huerta, Case 9344, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 121, OEA/ser. L/V/II.68, doc. 8 rev. 1 (1986) (Annual Report 1985-1986).

Complaint: Government agents arrested Huerta at his home and took him away on a truck. He remains missing.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Nicaragua had violated Articles 4 and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

NICARAGUA: Julio Aguilar Pineda, Case 9341, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 119, OEA/ser. L/V/II.68, doc. 8 rev. 1 (1986) (Annual Report 1985-1986).

Complaint: Government agents accused Pineda of being a counterrevolutionary and arrested him. His family members heard that he had been imprisoned, but they have been unable to locate him. He remains missing.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Nicaragua had violated Articles 4 and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

NICARAGUA: Felix Alberto Estrada Sandoval, Case 9296, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 117, OEA/ser. L/V/II.68, doc. 8 rev. 1 (1986) (Annual Report 1985-1986).

Complaint: Soldiers arrested Sandoval in a combat zone. Although the authorities deny holding Sandoval, former prisoners claimed to have seen him in prison.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Nicaragua had violated Articles 4 and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

NICARAGUA: Felipe Santiago Jimenes Gutierrez, Case 9295, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 115, OEA/ser. L/V/II.68, doc. 8 rev. 1 (1986) (Annual Report 1985-1986).

Complaint: Six individuals dressed as militia men accused Gutierrez of collaborating with counter-revolutionaries and arrested him in his home. He has not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Nicaragua had violated Articles 4 and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

NICARAGUA: Pastor Cruz Herrera, Case 9289, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 112, OEA/ser. L/V/II.68, doc. 8 rev. 1 (1986) (Annual Report 1985-1986).

Complaint: Herrera left his home with friends and has not been seen since. An ex-prisoner later told family members that Herrera had been a cell-mate of his, and that Herrera was still in prison.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Nicaragua had violated Articles 4 and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

NICARAGUA: Joaquin Daniel Vallecillo Sanchez, Case 9285, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 111, OEA/ser. L/V/II.68, doc. 8 rev. 1 (1986) (Annual Report 1985-1986).

Complaint: Three persons dressed in civilian clothes and three others wearing military uniforms arrested Sanchez in his home. He remains missing.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Nicaragua had violated Articles 4 and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

NICARAGUA: Santos Marcelo Martinez Garcia and Feliz Alejandro Martinez Garcia, Case 9284, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 109, OEA/ser. L/V/II.68, doc. 8 rev. 1 (1986) (Annual Report 1985-1986).

Complaint: Border guards arrested the two brothers in their home. Both were later found dead.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Nicaragua had violated Articles 4 and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

NICARAGUA: Jorge Fernando Escobar Rivera, Case 9233, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 105, OEA/ser. L/V/II.68, doc. 8 rev. 1 (1986) (Annual Report 1985-1986).

Complaint: Rivera disappeared under unclear circumstances. The fact that police possessed personal documents of Rivera after his disappearance indicate government involvement.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Nicaragua had violated Articles 4 and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

NICARAGUA: Jose Giovanni Ulloa Peralta and Luis Alonso Diaz Rivera, Case 9144, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 99, OEA/ser. L/V/II.68, doc. 8 rev. 1 (1986) (Annual Report 1985-1986).

Complaint: Border guards arrested Peralta and took him to a ranch. He was later found dead. The border guards also arrested Rivera who has not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Nicaragua had violated Articles 4 and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

NICARAGUA: Manuel Montenegro Salazar, Case 7320, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 118, OEA/ser. L/V/II.61, doc. 22 rev. 1 (1983) (Annual Report 1982-1983).

Complaint: Government agents abducted Salazar. The person in charge of the government facility where Salazar was being held stated that Salazar had been executed.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Nicaragua had violated Articles 4, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

NICARAGUA: Juan Jose Munguia Medina, Case 7319, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 114, OEA/ser. L/V/II.61, doc. 22 rev. 1 (1983) (Annual Report 1982-1983).

Complaint: Government agents abducted Medina and took him to an undisclosed location. He has not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Nicaragua had violated Articles 4, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

NICARAGUA: Marco Antonio Vega Duarte, Case 7316, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 116, OEA/ser. L/V/II.61, doc. 22 rev. 1 (1983) (Annual Report 1982-1983).

Complaint: The National Guard captured, beat, and tortured Duarte, a 17-year-old student, in 1979. The Guard released him and took him to the Red Cross to receive medical attention. As a result of psychological problems caused by beatings in captivity, he stated that he was a Sandinista guerrilla commander. He was subsequently beaten and imprisoned. He is presumed dead.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Nicaragua had violated Articles 4, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

NICARAGUA: Jose Joquin Quezada Rodriguez, Case 7314, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 112, OEA/ser. L/V/II.61, doc. 22 rev. 1 (1983) (Annual Report 1982-1983).

Complaint: Soldiers kidnapped Rodriguez, a 23-year-old engineering student. He remains missing.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Nicaragua had violated Articles 4, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

NICARAGUA: Guillermo Jose Chavez Rosales, Case 7313, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 110, OEA/ser. L/V/II.61, doc. 22 rev. 1 (1983) (Annual Report 1982-1983).

Complaint: Nicaraguan soldiers abducted Rosales and took him to the former Military Academy. It is presumed that he was shot to death.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Nicaragua had violated Articles 4, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

NICARAGUA: La Polvora Executions, Cases 4566, 7057, 7056, 7063, 7064, 7237, 7308, 7315, 7318, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 121, OEA/ser. 61, doc. 22 rev. 1 (1983) (Annual Report 1982-1983).

Complaint: Government agents illegally executed an undetermined number of persons detained in the prison known as La Polvora, and buried them in common graves. The Nicaraguan government stated that responsibility for the executions might lie with the Sandinista Front.

Action Taken: At the government's request, the Commission set aside Resolution No. 12/83, which had resolved that the Government of Nicaragua had violated Articles 4, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights. It expressed disapproval of Nicaragua's delay in investigation and recommended that Nicaragua conclude the investigation quickly and find those responsible. The Commission reaffirmed its conviction that the cause of action constituted a violation of Article 4, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

NICARAGUA: Tomas Carrero Roque, Case 7245, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 105, OEA/ser. L/V/II.61, doc. 22 rev. 1 (1982) (Annual Report 1982-1983).

Complaint: The Santa Rosa del Penon Squad arrested Roque, former treasurer in the Mayor's Office of El Jicaral, and imprisoned him. He remains missing. There were conflicting reports regarding Roque's disappearance. One member of the jail staff stated that he had carried out an order to execute Roque. Others stated that they had seen Roque in the Tipitapa Modelo Jail.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Nicaragua had violated Article 4 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

NICARAGUA: Pedro Eligio Lara Perez, Case 7238, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 104, OEA/ser. L/V/II.61, doc. 22 rev. 1 (1982) (Annual Report 1982-1983).

Complaint: Perez, a former National Guardsman, surrendered to members of the Sandinista National Liberation Front. He was transferred to many different commands as a prisoner, and eventually disappeared. The Commission received a separate report suggesting that Perez had been executed.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Nicaragua had violated Articles 4, 5, and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

NICARAGUA: Humberto Villavicencio Montoya, Case 5154, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 101, OEA/ser. L/V/II.61, doc. 22 rev. 1 (1982) (Annual Report 1982-1983).

Complaint: Montoya, a former National Guardsman, died while in prison. Sandinista authorities claimed he died of cardiac arrest. Petitioners denounced more than five other deaths in the same prison that were not reported by the authorities.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Nicaragua had violated Articles 4 and 5 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

8. PANAMA: Hugo Spadafora Franco, Case 9726, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 174, OEA/ser. L/V/II.74, doc. 10 rev. 1 (1987) (Annual Report 1987-1988).

Complaint: Dr. Spadafora, a Costa Rican national, was forced off a bus he was riding to Panama City by an agent of the Defense Forces inside Panama's borders. The next morning, his decapitated and mutilated body was found in Costa Rica 300 meters from the Panamanian border.

Action Taken: The Commission declared that the Government of Panama had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, 8, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

9. PERU: Guadalupe Ccalloccunto Olano, Case 10.563, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 303, OEA/ser. L/V/II.85, doc. 9 rev. (1993) (Annual Report 1993).

Complaint: In June 1990, Mrs. Guadalupe Ccalloccunto Olano was abducted by fifteen men in attire similar to that worn by the military. She has not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission concluded that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 1, 4, 5, 7, 8 and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Simerman Rafael Antonio Navarro, Case 10.531, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 136, OEA/ser. L/V/II.83, doc. 14 corr. 1 (1993) (Annual Report 1992-1993).

Complaint: Approximately 12 soldiers of the Peruvian army broke into Navarro's home and abducted him. When his parents inquired about him at a military base close to their home, spokesmen denied knowledge of the incident. His whereabouts are still unknown.

Action Taken: The Commission found that the Government of Peru failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 25, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Falconieri Saravia Castillo, Case 10.528, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 128, OEA/ser. L/V/II.83, doc. 14 corr. 1 (1993) (Annual Report 1992-1993).

Complaint: An armed military man in civilian clothes arrested Castillo, president of the Huancavelica Agrarian Federation, municipal agent for the community of Santa Barbara, and member of the United Left. Although witnesses saw Castillo being taken in the direction of the office of the Political Military Command, that office denied ever arresting Castillo. Thereafter, Castillo's body was found with visible signs of torture.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Peruvian Government had violated Articles 1, 4, 5, 7, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Teofilo Rimac Capcha, Case 10.443, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 118, OEA/ser. L/V/II.83, doc. 14 corr. 1 (1993) (Annual Report 1992-1993).

Complaint: The Peruvian Army arrested a number of people on charges of terrorism. Soldiers detained and tortured the arrestees. Capcha, a university professor, died as a result.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 1, 4, 5, 7, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Raul Salas Chocas et al., Case 10.433, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 110, OEA/ser. L/V/II.83, doc. 14 corr. 1 (1993) (Annual Report 1992-1993).

Complaint: Following a clash between the Peruvian Army and the Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement, the army took seven civilians into custody. The army later denied having any knowledge regarding the missing persons.

Action Taken: The Commission concluded that the Peruvian Government had violated Articles 1, 4, 7, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Hugo Bilbao Valenzuela et al., Case 10.493, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 419, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Army personnel abducted Valenzuela and five other individuals and took them to a nearby military base. The army later denied that the individuals were at the base. None of those abducted has been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 1, 4, and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: P. Jorge Parraga Castillo et al., Case 10.487, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 414, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Army personnel arrested Castillo and seven other members of the Peruvian Evangelical Church from Atcas. The officers threatened to kill the arrested individuals immediately, but the arrestees' family members begged for their lives. The soldiers then took the eight away. None of them has been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 1, 4, and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Ismael Pimentel Davalos, Case 10.477, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 410, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Unknown individuals abducted Davalos, 17, during a festival in the community of Quisapata. Residents of the community stated that they saw Davalos detained at a military facility in Abancay. Davalos has not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 1, 4, and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Santos Rojas Quispe, Case 10.475, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 406, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Military personnel abducted Santos Rojas Quispe after accusing him of collaborating with subversives. Soldiers took Quispe in the direction of a military base, but he has not been seen since his arrest. Military authorities denied any knowledge of Quispe's whereabouts.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 1, 4, and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Vicente Bocanegra Espinoza et al., Case 10.470, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 402, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Army personnel entered the village of Ishanga and seized Espinoza and nine others. Soldiers looted the houses in the village. None of the abducted persons has been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 1, 4, and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Silvio Alejandro Campos et al., Case 10.467, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 398, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Police abducted Campos, along with six others in the area of Mazamari. None of those abducted has been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 1, 4, and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Fernando Mejia Egocheaga and Aladino Melgarejo Ponce, Case 10.466, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 394, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Police arrested, tortured, and murdered Egocheaga and Ponce. Before their murder, Agustin Mantilla, Minister of the Interior, attempted to intervene and secure their release. Nevertheless, the bodies of Egocheaga and Ponce were later found with signs of torture. Egocheaga was a lawyer, chairman of the Provincial Committee of the United Left, and legal advisor to the peasant communities and residents of Oxapampa. Ponce was a teacher and leader of SUTEP (Single Labor Union of Peruvian Education Personnel).

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 1, 4, and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Pedro Valenzuela Tamayo and Manuel Mejia Cotrina, Case 10.464, Inter-Am.C.H.R. 390, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Tamayo and Cotrina, president and treasurer, respectively, of the peasant union of Huaripampa, disappeared after lodging a complaint against the mayor of their district. Residents from the community said there was considerable reason to blame the mayor and the police for the disappearances.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 1, 4, and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Coqui Samuel Huamali Sanchez, Case 10.463, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 385, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Masked assailants in military uniforms abducted Sanchez, a lawyer and member of the board of directors of the Pasco Human Rights Defense Committee. The assailants beat and threatened members of Sanchez's family, and warned that they would set the family home on fire if the assailants were followed. The next morning, Sanchez's body was found with three bullet wounds to the head. Next to his body was a leaflet that read "Death to the Traitor" with a hammer and sickle in red ink.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 1, 4, and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Teofilo Carrion Yaulis, Case 10.461, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 381, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Government agents abducted Yaulis. He has not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 1, 4, and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Cipriano Agama Anaya, Case 10.460, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 377, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Military agents abducted Anaya, coordinator of the Transportation Committee of the Progreso-Culebra-Paraiso highway, while he was repairing a flat tire. Witnesses report that soldiers took Anaya by helicopter to the army headquarters at Tingo Maria. Army officials acknowledged that they had arrested Anaya, but claimed that he subsequently escaped. Others claim that Anaya continues to be held at the army facility.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 1, 4, and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Soledad Granados Martinez et al., Case 10.380, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 357, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Soldiers raided Martinez's village and killed him along with 10 other individuals. Soldiers abducted many others who either disappeared or were tortured and later released.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Saturnino Castillo Peralta, Case 10.370, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 354, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Personnel of the army, national guard, and the police detained Peralta, president of the community of Antilla. He has not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Noe Pastor Romo Antonio, Case 10.326, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 351, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Police arrested Antonio, a law student and human rights activist, and several other unidentified people. They searched Antonio's house and discovered that his passport bore a Nicaraguan entry visa. They kept the passport and charged him with assault, robbery, and terrorism. He remains missing.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Miriam Huaches de Garcia, Case 10.321, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 348, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: An army patrol arrested de Garcia in the process of searching her house. Although she was six months pregnant, soldiers continuously beat her. She has not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Evaristo Morales Portillo, Case 10.317, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 345, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Peruvian soldiers arrested Portillo and the military has refused to give any information relating to his arrest. He is still missing.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Mercedes Gutierrez Caypani et al., Case 10.308, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 341, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: About 30 soldiers arrested numerous women and raped and beat them during their detention. Three people were taken to a military barracks. Their whereabouts are unknown. Two other townspeople were tied and suspended from a beam in the roof of the district school.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Hugo Blanco Galdos et al., Case 10.304, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 336, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Peruvian National Police terminated a peasant demonstration by shooting into the crowd for two hours. Eight people died and 26 were wounded. On the same day, police raided another meeting of 200 peasants, arrested Galdos, secretary of the Peasant Confederation of Peru, and detained him for his alleged subversive activities. He remains missing.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Oscar Delgado Vera, Case 10.278, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 333, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Members of the Investigative Police of the Directorate Against Terrorism arrested Vera, secretary general of the Consolidated Workers' Union. He is still missing and presumed to be in detention.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Giovana Vera, Case 10.263, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 330, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: A group of soldiers arrested Vera, an 18-year-old substitute teacher, at her school. The soldiers took Vera to an army barracks 20 kilometers away. Although army officials deny having any information about her, Vera is still considered to be detained or dead.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Hugo Maximo Aliaga Ordaya, Case 10.260, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 327, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Plainclothes policemen arrested Ordaya. Witnesses saw the soldiers force Ordaya into a car.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Fabriciano Chujandama Chasnamote et al., Case 10.222, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 324, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: During a raid, an army patrol of 70 soldiers occupied the school and church of a village, threatened local officials, and burned the homes of residents. Soldiers abducted Fabriciano Chujandama Chasnamote, Mamerto Chujanda Chasnamote, and Roldan Sabota Chujandama after the raid. None of the three has been seen since the abduction.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Segundo Salas Saldana, Osvalso Torres et al., Case 10.221, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 321, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: A Peruvian army patrol arrested about 700 people, tortured them, looted their homes, and later extorted a large sum of money for their release. During the incident, soldiers killed Saldana, 16, with a grenade. In another settlement in a nearby village, a patrol arrested Torres and five other individuals. All but Torres, whom soldiers beat badly, were released. He remains missing.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Jose Perez Olivares, Case 10.220, Inter-Am C.H.R. 318, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Police abducted Olivares, leader of the United Left. The police denied any knowledge of the incident. Olivares remains missing.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Andres Huayhua and Ciro Huayhua, Case 10.203, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 369, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: An army patrol entered the village of Santa Rose de Ccotccoy and looted homes. The patrol abducted Andres Huayhua and his nephew, Ciro Huayhua. The two have not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 1, 4, and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Armando Guamantingo Villanueva et al., Case 10.186, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 315, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: The Political Army Command listed Villanueva and five other people as having died during combat, even though witnesses saw their arrests by the army. The six remain missing.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Basilio Chirhuana Carbajal et al., Case 10.185, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 312, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1991) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Soldiers detained Carbajal and 11 other people who subsequently disappeared. The army denies holding these individuals even though there were numerous witnesses to their arrests.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Manuel Tuanama Garcia and Estalin Fasanando Upiachihua, Case 10.183, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 309, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1991) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: The army detained Garcia and Upiachihua before numerous witnesses. The army denies holding them. They remain missing and are presumed to have been transferred to the Mariscal Caceres barracks in Morales.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Fortunato Lopez Lopez et al., Case 10.166, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 306, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: The Peruvian Investigative Police abducted Lopez and two other individuals. They have not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Armando Huamantingo Villanueva and Matiasa Huashua Huamani, Case 10.164, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 303, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: The Peruvian Army arrested Villanueva and Huamani along with their children when they went to an army base to report an attack by the armed forces on their community. The Political Military Command issued a statement claiming that Villanueva died during combat with the armed forces even though witnesses saw the two arrive at the military base.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Tecero Lava Ramirez et al., Case 10.163, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 360, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Peruvian soldiers arrested Martinez, Julio and Oscar Saboya Pisco, Marcelino de la Cruz Manayay, Hilario Puelles Trolles and Julio Campesino Sangama without providing any information as the reasons for their detention.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 1, 4, and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Angel Francisco Perez Ali et al., Case 10.014, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 300, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: About 4,000 policemen mounted a large-scale operation at the University of San Marcos, Lima, searching for members of subversive organizations. Police detained about 800 people, 34 of whom remain missing. Police tortured several individuals at Bocanegra, a ranch of the Peruvian Investigations Police.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Walter Angel Castillo Cisneros, Case 9883, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 297, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Soldiers arrested Cisneros at the Molina Transportation Agency. Employees of the company witnessed the arrest and copied the license plate of the vehicle in which Cisneros was arrested. He has not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Benjamin Lapa Leon et al., Case 9881, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 294, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Military personnel from the Jano base in Huanta arrested Leon and five other individuals while they participated in the inauguration of new community school buildings in Iquicha. They have not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Gloria Marta Tineo Garcia and Pelayo Arotoma Cacnahuaray, Case 9878, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 291, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Soldiers abducted Garcia and Cacnahuaray from their homes. The army denies knowledge of their whereabouts. Neither has been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Roberto Huaman Ayala and Alciades Bernardo Huayta Leiva, Case 9859, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 288, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Soldiers abducted Ayala and Leiva from their homes and took them to the army barracks in Castrocampa. Neither has been seen since their abduction.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Juan Rivera Alarcon et al., Case 9842, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 285, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Soldiers detained Alarcon and four others the day that country-wide municipal elections were held. Although many people witnessed the abduction and believe that the soldiers took the five to the Vilcashuaman barracks, authorities deny the detention. All five remain missing.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Jose Belarmino Navarrete Cabrera et al., Case 9824, Inter-Am. C.H.R 282, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Soldiers arrested Cabrera, Antonio Janampa Huamantico, and his brother Tomas and detained them at Los Cabitos military barracks. Authorities deny petitioners' detention.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Felix Torres P. et al., Case 9817, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 279, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Soldiers detained Torres, Carlos Lazares during a soccer game. Soldiers also arrested two teachers, Ludovina Arias and Marino Ezequiel Soca. Authorities deny the detentions.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Jorge Herminio Mina et al., Case 9816, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 276, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Soldiers abducted Mina and four other individuals from the areas of La Mar, Huanta, and Vilcashuaman. None of the five have been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Marino Ezequiel Soca, Case 9815, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 273, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Soldiers abducted Soca during a religious festival. Soca has not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Teresa Garcia Bautista and Ruben Nanac, Case 9814, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 270, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Members of the Peruvian Investigations Police (PIP) abducted Bautista from her home. Witnesses stated that PIP agents carried Bautista away wrapped in a blanket and returned to her home that night and abducted Nanac, her son-in-law. Both remain missing.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Teofilo Ramos Gamboa, Case 9809, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 267, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Five men wearing uniforms and ski masks, either members of the army or the Department Intelligence Committee, abducted Gamboa from his home without explanation. When questioned by relatives, General Gil Jara admitted that the abduction occurred in the street. Authorities later denied the detention despite allegations that Gamboa was being secretly held in Los Cabitos barracks. Gamboa remains missing.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Martin Escriba et al., Case 9807, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 264, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Army soldiers arrested Escriba and three other persons and took them to the army barracks in the city of Cangallo. Authorities denied the detention had occurred. The detainees remain missing.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Severino Quispe Pillaca, Case 9806, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 261, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Army soldiers arrested Pillaca and three other persons and took them to the army barracks in the city of Cangallo. Authorities denied the detention had occurred. The detainees remain missing.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Albino Quino Sulca, Case 9805, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 258, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Army soldiers arrested Sulca along with three other prisoners and took him to the army barracks in the city of Cangallo. The same day, a relative of Sulca's visited the barracks where authorities told her that Sulca would probably be released in 25 days. The following day, authorities denied Sulca had been arrested. He remains missing.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Melchor Tineo Perez, Case 9804, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 255, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Army soldiers arrested Perez and three other persons and took them to the army barracks in Cangallo. The following day, Perez's relatives requested information and authorities informed them that they had sent Perez to Ayacucho. Later, a military spokesman denied the detention. Perez remains missing.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Teodoro Pillaca Tinco, Case 9803, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 251, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Government agents detained Tinco and took him to an army base. Authorities denied that Tinco's detention had occurred.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Benito Rojas Ccorahua, Case 9802, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 119, OEA/ser. L/V/II.76, doc. 10 (1989) (Annual Report 1988-1989).

Complaint: Members of the armed forces detained Ccorahua and imprisoned him at a military base. They later told his wife that he had been transferred. He has not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Eleodoro Lopez Ballardo et al., Case 9799, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 116, OEA/ser. L/V/II.76, doc. 10 (1989) (Annual Report 1988-1989).

Complaint: The Republican Guard detained Ballardo, Ruben Lopez Loyola, and Bautista Rodriguez Arce. The prisoners have not been brought before a court, charged with a crime, or released. They remain missing.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Juan Geldres Orozco and Benigno Contreras, Case 9786, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 33 OEA/ser. L/V/II.76, doc. 10 (1988) (Annual Report 1988-1989).

Complaint: Members of the naval infantry arrested Orozco. Members of the Army Intelligence Service arrested Contreras at his home in the presence of several witnesses. Neither has been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4 and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Luis Maximo Vera Aragon, Case 9748, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 30 OEA/ser. L/V/II.76, doc. 10 (1988) (Annual Report 1988-1989).

Complaint: Soldiers believed to be from the Peruvian Air Force abducted Aragon and forced him into a vehicle. The men shot at bystanders who tried to aid Aragon. He remains missing.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4 and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Edgar Palomino Ayala, Case 9512, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 244, OEA/ser. L/V/II.74, doc. 10 rev. 1 (1988) (Annual Report 1987-1988).

Complaint: Ayala, a schoolteacher, was arrested in his home by members of the Armed Forces. His body was found 13 days later.

Action Taken: The Commission determined that the Government of Peru violated Article 4 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Lucio Lozano Huayta, Case 9511, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 272, OEA/ser. L/V/II.74, doc. 10 rev. 1 (1988) (Annual Report 1987-1988).

Complaint: Huayta, a 39 year-old mason, was arrested by officers of the PIP. His corpse was found six weeks later.

Action Taken: The Commission determined that the Government of Peru violated Article 4 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Reyna Esperanza Cervantes Romani, Case 9510, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 250, OEA/ser. L/V/II.74, doc. 10 rev. 1 (1988) (Annual Report 1987-1988).

Complaint: Romani, a 22 year-old student, was seized by Marine Infantry. Her body, bearing signs of torture and mutilation, was found two weeks later.

Action Taken: The Commission determined that the Government of Peru violated Article 4 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Constanza Torres Quispe, Case 9509, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 247, OEA/ser. L/V/II.74, doc. 10 rev. 1 (1988) (Annual Report 1987-1988).

Complaint: 14-year-old Quispe was seized at 4 a.m. by a group in civilian clothes driving a military vehicle. Her body was found five days later.

Action Taken: The Commission determined that the Government of Peru violated Article 4 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Lidia Quispe Silva, Case 9508, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 253, OEA/ser. L/V/II.74, doc. 10 rev. 1 (1988) (Annual Report 1987-1988).

Complaint: Silva, a 19 year-old student, was arrested by the Civil Guard. Her body was found inside a sewer the next day.

Action Taken: The Commission determined that the Government of Peru violated Article 4 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Florentino Mendoza Huaman, Case 9507, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 256, OEA/ser. L/V/II.74, doc. 10 rev. 1 (1988) (Annual Report 1987-1988).

Complaint: Huaman, a municipal police officer, was seized by members of the Armed Forces Intelligence Service. His corpse was found four months later several miles from his home.

Action Taken: The Commission determined that the Government of Peru violated Article 4 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Nemesio Fernandez Lapa, Case 9506, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 263, OEA/ser. L/V/II.74, doc. 10 rev. 1 (1988) (Annual Report 1987-1988).

Complaint: Lapa, a 75-year-old civil servant and retiree from the Army, was arrested by the Marine Infantry. His corpse was found one month later in an obscure pit.

Action Taken: The Commission determined that the Government of Peru violated Article 4 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Juan Hugo Calle Rodriguez, Case 9505, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 269, OEA/ser. L/V/II.74, doc. 10 rev. 1 (1988) (Annual Report 1987-1988).

Complaint: Rodriguez, an 18-year-old student, was arrested by members of the police force. His body was later discovered in a secret pit.

Action Taken: The Commission determined that the Government of Peru violated Article 4 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Eustaquio Yauli Huaman, Case 9504, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 235, OEA/ser. L/V/II.74, doc. 10 rev. 1 (1988) (Annual Report 1987-1988).

Complaint: Huaman was arrested and shot by members of the National Guard and the PIP.

Action Taken: The Commission found the Government of Peru had violated Article 4 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Marcial Flores Sulca, Case 9503, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 266, OEA/ser. L/V/II.74, doc. 10 rev. 1 (1988) (Annual Report 1987-1988).

Complaint: Sulca, an 18-year-old merchant, was arrested by the Marine Infantry in front of his parents. His body was found three days later in the morgue.

Action Taken: The Commission determined that the Government of Peru violated Article 4 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Nemesio Ccenta Aquino, Case 9502, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 238, OEA/ser. L/V/II.74, doc. 10 rev. 1 (1988) (Annual Report 1987-1988).

Complaint: Aquino was arrested by a group wearing civilian clothes and driving a military vehicle. His body was found five days later.

Action Taken: The Commission determined that the Government of Peru violated Article 4 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Claudio Marcial Munoz Yaranga, Case 9501, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 241, OEA/ser. L/V/II.74, doc. 10 rev. 1 (1988) (Annual Report 1987-1988).

Complaint: Yaranga was arrested by the Civil Guard. He was executed in full view of his family. His family later found his body in the vicinity of his home.

Action Taken: The Commission determined that the Government of Peru violated Article 4 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Romulo Yangali et al., Case 9433, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 259, OEA/ser. L/V/II.74, doc. 10 rev. 1 (1988) (Annual Report 1987-1988).

Complaint: Yangali, an elections officer from Churcampa, Efren Yangali, an attorney, Fortunato Yangali, an employee of the Office of District Council, and Hugo Bustamante, a schoolteacher, were arrested by the Civil Guard in their homes. The military denies that the four men were arrested and held. Their whereabouts are unknown.

Action Taken: The Commission determined that the Government of Peru violated Articles 4, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Francisco Garcia Ramos, Case 9468, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 142, OEA/ser. L/V/II.71, doc. 9 rev. 1 (1987) (Annual Report 1986-1987).

Complaint: Members of the Investigations Department of the Police arrested Ramos, a former soldier. Police officials claimed to have released Ramos and pointed to the fact that his name was re-entered in Peru's voting rolls to show that he was alive and free. He remains missing since his arrest.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4 and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Felipe Huaman Palomino, Case 9467, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 137, OEA/ser. L/V/II.71, doc. 9 rev. 1 (1987) (Annual Report 1986-1987).

Complaint: Members of the Republican Guard arrested Palomino in his home. Officials denied ever arresting Palomino. He remains missing.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4 and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Teodoro Huancahuari, Case 9466, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 131, OEA/ser. L/V/II.71, doc. 9 rev. 1 (1987) (Annual Report 1986-1987).

Complaint: Officials at an army facility detained Huancahuari, claiming that he led a clandestine guerrilla group. The government did not provide information regarding the source of the accusations or provide a transcript of the charges. He has not been since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4 and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Martin Hipolito Bellido Canchari, Case 9449, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 128, OEA/ser. L/V/II.71, doc. 9 rev. 1 (1987) (Annual Report 1986-1987).

Complaint: Hooded members of the Civil Guard arrested Canchari, a 14-year-old boy, at his home. He remains missing.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4 and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Patrocinio Quiccha Espinosa et al., Case 9429, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 123, OEA/ser. L/V/II.71, doc. 9 rev. 1 (1987) (Annual Report 1986-1987).

Complaint: Members of the Civil Guard arrested Espinosa and four others as they walked towards a market, then took them behind a hill and summarily executed them. The five men had been accused of involvement in guerrilla activities.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4 and 5 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Juan Dario Cuya Laine, Case 9426, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 119, OEA/ser. L/V/II.71, doc. 9 rev. 1 (1987) (Annual Report 1986-1987).

Complaint: Members of the army and police arrested Laine. When his mother visited him in detention, he showed visible signs of torture. He has not been seen since and the officials at the barracks deny ever arresting him.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Jaime Ayala Sulca Huanta, Case 9425, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 114, OEA/ser. L/V/II.71, doc. 9 rev. 1 (1987) (Annual Report 1986-1987).

Complaint: Huanta, a newspaper journalist, went to a Navy facility to complain about police conduct towards his mother the night before. He was arrested at the facility and has not been seen since. The Armed Forces Joint Command denied detaining him.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

E. Article 5 - Right to Humane Treatment

1. BOLIVIA: Diego Morales Barrera, Case 7824, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 44, OEA/ser. L/V/II.57, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1982) (Annual Report 1981-1982).

Complaint: Barrera was a painter and fine arts professor whose work expressed disagreement with the Bolivian government. He and his mother were arrested by agents of the State Intelligence Service. She was released, but he was detained, interrogated, beaten and tortured. Barrera escaped from captivity and went into exile in Switzerland.

Action Taken: The Commission found that the Government of Bolivia had violated Articles 5, 7 and 22 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

BOLIVIA: Juan Antonio Solano, Case 7823, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 42, OEA/ser. L/V/II.57, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1982) (Annual Report 1981-1982).

Complaint: Solano was arrested in 1980 by the Armed Forces and the police, along with 250 other university students. During his detention, he was subjected to torture, severe beatings, and intolerable prison conditions including no food and water. He was kept in a cell 3 x 4 meters containing up to 60 people. Solano thereafter was exiled from Bolivia.

Action Taken: The Commission found that the Government of Bolivia violated Articles 5, 7, and 22 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

BOLIVIA: Guillermina Soria, Case 7530, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 40, OEA/ser. L/V/II.57, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1982) (Annual Report 1981-1982).

Complaint: Guillermina Soria was arrested by a paramilitary group and interrogated at the Ministry of the Interior and later at the Miraflores barraks. She was also held incommunicado for a period of time at the headquarters of the DOP in La Paz. The denunciation alleged that Soria was subjected to illegal acts and torture.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Bolivia violated Articles 5 and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

BOLIVIA: Mining Community of Carocoles, Case 7481, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 36, OEA/ser. L/V/II.57, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1982) (Annual Report 1981-1982).

Complaint: The Max Toledo soldier regiment of Viacha attacked the mining community of Caracoles with guns, mortars, tanks and light warplanes, committing a number of atrocities. Many miners were tortured, bayonetted, or blown apart with dynamite placed in their mouths. Children were beaten with cables and forced to eat gunpowder. Young men were made to lie down on broken glass while soldiers walked over them. Women and little girls were raped, and homes and stores were looted.

Action Taken: The Commission determined that the Government of Bolivia had violated Articles 5 and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

BOLIVIA: Flaviano Unzueta, Case 7473, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 34, OEA/ser. L/V/II.57, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1982) (Annual Report 1981-1982).

Complaint: Unzueta, a Cochabamba attorney, was arbitrarily detained and tortured.

Action Taken: The Commission determined that the Government of Bolivia had violated Articles 5 and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

BOLIVIA: Artemio Camargo et al., Case 7739, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 55, OEA/ser. L/V/II.54, doc. 9 rev. 1 (1981) (Annual Report 1980-1981).

Complaint: A combined group of paramilitary forces and regular soldiers raided a house in La Paz where members of the Revolutionary Leftist Movement were meeting. The raiders killed nine persons.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Bolivia had violated Articles 4, 5, and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

BOLIVIA: Father Julio Tumuri Javier, Case 7472, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 58, OEA/ser. L/V/II.54, doc. 9 rev. 1 (1981) (Annual Report 1980-1981).

Complaint: Government agents arrested and tortured Javier, a 70-year-old Bolivian priest and president of the Permanent Assembly of Human Rights.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Bolivia had violated Articles 5, 7, and 22 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

BOLIVIA: Marcelo Quiroga Santa Cruz, Case 7458, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 57, OEA/ser. L/V/II.54, doc. 9 rev. 1 (1981) (Annual Report 1980-1981).

Complaint: Government agents detained and killed Cruz, a member of the congress and a socialist party presidential candidate, at the Bolivian Workers Union headquarters.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Bolivia had violated Articles 4, 5, and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

2. COLOMBIA: Irma Vera Pena, Case 10.456, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 81, OEA/ser. L/V/II.85, doc. 9 rev. (1993) (Annual Report 1993).

Complaint: On February 6, 1987, Irma Vera Pena, 17, was found dead in an area occupied by the Colombian Army. Her husband, Delfin Torres Castro, reported her death and was subsequently assassinated on June 9, 1992.

Action Taken: The Commission concluded that the Government of Colombia violated Articles 1, 4, 5, 7, 8, 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

COLOMBIA: Patricia Rivera de Bernal et al., Case 9477, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 60, OEA/ser. L/V/II.85, doc. 9 rev. (1993) (Annual Report 1993).

Complaint: On December 10, 1982, Patricia Rivera, her two daughters, and Marco Antonio Crespo, were seized by state security agents. They have not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission concluded that the Government of Colombia violated Articles 1, 4, 5, 7, 8, 19, 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

COLOMBIA: Alirio de Jesus Pedraza Becerra, Case 10.581, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 61, OEA/ser. L/V/II.83, doc. 14 corr. 1 (1992) (Annual Report 1992-1993).

Complaint: Heavily armed men in civilian clothes beat and arbitrarily detained Becerra, a member of the Political Prisoners Solidarity Committee. Two policemen on the scene failed to take any action as Becerra's abductors identified themselves as members of a state security agency. Becerra had previously received death threats from a paramilitary group.

Action Taken: The Commission concluded that the Colombian government failed to comply with its obligations under Articles 1, 4, 5, 7, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

COLOMBIA: Martin Calderon Jurado, Case 10.454, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 52, OEA/ser. L/V/II.83, doc. 14 corr. 1 (1992) (Annual Report 1992-1993).

Complaint: A paramilitary group assassinated Jurado, a prominent human rights activist, and his driver, Primitivo Silva. Jurado's body had at least 50 bullet wounds. Jurado had previously received death threats from individuals associated with the police and the army.

Action Taken: The Commission concluded that Colombia failed to comply with its obligations under Articles 1, 4, 5, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

COLOMBIA: Orlando Garcia Villamizar et al., Case 10.235, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 27, OEA/ser. L/V/II.81, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1992) (Annual Report 1991).

Complaint: During the course of an investigation into the abduction and deaths of three children, government agents arrested 13 persons. At least three of those apprehended were later found dead while a number of others remain missing.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved the Government of Colombia failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 25, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

COLOMBIA: Luis Fernando Lalinde, Case 9620, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 112, OEA/ser. L/V/II.74, doc. 10 rev. 1 (1988) (Annual Report 1987-1988).

Complaint: Lalinde was arbitrarily detained by Colombian Army units. His whereabouts are unknown.

Action Taken: The Commission determined that the Government of Colombia had violated Article 5 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

3. ECUADOR: Fabricio Proano et al., Case 9641, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 104, OEA/ser. L/V/II.76, doc. 10 (1989) (Annual Report 1988-1989).

Complaint: Members of the Ecuadorean Police's Flying Squad arrested three victims and held them incommunicado. Petitioners alleged mistreatment and torture. Petitioners' arrest had been linked with police measures against the guerrilla group "Alfaro Vive Carajo".

Action Taken: The Commission issued a resolution declaring a violation of Article 5 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

4. EL SALVADOR: Flor de Maria Hernandez Rivas, Case 10.911, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 188, OEA/ser. L/V/II.85, doc. 9 rev. (1994) (Annual Report 1993).

Complaint: In March 1990, Flor de Maria Hernandez Rivas, age 14, was forcibly arrested by National Guardsmen. She was accused of participating in the November 1989 FMLN offensive and was raped and tortured by three men.

Action Taken: The Commission concluded that the Government of El Salvador violated Articles 1, 5, 7, 8, 19, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

EL SALVADOR: Maria Dolores Rivas Quintanilla, Case 10.772, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 181, OEA/ser. L/V/II.85, doc. 9 rev. (1994) (Annual Report 1993).

Complaint: In May 1990, Maria Dolores Rivas Quintanilla, age 7, was raped by a soldier. A local judge refused to consider case.

Action Taken: The Commission concluded that the Government of El Salvador had violated Articles 1, 5, 11, 19, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

EL SALVADOR: Elvis Gustavo Lovato Rivera, Case 10.574, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 174, OEA/ser. L/V/II.85, doc. 9 rev. (1994) (Annual Report 1993).

Complaint: In February 1990, Elvis Gustavo Lovato Rivera was arrested by the army and accused of being a guerrilla. During his detention, he was tortured. Rivera was released three weeks later, but had been threatened with disappearance. Consequently, he was forced to leave his native town.

Action Taken: The Commission concluded that the Government of El Salvador had violated Articles 1, 5, 7, 8, and 22 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

EL SALVADOR: Julio Cesar Juarez Vasquez et al., Case 10.517, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 164, OEA/ser. L/V/II.85, doc. 9 rev. (1994) (Annual Report 1993).

Complaint: In December 1985, Vasquez and his brother Juan Antonio Juarez Vaquez were arrested by members of the Las Chianamas Civilian Defense Force. A few days later, Leonardo Perez Nunez, Gerardo Saldana Salazar, Juan Saldana Salazar, and Jose Eladio Saldana Salazar were seized by soldiers and four men in civilian clothes. Vasquez and the others have not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission concluded that the Government of El Salvador violated Articles 1, 4, 5, 8, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

EL SALVADOR: Jurg Dieter Weis, Case 10.242, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 154, OEA/ser. L/V/II.85, doc. 9 rev. (1994) (Annual Report 1993).

Complaint: On August 22, 1988, in the village of Las Flores, agents of the National Police murdered Mr. Jurg Dieter Weis, a Swiss citizen and theologian.

Action Taken: The Commission concluded that the Government of El Salvador violated Articles 1, 4, 5, 8, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

EL SALVADOR: Leonardo Ramirez Murcia, Case 10.447, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 149, OEA/ser. L/V/II.81, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1992) (Annual Report 1991).

Complaint: Members of the Treasury Police abducted Murcia for supposed ties to the FMLN, a revolutionary group. The Treasury Police claimed that Murcia's job had been to release guerrillas that had been captured by the security forces. Police tortured Murcia after he refused to admit to the charges.

Action Taken: The Commission declared that the Government of El Salvador failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 5 and 7, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

EL SALVADOR: Las Hojas Massacre, Case 10.287, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 83, OEA/ser. L/V/II.83, doc. 14 corr. 1 (1992) (Annual Report 1992-1993).

Complaint: Members of the Salvadoran army assassinated approximately 74 people near Las Hojas. The Government of El Salvador failed to prosecute members of its forces that were implicated in the massacre, and it improperly used an amnesty law which immunized them from prosecution.

Action Taken: The Commission declared that the Government of El Salvador failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4, 5, 8, and 25, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

EL SALVADOR: Manuel de Jesus Munguia Choto, Case 10.284, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 131, OEA/ser. L/V/II.81, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1992) (Annual Report 1991).

Complaint: Members of the National Guard, having been told that Choto was a rebel, took Choto from a hospital before he had fully recovered and brought him to a National Guard post where later died of gunshot wounds. The National Guard told Choto's family that he had killed himself.

Action Taken: The Commission declared that the Government of El Salvador had failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4 and 5, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

EL SALVADOR: Julio Ernesto Fuentes Perez, Case 10.277 and 10.333, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 110, OEA/ser. L/V/II.81, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1992) (Annual Report 1991).

Complaint: Members of the Salvadoran Air Force (FAS) abducted Perez, a 10-year-old boy. His family went to FAS headquarters where they were told that the boy was in custody. Later FAS denied having the child. Several days later, soldiers threw three bodies from a helicopter at 300 meters altitude. A body matching Perez's description was among them. His body had signs of torture and his head had been smashed.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of El Salvador failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 25, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

EL SALVADOR: William Fernandez Rivera and Raquel Fernandez Rivera, Case 10.277 and 10.333, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 110, OEA/ser. L/V/II.81, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1992) (Annual Report 1991).

Complaint: Members of the Salvadoran Air Force abducted Rivera and his sister, Raquel Fernandez Rivera, from their home. The body of William Rivera was found the following day showing signs of torture.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of El Salvador failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 25, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

EL SALVADOR: Rosa Marta Cerna Alfaro and Ismael Hernandez Flores, Case 10.257, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 125, OEA/ser. L/V/II.81, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1992) (Annual Report 1991).

Complaint: Salvadoran soldiers abducted Rosa Marta Cerna Alfaro and Ismael Hernandez Flores and interrogated them about valises containing medicine. During interrogation, soldiers forced Alfaro to remove her clothes and sexually assaulted her. Soldiers also tortured Flores, a former political prisoner. Authorities later released both.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of El Salvador failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 5 and 7, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

EL SALVADOR: Francisco Alberto Martinez Marroquin, Case 10.256, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 121, OEA/ser. L/V/II.81, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1992) (Annual Report 1991).

Complaint: Members of the Arce Battallion abducted Marroquin from his car, blindfolded him and placed him in an underground jail. Soldiers accused Marroquin of having links to guerrilla groups and beat and tortured him over a one-week period. Authorities released Marroquin after this period and told him to leave the country within 15 days.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of El Salvador failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 5 and 7, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

EL SALVADOR: Jose Angel Alas Gomez, Case 10.190, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 99, OEA/ser. L/V/II.81, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1992) (Annual Report 1991).

Complaint: Members of the Atlacatl Battalion took Gomez from his home, brought him to Atlacatl headquarters, and then transferred him to the Santa Tecla National Police Headquarters. Police tortured Gomez for several days before releasing him. Two weeks later, the Treasury Police arrested Gomez. He was killed in police custody, his body showing signs of torture. The government asserted that Gomez died a natural death from cardiac arrest.

Action Taken: The Commission issued a report declaring that the Government of El Salvador failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4 and 5, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

EL SALVADOR: Jose Javier Santamaria Medina et al., Case 10.151, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 92, OEA/ser. L/V/II.81, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1992) (Annual Report 1991).

Complaint: A group of armed men, some in civilian dress and others in army uniforms, abducted Jose Javier Santamaria Medina, a 16-year-old boy, Jose Luis Cornejo, and Angel de Jesus Santamaria Raymundo. Their tortured bodies were found the next day at a place called "La Puerta del Diablo," a site commonly used by death squads to dump the bodies of their victims. Witnesses recognized one abductor as a deserter from the Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front (the revolutionary front) and an army collaborator.

Action Taken: The Commission issued a report declaring that the Government of El Salvador failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4 and 5, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

EL SALVADOR: Nicolas Alfaro et al., Case 10.252, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 54, OEA/ser. L/V/II.77, doc. 7 rev. 1 (1989) (Annual Report 1989-1990).

Complaint: Soldiers of Jiboa Battalion, Fifth Infantry Brigade, detained forty Salvadoran farm-workers, abusing them physically and psychologically. The soldiers later led the farm-workers to a school and summarily executed ten of them.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of El Salvador had violated Articles 1, 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

El SALVADOR: Arnaldo Cerrito et al., Case 10.201, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 47, OEA/ser. L/V/II.77, doc. 7 rev. 1 (1989) (Annual Report 1989-1990).

Complaint: Heavily armed soldiers abducted Arnaldo Cerrito, Vicente Cerrito, and Arturo Navarro Garcia from their homes and shot them to death.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of El Salvador had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

EL SALVADOR: Sebastian Gutierrez et al., Case 10.179, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 36, OEA/ser. L/V/II.77, doc. 7 rev. 1 (1989) (Annual Report 1989-1990).

Complaint: Soldiers abducted Gutierrez, Jose Mario Cruz Rivera, and Felix Rivera. The soldiers tortured them with fire and mutilated their bodies. Jose Mario Cruz and Felix Rivera were killed while Gutierrez remains missing.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of El Salvador had violated Articles 4, 5, and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

EL SALVADOR: Felipe Bernal Martinez et al., Case 9811, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 31, OEA/ser. L/V/II.77, doc. 7 rev. 1 (1989) (Annual Report 1989-1990).

Complaint: Soldiers abducted Martinez and his two brothers, Julian and Domingo. All of them were found dead with their throats cut. Domingo's tongue had been cut out. The commandant at the Civil Defense Headquarters asserted that they had been executed because they were accused of collaboration with the guerrillas.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of El Salvador had violated Articles 4, 5, and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

EL SALVADOR: Miguel Angel Ramos Ayala, Case 9810, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 27, OEA/ser. L/V/II.77, doc. 7 rev. 1 (1989) (Annual Report 1989-1990).

Complaint: Soldiers seized Ayala in his home when they recognized him as a former political prisoner. The soldiers bound him and subjected him to threats, blows, and torture. They denied his wife the opportunity to speak with him. Witnesses heard shots that evening and later a soldier wearing Ayala's hat went to Ayala's house to ask his wife for tortillas. Ayala is presumed to have been murdered.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of El Salvador had violated Articles 4, 5, and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

EL SALVADOR: Roberto Castellanos Brana and Anette Mathiessen, Case 6095, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 77, OEA/ser. L/V/II.66, doc. 10 rev. 1 (1985) (Annual Report 1984-1985).

Complaint: Professor Brana and his wife, Anette Mathiessen, were abducted by the National Police. Their bodies were later found in an open grave.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the El Salvadoran government had violated Articles 4 and 5 of the American Convention on Human Rights. In response to the government's objections to the provisions of the resolution, the Commission reaffirmed and reiterated the resolution.

EL SALVADOR: Ita Ford et al., Case 7575, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 53, OEA/ser. L/V/II.61, doc. 22 rev. 1 (1983) (Annual Report 1982-1983).

Complaint: Salvadoran authorities detained four women from the United States (three nuns and a social worker) while the women were returning from the airport to La Libertad. Local residents found the Americans' van burned and their bodies buried nearby. The women had been raped, tortured, and murdered.

Action Taken: The Commission found that the Government of El Salvador had violated Articles 1, 4, 5, and 11 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

5. GUATEMALA: Hector Oqueli and Gilda Flores, Case 10.518, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 173, OEA/ser. L/V/II.81, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1992) (Annual Report 1991).

Complaint: Oqueli, a Salvadoran doctor, and Flores, a Guatemalan lawyer, were found dead after being abducted by heavily armed men. Flores had been driving Oqueli, who had been in the country less than 24 hours, to the airport at the time of their abduction.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4, 5, 7, 16, and 25, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Danilo Sergio Alvarado Mejia and Rene Aroldo Leiva Cayax, Cases 10.111 and 10.112, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 162, OEA/ser. L/V/II.81, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1992) (Annual Report 1991).

Complaint: Mejia and Cayax, both members of the Western AEVO Student Association, were abducted, in two separate incidents, by plain-clothes members of the security forces driving cars with government plates. Both were found later dead. Mejia's body showed signs of torture.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 25, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Camilo Garcia Luis et al., Case 9858, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 105, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1991) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Heavily armed men seized Luis and drove him away in a truck. His wife, Marta Odilia Raxjal Sisimit, informed the police and the news media of the abduction. At police request, she went to the police station for questioning and has never been seen again. The same day, a group of men driving a vehicle with tinted glass abducted Sisimit's mother, Maria Esteban Sisimit. Several days later, the bodies of all three were found on a highway.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: (Special Case), Inter-Am. C.H.R. 37, OEA/ser. L/V/II.68, doc. 8 rev. 1 (1986) (Annual Report 1985-1986).

Background: Over several years, the Commission received a sizable number of reports of government-sponsored kidnappings and murders in Guatemala.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Felipe Alvarez, Case 7777, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 85, OEA/ser. L/V/II.57, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1982) (Annual Report 1981-1982).

Complaint: Alvarez, the only Indian Mayor of San Martin Jilotepeque since the 16th Century, was kidnapped by a group of armed men, who machine gunned his home. He, as well as his two children, were wounded. Alvarez was taken away. His whereabouts are unknown.

Action Taken: The Commission declared that the Government of Guatemala had violated Articles 5 and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Kai Yutah Clouds, Case 7776, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 81, OEA/ser. L/V/II.57, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1982) (Annual Report 1981-1982).

Complaint: Clouds, (also known as Veit Nikolaus Stoscheck) a United States citizen, had been working on an educational and cultural project at the invitation of the Maya Indians of Guatemala. He was kidnapped at gunpoint by five men from the Department of Chimaltenango. He was tortured and then murdered. More than 100 witnesses identified his captors as security officers.

Action Taken: The Commission found that the Government of Guatemala had violated Articles 4 and 5 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Nehemias Cumez et al., Case 7581, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 74, OEA/ser. L/V/II.54, doc. 9 rev. 1 (1981) (Annual Report 1980-1981).

Complaint: Four heavily armed men abducted Cumez, Chief of the Department of Low-Cost Housing of Comalapa. He has not been seen since. Two related abductions occurred four months later. Bodies of several of those abducted have since been found showing signs of torture.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, 8, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Gustavo Adolfo Bejarano et al., Case 7490, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 71, OEA/ser. L/V/II.54, doc. 9 rev. 1 (1981) (Annual Report 1980-1981).

Complaint: Government agents took 17 union leaders into custody and tortured them. The government denied having knowledge of the action.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala had violated Articles 5, 7, 8, 15, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Marcelino Santos Chajon et al., Case 7383, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 65, OEA/ser. L/V/II.54, doc. 9 rev. 1 (1981) (Annual Report 1980-1981).

Complaint: Approximately 80 armed men, including uniformed members of the Judiciary Police of the Model Platoon, beat a number of strikers at the Coca-Cola bottling plant and forced them to return to work. Agents abducted two union workers.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala had violated Articles 5, 7, 8, 15, 16, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Jose Leon Castaneda, Case 7379 Inter-Am. C.H.R. 63, OEA/ser. L/V/II.54, doc. 9 rev. 1 (1981) (Annual Report 1980-1981).

Complaint: Two armed men driving the model of car commonly used by government forces abducted Castaneda. His body was later found in a city street. An autopsy revealed that he had died as a result of severe torture.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala had violated Articles 4, 5, and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Israel Marquez et al., Case 4425, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 81, OEA/ser. L/V/II.54, doc. 9 rev. 1 (1981) (Annual Report 1980-1981).

Complaint: Government agents attempted to kill Marquez, secretary general of the Coca-Cola bottling plant union, with machine-gun fire and attempted to abduct him three months later. Although he survived, other union leaders were illegally fired, threatened, attacked, and murdered.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, 8, 15, 16, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

6. HAITI: Jean Emile Estimable et al., Cases 11.102, 11.105, 11.107, 11.110, 11.111, 11.112, 11.113, 11.114, 11.118, 11.120, and 11.122, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 224, OEA/ser. L/V/II.85, doc. 9 rev. (1994) (Annual Report 1993).

Complaint: Several petitions were received by the Commission, regarding illegal detentions by Haitian Armed Forces. The cases were consolidated and the report prepared for all the petitions.

Action Taken: The Commission decided to presume the alleged facts as true. It found that the Haitian authorities had violated Articles 1, 5, 7, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights. The legitimate Government of Haiti, illegally overthrown, was ruled to have been unable to investigate the complaints.

HAITI: Cledanor Antoine, Case 10.483, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 233, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1991) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Soldiers detained Antoine because they suspected him of harboring an individual who allegedly possessed evidence intended for presentation at the trial of a former tonton macoute (secret police agent). Soldiers tortured Antoine, took him to his home and strangled him to death with a rope in front of one of his children.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Haiti failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4 and 5, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

HAITI: John Deeb et al., Case 9040, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 52, OEA/ser. L/V/II.63, doc. 10 (1983) (Annual Report 1983-1984).

Complaint: John Deeb, a well-known member of the "Syria Community," and his entire family were arbitrarily arrested and detained.

Action Taken: The Commission declared that the Commission had violated Articles 5, 7 and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

HAITI: Baldimir Jeanty et al., Case 7861, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 49, OEA/ser. L/V/II.63, doc. 10 (1983) (Annual Report 1983-1984).

Complaint: Baldimir Jeanty, Jean Rolland, Denisse Roosevelt Blaise, Jean Claude Bastien and Josias Chery were arbitrarily arrested and detained in the Port-Au-Prince National Penitentiary.

Action Taken: The Commission declared that the Haitian government had violated Articles 5, 7 and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

HAITI: Leon Thebaud, Case 3405, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 46, OEA/ser. L/V/II.63, doc. 10 (1983) (Annual Report 1983-1984).

Complaint: Thebaud, a lawyer, was arbitrarily arrested at his residence and savagely beaten during interrogation. His body showed evidence of the beatings. Thebaud had been preparing to leave Haiti to have an eye operation. After his arrest, his home was ransacked, his library was looted, and his office, including all client files, was destroyed and pillaged. In addition to suffering extremely harsh prison conditions, he lost his sight due to purposeful deprivation of medicines. Thebaud was blind when he was eventually set free. He later escaped to another country.

Action Taken: The Commission determined that the Government of Haiti had violated Articles 5, 7, 8 and 21 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

HAITI: Ildevert Foncine, Case 2973, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 85, OEA/ser. L/V/II.61, doc. 22 rev. 1 (1983) (Annual Report 1982-1983).

Complaint: Police arrested Foncine in 1975 and imprisoned him. They charged him with being a communist and beat him. He has not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Haiti had violated Articles 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

HAITI: Anous Pierre, Case 2646, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 67, OEA/ser. L/V/II.61, doc. 22 rev. 1 (1983) (Annual Report 1982-1983).

Complaint: Government agents arrested Pierre in 1976 and he has not been seen since. The detention violated the Haitian Constitution, which provides that no one may be kept under arrest for more than 48 hours unless given the opportunity to appear before a judge.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Haiti had violated Articles 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

HAITI: Marguerite Fenelon, Case 6586, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 91, OEA/ser. L/V/II.61, doc. 22 rev. 1 (1982) (Annual Report 1982-1983).

Complaint: Government agents deceived Marguerite Fenelon into accompanying them to the national penitentiary. There the agents tortured and raped her. The agents also placed Fenelon in jail without bringing her before a judge as required by law.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Haiti had violated Articles 5, 6, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

HAITI: Saint-Julien Charles, Case 3519, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 89, OEA/ser. L/V/II.61, doc. 22 rev. 1 (1982) (Annual Report 1982-1983).

Complaint: Government forces arrested Charles, a former mayor of Fort-Liberte, and imprisoned him without charging him of any crime or giving him a trial. People claiming to be law enforcement agents ransacked his office.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Haiti had violated Articles 5, 7, 8, and 21 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

HAITI: Franel Jean, Case 3096, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 87, OEA/ser. L/V/II.61, doc. 22 rev. 1 (1982) (Annual Report 1982-1983).

Complaint: Military and civil forces arrested Jean without a court order and imprisoned him without a trial. Government agents tortured him in prison and refused to allow him to see family members.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Haiti had violated Articles 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

HAITI: Luc Deselmours, Case 2650, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 77, OEA/ser. L/V/II.61, doc. 22 rev. 1 (1982) (Annual Report 1982-1983).

Complaint: Government agents arrested Deselmours in 1976 and he has not been seen since. The detention violates the Haitian Constitution, which provides that no one may be kept under arrest for more than 48 hours unless given the opportunity to appear before a judge.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Haiti had violated Articles 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

HAITI: Ernst Benoit, Case 2648, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 73, OEA/ser. L/V/II.61, doc. 22 rev. 1 (1982) (Annual Report 1982-1983).

Complaint: Government agents arrested Benoit in 1976 and he has not been seen since. The detention violates the Haitian Constitution, which provides that no one may be kept under arrest for more than 48 hours unless given the opportunity to appear before a judge.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Haiti had violated Articles 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

HAITI: Ceres Daccueil, Case 2647, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 70, OEA/ser. L/V/II.61, doc. 22 rev. 1 (1982) (Annual Report 1982-1983).

Complaint: Government agents arrested Daccueil in 1976 and he has not been seen since. The detention violates the Haitian Constitution, which provides that no one may be kept under arrest for more than 48 hours unless given the opportunity to appear before a judge.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Haiti had violated Articles 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

HAITI: Alphonse Bazile et al., Case 2401, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 63, OEA/ser. L/V/II.61, doc. 22 rev. 1 (1982) (Annual Report 1982-1983).

Complaint: Government agents arrested Bazile, Emmanuel Cauvin, Paul Gaboton, and Ernst Sabalat and held them without charging them with any crime and without granting them a trial. They remain missing.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Haiti had violated Articles 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

7. HONDURAS: Colomoncagua Attack, Case 9619, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 75, OEA/ser. L/V/II.71, doc. 9 rev. 1 (1987) (Annual Report 1986-1987).

Complaint: The Honduran Army attacked a Salvadoran refugee camp, killing two (including a baby), wounding 50, apprehending 15, raping two women, and torturing seven others. Three people were hospitalized and listed in critical condition.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Honduras had violated Articles 4, 5, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

HONDURAS: Tomas Nativi and Fidel Martinez, Case 7864, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 65, OEA/ser. L/V/II.71, doc. 9 rev. 1 (1987) (Annual Report 1986-1987).

Complaint: Members of the National Bureau of Investigation abducted Nativi and Martinez from the house of a friend and shot Martinez. Both are still missing.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Honduras had violated Articles 4, 5, and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

HONDURAS: Saul Godinez Cruz, Case 8097, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 49, OEA/ser. L/V/II.68, doc. 8 rev. 1 (1986) (Annual Report 1985-1986).

Complaint: Government agents arrested Cruz and he has not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government violated Articles 1, 5, and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights, and referred the case to the Inter-American Court of Human Rights.

HONDURAS: Francisco Fiaren Garbi and Yolanda Solis Corrales, Case 7951, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 47, OEA/ser. L/V/II.68, doc. 8 rev. 1 (1986) (Annual Report 1985-1986).

Complaint: Government agents arrested Garbi and Corrales while they were passing through Honduras. They remain missing.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government violated Articles 1, 5, and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights, and referred the case to the Inter-American Court of Human Rights.

HONDURAS: Angel Manfredo Velazquez Rodriguez, Case 7920, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 40, OEA/ser. L/V/II.68, doc. 8 rev. 1 (1986) (Annual Report 1985-1986).

Complaint: Government agents arrested Rodriguez and took him to a prison where they tortured him in an attempt to elicit a confession for the commission of political crimes. He remains missing and is presumed dead.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Honduras violated Articles 1, 5, and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights, and referred the case to the Inter-American Court of Human Rights.

8. NICARAGUA: Mauricio Munoz Blandino et al., Case 9170, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 102, OEA/ser. L/V/II.68, doc. 8 rev. 1 (1986) (Annual Report 1985-1986).

Complaint: Government agents arrested Blandino and imprisoned him on charges of being a counterrevolutionary. They isolated him for over a month in a room with red stains and continuous noise. This isolation caused Blandino to suffer psychological problems, ulcers, and kidney problems. He remains in prison. Agents also subjected Alberto Tijerino Luna and Rosalia Garcia Cantillano to similar treatment and physically tortured them.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Nicaragua had violated Articles 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

NICARAGUA: Edgar Macias Gomez, Case 9102, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 57, OEA/ser. L/V/II.68, doc. 8 rev. 1 (1986) (Annual Report 1985-1986).

Complaint: An article in the Nicaraguan magazine, Soberania, accused Macias of receiving money from the CIA, implying that his involvement in such activities were detrimental to the Nicaraguan government. The Government then prevented Petitioner from defending himself through the Nicaraguan court system and in the media.

Action Taken: The Commission issued a resolution declaring a violation of Article 5 of the American Convention on Human Rights; demanding that the Government provide a remedy to petitioner afforded in Article 63 of the Convention; and recommending that it accept the Inter-American Court's jurisdiction.

HONDURAS: Francisco Fiaren Garbi and Yolanda Solis Corrales, Case 7951, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 84, OEA/ser. L/V/II.66, doc. 10 rev. 1 (1984) (Annual Report 1984-1985).

Complaint: Garbi and Corrales, both Costa Rican citizens, disappeared while passing through Honduras on their way to Mexico.

Action Taken: The Commission declared that the Government of Honduras had violated Articles 4 and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

NICARAGUA: Pedro Eligio Lara Perez, Case 7238, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 104, OEA/ser. L/V/II.61, doc. 22 rev. 1 (1982) (Annual Report 1982-1983).

Complaint: Perez, a former private in the National Guard, surrendered to members of the Sandinista National Liberation Front. He was transferred to many different commands as a prisoner, and eventually disappeared. The Commission received a separate report suggesting that Perez had been executed.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Nicaragua had violated Articles 4, 5, and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

NICARAGUA: Humberto Villavicencio Montoya, Case 5154, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 101, OEA/ser. L/V/II.61, doc. 22 rev. 1 (1982) (Annual Report 1982-1983).

Complaint: Montoya, a former National Guardsman, died while in prison. Sandinista authorities claimed he died of cardiac arrest. Petitioners denounced more than five other deaths in the same prison that were not reported by the authorities.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Nicaragua had violated Articles 4 and 5 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

9. PANAMA: Hugo Spadafora Franco, Case 9726, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 174, OEA/ser. L/V/II.74, doc. 10 rev. 1 (1987) (Annual Report 1987-1988).

Complaint: Dr. Spadafora, a Costa Rican national, was forced off a bus he was riding to Panama City by an agent of the Defense Forces inside Panama's borders. The next morning, his decapitated and mutilated body was found in Costa Rica 300 meters from the Panamanian border.

Action Taken: The Commission declared that the Government of Panama had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, 8, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

10. PERU: Guadalupe Ccalloccunto Olano, Case 10.563, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 303, OEA/ser. L/V/II.85, doc. 9 rev. (1993) (Annual Report 1993).

Complaint: In June 1990, Mrs. Guadalupe Ccalloccunto Olano was abducted by fifteen men in attire similar to that worn by the military. She has not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission concluded that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 1, 4, 5, 7, 8 and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Simerman Rafael Antonio Navarro, Case 10.531, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 136, OEA/ser. L/V/II.83, doc. 14 corr. 1 (1993) (Annual Report 1992-1993).

Complaint: Approximately 12 soldiers of the Peruvian army broke into Navarro's home and abducted him. When his parents inquired about him at a military base close to their home, spokesmen denied knowledge of the incident. His whereabouts are still unknown.

Action Taken: The Commission found that the Government of Peru failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 25, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Falconieri Saravia Castillo, Case 10.528, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 128, OEA/ser. L/V/II.83, doc. 14 corr. 1 (1993) (Annual Report 1992-1993).

Complaint: An armed military man in civilian clothes arrested Castillo, president of the Huancavelica Agrarian Federation, municipal agent for the community of Santa Barbara, and member of the United Left. Although witnesses saw Castillo being taken in the direction of the office of the Political Military Command, that office denied ever arresting Castillo. Thereafter, Castillo's body was found with visible signs of torture.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Peruvian Government had violated Articles 1, 4, 5, 7, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Teofilo Rimac Capcha, Case 10.443, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 118, OEA/ser. L/V/II.83, doc. 14 corr. 1 (1993) (Annual Report 1992-1993).

Complaint: The Peruvian Army arrested a number of people on charges of terrorism. Soldiers detained and tortured the arrestees. Capcha, a university professor, died as a result.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 1, 4, 5, 7, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Soledad Granados Martinez et al., Case 10.380, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 357, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Soldiers raided Martinez's village and killed him along with 10 other individuals. Soldiers abducted many others who either disappeared or were tortured and later released.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Saturnino Castillo Peralta, Case 10.370, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 354, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Personnel of the army, national guard, and the police detained Peralta, president of the community of Antilla. He has not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Noe Pastor Romo Antonio, Case 10.326, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 351, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Police arrested Antonio, a law student and human rights activist, and several other unidentified people. They searched Antonio's house and discovered that his passport bore a Nicaraguan entry visa. They kept the passport and charged him with assault, robbery, and terrorism. He remains missing.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Miriam Huaches de Garcia, Case 10.321, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 348, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: An army patrol arrested de Garcia in the process of searching her house. Although she was six months pregnant, soldiers continuously beat her. She has not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Evaristo Morales Portillo, Case 10.317, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 345, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Peruvian soldiers arrested Portillo and the military has refused to give any information relating to his arrest. He is still missing.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Armando Guamantingo Villanueva et al., Case 10.186, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 315, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: The Political Army Command listed Villanueva and five other people as having died during combat, even though witnesses saw their arrests by the army. These people are still being detained.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Basilio Chirhuana Carbajal et al., Case 10.185, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 312, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Soldiers detained Carbajal and 11 other people who subsequently disappeared. The army denies holding these individuals even though there were numerous witnesses to their arrests.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Manuel Tuanama Garcia and Estalin Fasanando Upiachihua, Case 10.183, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 309, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: The army detained Garcia and Upiachihua before numerous witnesses. The army denies holding them. They remain missing and are presumed to have been transferred to the Mariscal Caceres barracks in Morales.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Fortunato Lopez Lopez et al., Case 10.166, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 306, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: The Peruvian Investigative Police abducted Lopez and two other individuals. They have not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Armando Huamantingo Villanueva and Matiasa Huashua Huamani, Case 10.164, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 303, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: The Peruvian Army arrested Villanueva and Huamani along with their children when they went to an army base to report an attack by the armed forces on their community. The Political Military Command issued a statement claiming that Villanueva died during combat with the armed forces even though witnesses saw the two arrive at the military base.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Angel Francisco Perez Ali et al., Case 10.014, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 300, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: About 4,000 policemen mounted a large-scale operation at the University of San Marcos, Lima, searching for members of subversive organizations. Police detained about 800 people, 34 of whom remain missing. Police tortured several individuals at Bocanegra, a ranch of the Peruvian Investigations Police.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Walter Angel Castillo Cisneros, Case 9883, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 297, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Soldiers arrested Cisneros at the Molina Transportation Agency. Employees of the company witnessed the arrest and copied the license plate of the vehicle in which Cisneros was arrested. He has not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Benjamin Lapa Leon et al., Case 9881, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 294, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Military personnel from the Jano base in Huanta arrested Leon and five other individuals while they participated in the inauguration of new community school buildings in Iquicha. They have not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Gloria Marta Tineo Garcia and Pelayo Arotoma Cacnahuaray, Case 9878, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 291, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Soldiers abducted Garcia and Cacnahuaray from their homes. The army denies knowledge of their whereabouts. Neither has been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Roberto Huaman Ayala and Alciades Bernardo Huayta Leiva, Case 9859, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 288, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Soldiers abducted Ayala and Leiva from their homes and took them to the army barracks in Castrocampa. Neither has been seen since their abduction.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Juan Rivera Alarcon et al., Case 9842, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 285, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Soldiers detained Alarcon and four others the day that country-wide municipal elections were held. Although many people witnessed the abduction and believe that the soldiers took the five to the Vilcashuaman barracks, authorities deny the detention. All five remain missing.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Jose Belarmino Navarrete Cabrera et al., Case 9824, Inter-Am. C.H.R 282, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Soldiers arrested Cabrera, Antonio Janampa Huamantico, and his brother Tomas and detained them at Los Cabitos military barracks. Authorities deny petitioners' detention.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Felix Torres P. et al., Case 9817, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 279, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Soldiers detained Torres, Carlos Lazares during a soccer game. Soldiers also arrested two teachers, Ludovina Arias and Marino Ezequiel Soca. Authorities deny the detentions.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Jorge Herminio Mina et al., Case 9816, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 276, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Soldiers abducted Mina and four other individuals from the areas of La Mar, Huanta, and Vilcashuaman. None of the five have been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Marino Ezequiel Soca, Case 9815, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 273, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Soldiers abducted Soca during a religious festival. Soca has not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Teresa Garcia Bautista and Ruben Nanac, Case 9814, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 270, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Members of the Peruvian Investigations Police (PIP) abducted Bautista from her home. Witnesses stated that PIP agents carried Bautista away wrapped in a blanket and returned to her home that night and abducted Nanac, her son-in-law. Both remain missing.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Teofilo Ramos Gamboa, Case 9809, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 267, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Five men wearing uniforms and ski masks, either members of the army or the Department Intelligence Committee, abducted Gamboa from his home without explanation. When questioned by relatives, General Gil Jara admitted that the abduction occurred in the street. Authorities later denied the detention despite allegations that Gamboa was being secretly held in Los Cabitos barracks. Gamboa remains missing.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Martin Escriba, Case 9807, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 264, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Army soldiers arrested Escriba and three other persons and took them to the army barracks in the city of Cangallo. Authorities denied the detention had occurred. The detainees remain missing.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Severino Quispe Pillaca, Case 9806, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 261, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Army soldiers arrested Pillaca and three other persons and took them to the army barracks in the city of Cangallo. Authorities denied the detention had occurred. The detainees remain missing.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Albino Quino Sulca, Case 9805, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 258, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Army soldiers arrested Sulca along with three other prisoners and took him to the army barracks in the city of Cangallo. The same day, a relative of Sulca's visited the barracks where authorities told her that Sulca would probably be released in 25 days. The following day, authorities denied Sulca had been arrested. He remains missing.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Melchor Tineo Perez, Case 9804, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 255, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Army soldiers arrested Perez and three other persons and took them to the army barracks in Cangallo. The following day, Perez's relatives requested information and authorities informed them that they had sent Perez to Ayacucho. Later, a military spokesman denied the detention. Perez remains missing.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Teodoro Pillaca Tinco, Case 9803, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 251, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Government agents detained Tinco and took him to an army base. Authorities denied that Tinco's detention had occurred.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Gregorio Castellares Robles, Case 10.444, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 373, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Soldiers arrested Robles, mayor of Carhuancho, along with other community officials. There was no legitimate reason for the arrest. Soldiers beat and tortured the officials before releasing them.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Article 1, 5, and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Mercedes Gutierrez Caypani et al., Case 10.308, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 341, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: About 30 soldiers arrested numerous women and raped and beat them during their detention. Three people were taken to a military barracks. Their whereabouts are unknown. Two other townspeople were tied and suspended from a beam in the roof of the district school.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Hugo Blanco Galdos et al., Case 10.304, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 336, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Peruvian National Police terminated a peasant demonstration by shooting into the crowd for two hours. Eight people died and 26 were wounded. On the same day, police raided another meeting of 200 peasants, arrested Galdos, secretary of the Peasant Confederation of Peru, and detained him for his alleged subversive activities. He remains missing.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Oscar Delgado Vera, Case 10.278, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 333, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Members of the Investigative Police of the Directorate Against Terrorism arrested Vera, secretary general of the Consolidated Workers' Union. He is still missing and presumed to be in detention.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Giovana Vera, Case 10.263, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 330, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: A group of soldiers arrested Vera, an 18-year-old substitute teacher, at her school. The soldiers took Vera to an army barracks 20 kilometers away. Although army officials deny having any information about her, Vera is still considered to be detained or dead.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Hugo Maximo Aliaga Ordaya, Case 10.260, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 327, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Plainclothes policemen arrested Ordaya. Witnesses saw the soldiers force Ordaya into a car.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Fabriciano Chujandama Chasnamote et al., Case 10.222, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 324, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: During a raid, an army patrol of 70 soldiers occupied the school and church of a village, threatened local officials, and burned the homes of residents. Soldiers abducted Fabriciano Chujandama Chasnamote, Mamerto Chujanda Chasnamote, and Roldan Sabota Chujandama after the raid. None of the three has been seen since the abduction.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Segundo Salas Saldana, Osvalso Torres et al., Case 10.221, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 321, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: A Peruvian army patrol arrested about 700 people, tortured them, looted their homes, and later extorted a large sum of money for their release. During the incident, soldiers killed Saldana, 16, with a grenade. In another settlement in a nearby village, a patrol arrested Torres and five other individuals. All but Torres, whom soldiers beat badly, were released. He remains missing.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Jose Perez Olivares, Case 10.220, Inter-Am C.H.R. 318, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Police abducted Olivares, leader of the United Left. The police denied any knowledge of the incident. Olivares remains missing.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Sonia Munoz de Yangali, Case 10.202, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 364, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Soldiers entered Munoz's house, made death threats, tortured her, and beat her two children (aged 9 and 12) when they attempted to defend their mother. After abducting Munoz, they shot her in the head and chest and abandoned her at the side of the road with signs indicating that she had been executed because she was an informant for the Shining Path guerrillas. Munoz survived the attack.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 1, 5, and 7 of the Convention.

PERU: Benito Rojas Ccorahua, Case 9802, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 119, OEA/ser. L/V/II.76, doc. 10 (1989) (Annual Report 1988-1989).

Complaint: Members of the armed forces detained Ccorahua and imprisoned him at a military base. They later told his wife that he had been transferred. He has not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Eleodoro Lopez Ballardo et al., Case 9799, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 116, OEA/ser. L/V/II.76, doc. 10 (1989) (Annual Report 1988-1989).

Complaint: The Republican Guard detained Ballardo, Ruben Lopez Loyola, and Bautista Rodriguez Arce. The prisoners have not been brought before a court, charged with a crime, or released. They remain missing.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Patrocinio Quiccha Espinosa et al., Case 9429, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 123, OEA/ser. L/V/II.71, doc. 9 rev. 1 (1987) (Annual Report 1986-1987).

Complaint: Members of the Civil Guard arrested Espinosa and four others as they walked towards a market, then took them behind a hill and summarily executed them. The five men had been accused of involvement in guerrilla activities.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4 and 5 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Juan Dario Cuya Laine, Case 9426, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 119, OEA/ser. L/V/II.71, doc. 9 rev. 1 (1987) (Annual Report 1986-1987).

Complaint: Members of the army and police arrested Laine. When his mother visited him in detention, he showed visible signs of torture. He has not been seen since and the officials at the barracks deny ever arresting him.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Jaime Ayala Sulca Huanta, Case 9425, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 114, OEA/ser. L/V/II.71, doc. 9 rev. 1 (1987) (Annual Report 1986-1987).

Complaint: Huanta, a newspaper journalist, went to a Navy facility to complain about police conduct towards his mother the night before. He was arrested at the facility and has not been seen since. The Armed Forces Joint Command denied detaining him.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

F. Article 6 - Freedom from Slavery

1. HAITI: Marguerite Fenelon, Case 6586, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 91, OEA/ser. L/V/II.61, doc. 22 rev. 1 (1982) (Annual Report 1982-1983).

Complaint: Government agents deceived Marguerite Fenelon into accompanying them to the national penitentiary. There the agents tortured and raped her. The agents also placed Fenelon in jail without bringing her before a judge as required by law.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Haiti had violated Articles 5, 6, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

G. Article 7 - Right to Personal Liberty

1. ARGENTINA: Hector Geronimo Lopez Aurelli, Case 9850, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 41, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Government agents arrested Aurelli on charges of having committed politically motivated offenses. He was convicted in a trial conducted without any legal safeguards by judges sworn to uphold the decrees issued by the military dictatorship. The confessions used to convict him were obtained by torture and the witnesses were the same people who abducted and tortured him.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Argentina had violated Articles 7 and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

2. BOLIVIA: Diego Morales Barrera, Case 7824, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 44, OEA/ser. L/V/II.57, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1982) (Annual Report 1981-1982).

Complaint: Barrera was a painter and fine arts professor whose work expressed disagreement with the Bolivian government. He and his mother were arrested by agents of the State Intelligence Service. She was released, but he was detained, interrogated, beaten and tortured. Barrera escaped from captivity and went into exile in Switzerland.

Action Taken: The Commission found that the Government of Bolivia had violated Articles 5, 7 and 22 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

BOLIVIA: Juan Antonio Solano, Case 7823, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 42, OEA/ser. L/V/II.57, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1982) (Annual Report 1981-1982).

Complaint: Solano was arrested in 1980 by the Armed Forces and the police, along with 250 other university students. During his detention, he was subjected to torture, severe beatings, and intolerable prison conditions including no food and water. He was kept in a cell 3 x 4 meters containing up to 60 people. Solano thereafter was exiled from Bolivia.

Action Taken: The Commission found that the Government of Bolivia had violated Articles 5, 7, and 22 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

BOLIVIA: Guillermina Soria, Case 7530, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 40, OEA/ser. L/V/II.57, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1982) (Annual Report 1981-1982).

Complaint: Guillermina Soria was arrested by a paramilitary group and interrogated at the Ministry of the Interior and later at the Miraflores barracks. She was also held incommunicado for a period of time at the headquarters of the DOP in La Paz. The denunciation alleged that Soria was subjected to illegal acts and torture.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Bolivia violated Articles 5 and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

BOLIVIA: Mining Community of Carocoles, Case 7481, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 36, OEA/ser. L/V/II.57, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1982) (Annual Report 1981-1982).

Complaint: The Max Toledo soldier regiment of Viacha attacked the mining community of Caracoles with guns, mortars, tanks and light warplanes, committing a number of atrocities. Many miners were tortured, bayonetted, or blown apart with dynamite placed in their mouths. Children were beaten with cables and forced to eat gunpowder. Young men were made to lie down on broken glass while soldiers walked over them. Women and little girls were raped, and homes and stores were looted.

Action Taken: The Commission determined that the Government of Bolivia had violated Articles 5 and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

BOLIVIA: Flaviano Unzueta, Case 7473, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 34, OEA/ser. L/V/II.57, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1982) (Annual Report 1981-1982).

Complaint: Unzueta, a Cochabamba attorney, was arbitrarily detained and tortured.

Action Taken: The Commission determined that the Government of Bolivia had violated Articles 5 and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

BOLIVIA: Artemio Camargo et al., Case 7739, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 55, OEA/ser. L/V/II.54, doc. 9 rev. 1 (1981) (Annual Report 1980-1981).

Complaint: A combined group of paramilitary forces and regular soldiers raided a house in La Paz where members of the Revolutionary Leftist Movement were meeting. The raiders killed nine persons.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Bolivia had violated Articles 4, 5, and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

BOLIVIA: Father Julio Tumuri Javier, Case 7472, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 58, OEA/ser. L/V/II.54, doc. 9 rev. 1 (1981) (Annual Report 1980-1981).

Complaint: Government agents arrested and tortured Javier, a 70-year-old Bolivian priest and president of the Permanent Assembly of Human Rights.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Bolivia had violated Articles 5, 7, and 22 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

BOLIVIA: Marcelo Quiroga Santa Cruz, Case 7458, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 57, OEA/ser. L/V/II.54, doc. 9 rev. 1 (1981) (Annual Report 1980-1981).

Complaint: Government agents detained and killed Cruz, a member of the congress and a socialist party presidential candidate, at the Bolivian Workers Union headquarters.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Bolivia had violated Articles 4, 5, and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

3. COLOMBIA: Irma Vera Pena, Case 10.456, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 81, OEA/ser. L/V/II.85, doc. 9 rev. (1993) (Annual Report 1993).

Complaint: On February 6, 1987, Irma Vera Pena, 17, was found dead in an area occupied by the Colombian Army. Her husband, Delfin Torres Castro, reported her death and was subsequently assassinated on June 9, 1992.

Action Taken: The Commission concluded that the Government of Colombia violated Articles 1, 4, 5, 7, 8, 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

COLOMBIA: Patricia Rivera de Bernal et al., Case 9477, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 60, OEA/ser. L/V/II.85, doc. 9 rev. (1993) (Annual Report 1993).

Complaint: On December 10, 1982, Patricia Rivera, her two daughters, and Marco Antonio Crespo, were seized by state security agents. They have not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission concluded that the Government of Colombia violated Articles 1, 4, 5, 7, 8, 19, 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

COLOMBIA: Alirio de Jesus Pedraza Becerra, Case 10.581, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 61, OEA/ser. L/V/II.83, doc. 14 corr. 1 (1992) (Annual Report 1992-1993).

Complaint: Heavily armed men in civilian clothes beat and arbitrarily detained Becerra, a member of the Political Prisoners Solidarity Committee. Two policemen on the scene failed to take any action as Becerra's abductors identified themselves as members of a state security agency. Becerra had previously received death threats from a paramilitary group.

Action Taken: The Commission concluded that the Colombian government failed to comply with its obligations under Articles 1, 4, 5, 7, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

COLOMBIA: Orlando Garcia Villamizar et al., Case 10.235, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 27, OEA/ser. L/V/II.81, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1992) (Annual Report 1991).

Complaint: During the course of an investigation into the abduction and deaths of three children, government agents arrested 13 persons. At least three of those apprehended were later found dead while a number of others remain missing.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved the Government of Colombia failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 25, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

4. EL SALVADOR: Flor de Maria Hernandez Rivas, Case 10.911, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 188, OEA/ser. L/V/II.85, doc. 9 rev. (1994) (Annual Report 1993).

Complaint: In March 1990, Flor de Maria Hernandez Rivas, age 14, was forcibly arrested by National Guardsmen. She was accused of participating in the November 1989 FMLN offensive and was raped and tortured by three men.

Action Taken: The Commission concluded that the Government of El Salvador violated Articles 1, 5, 7, 8, 19, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

EL SALVADOR: Elvis Gustavo Lovato Rivera, Case 10.574, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 174, OEA/ser. L/V/II.85, doc. 9 rev. (1994) (Annual Report 1993).

Complaint: In February 1990, Elvis Gustavo Lovato Rivera was arrested by the army and accused of being a guerrilla. During his detention, he was tortured. Rivera was released three weeks later, but had been threatened with disappearance. Consequently, he was forced to leave his native town.

Action Taken: The Commission concluded that the Government of El Salvador had violated Articles 1, 5, 7, 8, and 22 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

EL SALVADOR: Erik Felipe Romero Canales, Case 10.571, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 153, OEA/ser. L/V/II.81, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1992) (Annual Report 1991).

Complaint: Members of the First Infantry Brigade arrested Canales on suspicion of being a guerrilla. Canales has not been seen since and the Brigade denies knowledge of his whereabouts.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of El Salvador failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4, 7, and 25, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

EL SALVADOR: Leonardo Ramirez Murcia, Case 10.447, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 149, OEA/ser. L/V/II.81, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1992) (Annual Report 1991).

Complaint: Members of the Treasury Police abducted Murcia for supposed ties to the FMLN, a revolutionary group. The Treasury Police claimed that Murcia's job had been to release guerrillas that had been captured by the security forces. Police tortured Murcia after he refused to admit to the charges.

Action Taken: The Commission declared that the Government of El Salvador failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 5 and 7, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

EL SALVADOR: Andres Colindres Vasquez et al., Case 10.399, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 141, OEA/ser. L/V/II.81, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1992) (Annual Report 1991).

Complaint: Members of the Military Detachment of Armed Force Engineers detained and tortured Vasquez, his wife Maria Luisa Panameno, and son Miguel Colindres Panameno, before executing them. The family had been accused of being affiliated with guerrilla groups.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of El Salvador failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4, 7, and 25, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

EL SALVADOR: Mesias Elias Hernandez Anzora, Case 10.323, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 136, OEA/ser. L/V/II.81, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1992) (Annual Report 1991).

Complaint: Members of the San Martin Civil Defense and the Salvadoran Air Forces abducted Anzora from his home. They accused Anzora of possessing a firearm and of being a guerrilla collaborator. He has not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of El Salvador failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4, 7, and 25, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

EL SALVADOR: Julio Ernesto Fuentes Perez, Case 10.277 and 10.333, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 110, OEA/ser. L/V/II.81, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1992) (Annual Report 1991).

Complaint: Members of the Salvadoran Air Force (FAS) abducted Perez, a 10-year-old boy. His family went to FAS headquarters where they were told that the boy was in custody. Later FAS denied having the child. Several days later, soldiers threw three bodies from a helicopter at 300 meters altitude. A body matching Perez's description was among them. His body had signs of torture and his head had been smashed.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of El Salvador failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 25, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

EL SALVADOR: William Fernandez Rivera and Raquel Fernandez Rivera, Case 10.277 and 10.333, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 110, OEA/ser. L/V/II.81, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1992) (Annual Report 1991).

Complaint: Members of the Salvadoran Air Force abducted Rivera and his sister, Raquel Fernandez Rivera, from their home. The body of William Rivera was found the following day showing signs of torture.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of El Salvador failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 25, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

EL SALVADOR: Rosa Marta Cerna Alfaro and Ismael Hernandez Flores, Case 10.257, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 125, OEA/ser. L/V/II.81, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1992) (Annual Report 1991).

Complaint: Salvadoran soldiers abducted Rosa Marta Cerna Alfaro and Ismael Hernandez Flores and interrogated them about valises containing medicine. During interrogation, soldiers forced Alfaro to remove her clothes and sexually assaulted her. Soldiers also tortured Flores, a former political prisoner. Authorities later released both.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of El Salvador failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 5 and 7, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

EL SALVADOR: Francisco Alberto Martinez Marroquin, Case 10.256, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 121, OEA/ser. L/V/II.81, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1992) (Annual Report 1991).

Complaint: Members of the Arce Battallion abducted Marroquin from his car, blindfolded him and placed him in an underground jail. Soldiers accused Marroquin of having links to guerrilla groups and beat and tortured him over a one-week period. Authorities released Marroquin after this period and told him to leave the country within 15 days.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of El Salvador failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 5 and 7, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

EL SALVADOR: Eliseo Cordova Aguilar, Case 10.211, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 105, OEA/ser. L/V/II.81, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1992) (Annual Report 1991).

Complaint: Three heavily armed men wearing hoods abducted Aguilar. The abductors were either Treasury Police or members of the National Guard. Aguilar's location is still unknown.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of El Salvador failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4, 7, and 25, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

EL SALVADOR: Francisco Hernandez Quintanilla et al., Case 10.103, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 86, OEA/ser. L/V/II.81, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1992) (Annual Report 1991).

Complaint: Soldiers of the First Infantry Brigade stationed at San Carlos base abducted Hernandez and Juan Armando Martinez. On the same day, COPREFA (Salvadoran Armed Service Press Committee) issued a press release claiming that the three men had been kidnapped by guerrillas. Witnesses stated that this press release was false. None of the three men has been seen since the kidnapping.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved the Government of El Salvador failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4, 7, and 25, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

EL SALVADOR: Pedro Jose Castro Alvarenga, Case 10.003, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 81, OEA/ser. L/V/II.81, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1992) (Annual Report 1991).

Complaint: Three heavily armed men in plain clothes entered Alvarenga's home, beat him, and abducted him in a pick-up truck with no license plates. Although witnesses later saw him at National Police Headquarters, police denied any knowledge of his whereabouts. Alvarenga has not been seen again and is presumed dead.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved the Government of El Salvador had violated Articles 1, 4, 7, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

EL SALVADOR: Jose Walter Chavez Palacios, Case 10.001, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 100, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1991) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: A group of 25 soldiers abducted Palacios, a 15-year-old student, from his home. He has only been seen twice since the abduction: once aboard a military truck accompanied by soldiers and once in a vehicle accompanied by the Treasury Police. A Treasury Police agent informed Palacio's grandmother that Palacio was with six other young men in the basement of a security unit. The Treasury Police and the First Infantry Brigade have since denied any knowledge of Palacio's whereabouts. He remains missing.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of El Salvador had violated Articles 4 and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

EL SALVADOR: Wilfredo Najarro Vivas, Case 10.000, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 96, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1991) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Soldiers abducted Vivas from his home. Witnesses later saw Vivas in the custody of the Treasury Police who have since denied any knowledge of his whereabouts. He remains missing.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of El Salvador had violated Articles 4 and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

EL SALVADOR: Manuel Antonio Alfaro Carmona, Case 9999, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 93, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1991) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Soldiers of the First Infantry Brigade abducted 15-year-old Carmona. Treasury Police and the First Infantry Brigade denied they are holding him. Carmona remains missing.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of El Salvador had violated Articles 4 and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

EL SALVADOR: Nicolas Alfaro et al., Case 10.252, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 54, OEA/ser. L/V/II.77, doc. 7 rev. 1 (1989) (Annual Report 1989-1990).

Complaint: Soldiers of Jiboa Battalion, Fifth Infantry Brigade, detained forty Salvadoran farm-workers, abusing them physically and psychologically. The soldiers later led the farm-workers to a school and summarily executed ten of them.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of El Salvador had violated Articles 1, 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

El SALVADOR: Arnaldo Cerrito et al., Case 10.201, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 47, OEA/ser. L/V/II.77, doc. 7 rev. 1 (1989) (Annual Report 1989-1990).

Complaint: Heavily armed soldiers abducted Arnaldo Cerrito, Vicente Cerrito, and Arturo Navarro Garcia from their homes and shot them to death.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of El Salvador had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

EL SALVADOR: Sebastian Gutierrez et al., Case 10.179, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 36, OEA/ser. L/V/II.77, doc. 7 rev. 1 (1989) (Annual Report 1989-1990).

Complaint: Soldiers abducted Gutierrez, Jose Mario Cruz Rivera, and Felix Rivera. The soldiers tortured them with fire and mutilated their bodies. Jose Mario Cruz and Felix Rivera were killed while Gutierrez remains missing.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of El Salvador had violated Articles 4, 5, and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

EL SALVADOR: Felipe Bernal Martinez et al., Case 9811, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 31, OEA/ser. L/V/II.77, doc. 7 rev. 1 (1989) (Annual Report 1989-1990).

Complaint: Soldiers abducted Martinez and his two brothers, Julian and Domingo. All of them were found dead with their throats cut. Domingo's tongue had been cut out. The commandant at the Civil Defense Headquarters asserted that they had been executed because they were accused of collaboration with the guerrillas.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of El Salvador had violated Articles 4, 5, and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

EL SALVADOR: Miguel Angel Ramos Ayala, Case 9810, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 27, OEA/ser. L/V/II.77, doc. 7 rev. 1 (1989) (Annual Report 1989-1990).

Complaint: Soldiers seized Ayala in his home when they recognized him as a former political prisoner. The soldiers bound him and subjected him to threats, blows, and torture. They denied his wife the opportunity to speak with him. Witnesses heard shots that evening and later a soldier wearing Ayala's hat went to Ayala's house to ask his wife for tortillas. Ayala is presumed to have been murdered.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of El Salvador had violated Articles 4, 5, and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

EL SALVADOR: Miguel Angel Rivas Hernandez, Case 9844, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 140, OEA/ser. L/V/II.74, doc. 10 rev. 1 (1988) (Annual Report 1987-1988).

Complaint: Hernandez, a high school student, was kidnapped. Information surfaced that he was being held prisoner at Ilopango Air Force Base and later at the National Guard facilities. The police and armed forces deny that they have Hernandez in custody.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of El Salvador had violated Articles 4 and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

EL SALVADOR: Wilfredo Loyola et al., Case 6724, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 79, OEA/ser. L/V/II.66, doc. 10 rev. 1 (1985) (Annual Report 1984-1985).

Complaint: The Salvadoran Armed Forces invaded the community of Cinquera capturing Wilfredo Loyola, Isabel Avalos, and Guadalupe Monge alive. Their bodies were found after the invasion.

Action Taken: The Commission found that the Government of El Salvador had violated Articles 4 and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

EL SALVADOR: Aida Escobar and Felix Rivera, Case 6720, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 40, OEA/ser. L/V/II.63, doc. 10 (1983) (Annual Report 1983-1984).

Complaint: 17-year-old Aida Escobar and 23-years-old Felix Rivera were captured and murdered by the National Guard.

Action Taken: The Commission found that the El Salvadoran government violated Articles 4 and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

EL SALVADOR: Santos Gonzalez et al., Case 6719, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 38, OEA/ser. L/V/II.63, doc. 10 (1983) (Annual Report 1983-1984).

Complaint: Santos Gonzalez, Martin Gonzalez, and Victor Antonio Turcios, labor union port workers, and Narciso Antonio Cueva, a campesino, were captured and murdered by military forces who had laid siege to several rural villages.

Action Taken: The Commission declared that the El Salvadoran government had violated Articles 4 and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

EL SALVADOR: Pedro Gamez et al., Case 6718, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 37, OEA/ser. L/V/II.63, doc. 10 (1983) (Annual Report 1983-1984).

Complaint: Pedro Gamez, Pedro Lainez, Fidencio Velasquez, Demecio Recinos, Bonifacio Hernandez, Conrado Hernandez, and Francisco Leiva were murdered by military forces who had occupied and destroyed several rural villages. The soldiers, in addition to committing the murders, looted and burned the villages' houses.

Action Taken: The Commission declared that the Government of El Salvador violated Articles 4 and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

EL SALVADOR: Antonia Guardado et al., Case 6717, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 35, OEA/ser. L/V/II.63, doc. 10 (1983) (Annual Report 1983-1984).

Complaint: Mrs. Antonia Guardado, her seven year-old daughter, Maria, Rafael Navarro, Berta Lidia Landuerdo, Luisa Abrego, and Abrego's baby were brutally murdered when military forces occupied and destroyed several rural villages. The soldiers set fire to the homes of the campesinos and degraded the murder victims' bodies.

Action Taken: The Commission declared that the Government of El Salvador had violated Articles 4 and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

5. GUATEMALA: Alejandro Piche Cuca, Case 10.975, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 216, OEA/ser. L/V/II.85, doc. 9 rev. (1993) (Annual Report 1993).

Complaint: In April 1991, Alejandro Piche Cuca and others were taken by soldiers and forcibly recruited into the army. A request for habeas corpus was filed on his behalf but was rejected. Petitioner pointed out that his detention was unlawful according to Guatemalan law and constitution and that his right of freedom of movement had been violated. The Supreme Court of Guatemala ruled that habeas corpus remedies were not subject to appeal and declared the petition inadmissible.

Action Taken: The Commission found that the Government of Guatemala had violated Articles 1, 7, 11, and 22 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Hector Oqueli and Gilda Flores, Case 10.518, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 173, OEA/ser. L/V/II.81, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1992) (Annual Report 1991).

Complaint: Oqueli, a Salvadoran doctor, and Flores, a Guatemalan lawyer, were found dead after being abducted by heavily armed men. Flores had been driving Oqueli, who had been in the country less than 24 hours, to the airport at the time of their abduction.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4, 5, 7, 16, and 25, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Domingo Morente Gomez, Case 10.113, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 169, OEA/ser. L/V/II.81, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1992) (Annual Report 1991).

Complaint: Guatemalan army soldiers arrested Gomeza, a peasant, and took him to the local military post for requesting to patrol 12 hours in the civil defense patrols rather than the required 24 hours.

Action Taken: The Commission issued a resolution declaring that the Government of Guatemala had failed to comply with Article 1 and had violated Article 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Danilo Sergio Alvarado Mejia and Rene Aroldo Leiva Cayax, Cases 10.111 and 10.112, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 162, OEA/ser. L/V/II.81, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1992) (Annual Report 1991).

Complaint: Mejia and Cayax, both members of the Western AEVO Student Association, were abducted, in two separate incidents, by plain-clothes members of the security forces driving cars with government plates. Both were found later dead. Mejia's body showed signs of torture.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 25, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: German Ventura Hernandez, Case 10.120, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 171, OEA/ser. L/V/II.81, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1991) (Annual Report 1991).

Complaint: At the Mexico-Guatemala border, immigration officials abducted Hernandez, a former labor leader, and turned him over to Guatemala's counterinsurgent Kaibiles battalion who took him to an unknown destination.

Action Taken: The Commission issued a resolution finding that the Government of Guatemala had failed to comply with Article 1 and had violated Article 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Basilio Tuis Ramirez, Case 9995, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 189, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1991) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: A bullet fired by an unidentified man wounded Ramirez, a member of the Mutual Support Group. As volunteer firefighters transported Ramirez to a hospital, members of the security forces commandeered the ambulance and took it to a remote location. Ramirez has not been seen since and is presumed dead.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4 and 7, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Martin Garcia Guzman and Tereso Garcia Guzman, Case 9960, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 152, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1991) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Members of the security forces abducted the Guzman brothers. Neither has been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala had violated Articles 1, 4, and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Camilo Garcia Luis et al., Case 9858, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 105, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1991) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Heavily armed men seized Luis and drove him away in a truck. His wife, Marta Odilia Raxjal Sisimit, informed the police and the news media of the abduction. At police request, she went to the police station for questioning and has never been seen again. The same day, a group of men driving a vehicle with tinted glass abducted Sisimit's mother, Maria Esteban Sisimit. Several days later, the bodies of all three were found on a highway.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Mario Lester Morales, Case 9992, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 185, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Crew members of a Guatemalan naval ship detained Morales, the owner of a salt mine. When he resisted, crew members shot and wounded him. They then took him to the Pacific Naval Base. Empty shell casings from a Galil rifle were found at the place of the event. He has been missing since this incident.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4 and 7, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Pedro Lopez Gutierrez, Case 9991, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 181, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Members of the military illegally detained Gutierrez in the early morning at his home. Gutierrez was a farm-worker who had organized a group of farmers to apply to the government for land. He has not been seen since the abduction.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4 and 7, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Isabel Ajcalon, Case 9989, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 178, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Members of the military carrying heavy caliber weapons raided the home of Isabel Ajcalon, a 62-year-old farm worker, and abducted her. She has not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4 and 7, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Pascual Saon and Mario Chingo, Case 9988, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 175, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Heavily armed security forces entered a bar, threatened the customers, and abducted Saon, Chingo, and two other unidentified young men. They have not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4 and 7, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Ileana Lopez Rivera and Andres Espinoza Lopez, Case 9983, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 171, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Members of the security forces abducted Rivera, 25, and Lopez, 11, as they left their home. Neither has been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4 and 7, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Susana Ramos Grijalba, Case 9968, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 168, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Members of the security forces abducted Grijalba from her house. She has not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4 and 7, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Irma Yolanda Gudiel Pineda, Case 9967, Inter-Am C.H.R. 165, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Members of the security forces abducted Pineda, 22. She has not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4 and 7, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Rony Huber Reyes Cifuentes, Case 9964, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 162, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Members of the security forces abducted Cifuentes. He has not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4 and 7, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Guillermo Alfredo Molina Ambrosio, Case 9963, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 159, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Members of the security forces abducted Ambrosio. He has not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4 and 7, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Jose Maria Garcia Portillo, Case 9961, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 156, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Members of the security forces abducted Portillo, the mayor of Chiquimula, as he rode in his vehicle to Guatemala City. He has not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4 and 7, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Francisco Meza and Hugo Erick Gomez, Case 9956, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 149, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Members of the security forces abducted Meza, a transport worker, and his son, Gomez, at the departmental seat of Chimaltenango. Neither has been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4 and 7, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Jorge Herrera, Case 9955, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 145, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Members of the security forces abducted Herrera, a law student, as he returned from Amatitlan with his family. The soldiers kidnapped him in a Ford Bronco automobile. He has not been seen since. Herrera had been the advisor to several trade union organizations and a teacher at a trade union training school. Other members of his family have also disappeared.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4 and 7, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Marta Judith Chiric Ortiz, Case 9948, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 142, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Members of the security forces abducted Ortiz, 15, as she was walking with her father. She has not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4 and 7, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Nicolas Agustin Cruz, Case 9946, Inter-Am C.H.R. 139, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Members of the security forces abducted Cruz from his house. He has not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4 and 7, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Laura Elizabeth del Cid, Case 9936, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 136, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Members of the security forces abducted del Cid, age 12, as she was riding with her family in a vehicle. She has not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4 and 7, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Maria Elena Rodas Orellana, Case 9935, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 133, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Members of the security forces abducted Orellana, a 20-year-old industrial engineering student, outside of the University of San Carlos. She has not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4 and 7, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Samuel Rolando Melgar Flores, Case 9933, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 130, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Members of the security forces abducted Flores, an accountant, as he was leaving his house.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4 and 7, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Waldemar Duarte Fernandez, Case 9932, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 127, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Members of the security forces abducted Fernandez while he was hunting with two friends. His friends were released, but Fernandez has not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4 and 7, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Maria Tzampop, Case 9926, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 124, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Members of the security forces raided Tzampop's house and abducted her. She has not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4 and 7, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Marco Cax Garcia, Case 9925, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 121, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Members of the security forces raided Garcia's house and abducted him. He has not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4 and 7, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Sandra Zamora Lopez, Case 9922, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 118, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Members of the security forces abducted Lopez. She has not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4 and 7, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Leady Giron Ruano, Case 9918, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 114, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Members of the security forces abducted 17-year-old Ruano. He has not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4 and 7, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: (Special Case), Inter-Am. C.H.R. 37, OEA/ser. L/V/II.68, doc. 8 rev. 1 (1986) (Annual Report 1985-1986).

Background: Over several years, the Commission received a sizable number of reports of government-sponsored kidnappings and murders in Guatemala.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Dr. Carlos Padilla Galvez, Case 8078, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 41, OEA/ser. L/V/II.63, doc. 10 (1984) (Annual Report 1983-1984).

Complaint: Dr. Galvez, director of a national hospital, was kidnapped from his office by a group of armed men. He was kept isolated and incommunicado. He was released a little over a month later following an on-site visit by the Commission to investigate and locate the his whereabouts.

Action Taken: The Commission declared that the Guatemalan government had violated Articles 7 and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Iride del Carmen Marasso Beltran de Burgos, Case 7822, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 88, OEA/ser. L/V/II.57, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1982) (Annual Report 1981-1982).

Complaint: De Burgos was arrested by security forces along with her son, aged one and a half, in her home. At the time of her arrest she was 8 months pregnant. The whereabouts of De Burgos and her child are unknown.

Action Taken: The Commission declared that the Guatemalan Government had violated Article 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Luis Federico Castillo Mauricio, Case 7821, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 86, OEA/ser. L/V/II.57, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1982) (Annual Report 1981-1982).

Complaint: Mauricio, a trade-union leader of miners, was kidnapped by security forces. His whereabouts are unknown.

Action Taken: The Commission declared that the Government of Guatemala had violated Article 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Felipe Alvarez, Case 7777, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 85, OEA/ser. L/V/II.57, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1982) (Annual Report 1981-1982).

Complaint: Alvarez, the only Indian Mayor of San Martin Jilotepeque since the 16th Century, was kidnapped by a group of armed men, who machine gunned his home. He, as well as his two children, were wounded. Alvarez was taken away. His whereabouts are unknown.

Action Taken: The Commission declared that the Government of Guatemala had violated Articles 5 and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Nehemias Cumez et al., Case 7581, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 74, OEA/ser. L/V/II.54, doc. 9 rev. 1 (1981) (Annual Report 1980-1981).

Complaint: Four heavily armed men abducted Cumez, Chief of the Department of Low-Cost Housing of Comalapa. He has not been seen since. Two related abductions occurred four months later. Bodies of several of those abducted have since been found showing signs of torture.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, 8, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Gustavo Adolfo Bejarano et al., Case 7490, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 71, OEA/ser. L/V/II.54, doc. 9 rev. 1 (1981) (Annual Report 1980-1981).

Complaint: Government agents took 17 union leaders into custody and tortured them. The government denied having knowledge of the action.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala had violated Articles 5, 7, 8, 15, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Douglas Sequeira Lopez, Case 7464, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 70, OEA/ser. L/V/II.54, doc. 9 rev. 1 (1981) (Annual Report 1980-1981).

Complaint: Treasury security officers detained Lopez, a medical student, on the border between El Salvador and Guatemala. He remains missing.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government had violated Articles 7, 8, 22, and 25 of the Convention.

GUATEMALA: Florentino Gomez et al., Case 7403, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 66, OEA/ser. L/V/II.54, doc. 9 rev. 1 (1981) (Annual Report 1980-1981).

Complaint: Police attacked the offices of the National Workers Union and detained 25 to 30 persons, many of whom have not been seen again. Petitioners also denounced the murders of several union leaders and a Spanish priest.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala had violated Articles 4, 7, 8, 15, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Marcelino Santos Chajon et al., Case 7383, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 65, OEA/ser. L/V/II.54, doc. 9 rev. 1 (1981) (Annual Report 1980-1981).

Complaint: Approximately 80 armed men, including uniformed members of the Judiciary Police of the Model Platoon, beat a number of strikers at the Coca-Cola bottling plant and forced them to return to work. Agents abducted two union workers.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala had violated Articles 5, 7, 8, 15, 16, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Jose Leon Castaneda, Case 7379 Inter-Am. C.H.R. 63, OEA/ser. L/V/II.54, doc. 9 rev. 1 (1981) (Annual Report 1980-1981).

Complaint: Two armed men driving the model of car commonly used by government forces abducted Castaneda. His body was later found in a city street. An autopsy revealed that he had died as a result of severe torture.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala had violated Articles 4, 5, and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Father Carlos Stetter, Case 7378, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 60, OEA/ser. L/V/II.54, doc. 9 rev. 1 (1981) (Annual Report 1980-1981).

Complaint: Armed men abducted Stetter after he landed at the airport in Huehuetenango and summarily expelled him from the country. Authorities denied having any knowledge of his whereabouts.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government had violated Articles 7, 8, 22, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Israel Marquez et al., Case 4425, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 81, OEA/ser. L/V/II.54, doc. 9 rev. 1 (1981) (Annual Report 1980-1981).

Complaint: Government agents attempted to kill Marquez, secretary general of the Coca-Cola bottling plant union, with machine-gun fire and attempted to abduct him three months later. Although he survived, other union leaders were illegally fired, threatened, attacked, and murdered.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, 8, 15, 16, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

6. HAITI: Jean Emile Estimable et al., Cases 11.102, 11.105, 11.107, 11.110, 11.111, 11.112, 11.113, 11.114, 11.118, 11.120, and 11.122, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 224, OEA/ser. L/V/II.85, doc. 9 rev. (1994) (Annual Report 1993).

Complaint: Several petitions were received by the Commission, regarding illegal detentions by Haitian Armed Forces. The cases were consolidated and the report prepared for all the petitions.

Action Taken: The Commission decided to presume the alleged facts as true. It found that the Haitian authorities had violated Articles 1, 5, 7, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights. The legitimate Government of Haiti, illegally overthrown, was ruled to have been unable to investigate the complaints.

HAITI: Vladimir David, Case 9905, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 224, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1991) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Police detained David, 17, after he participated in a peaceful protest march against government abductions. Police fired on the demonstrators. David has not been seen since and is presumed to be dead.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Haiti failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4 and 7, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

HAITI: John Deeb et al., Case 9040, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 52, OEA/ser. L/V/II.63, doc. 10 (1983) (Annual Report 1983-1984).

Complaint: John Deeb, a well-known member of the "Syria Community," and his entire family were arbitrarily arrested and detained.

Action Taken: The Commission declared that the Commission had violated Articles 5, 7 and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

HAITI: Baldimir Jeanty et al., Case 7861, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 49, OEA/ser. L/V/II.63, doc. 10 (1983) (Annual Report 1983-1984).

Complaint: Baldimir Jeanty, Jean Rolland, Denisse Roosevelt Blaise, Jean Claude Bastien and Josias Chery were arbitrarily arrested and detained in the Port-Au-Prince National Penitentiary.

Action Taken: The Commission declared that the Haitian government had violated Articles 5, 7 and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

HAITI: Leon Thebaud, Case 3405, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 46, OEA/ser. L/V/II.63, doc. 10 (1983) (Annual Report 1983-1984).

Complaint: Thebaud, a lawyer, was arbitrarily arrested at his residence and savagely beaten during interrogation. His body showed evidence of the beatings. Thebaud had been preparing to leave Haiti to have an eye operation. After his arrest, his home was ransacked, his library was looted, and his office, including all client files, was destroyed and pillaged. In addition to suffering extremely harsh prison conditions, he lost his sight due to purposeful deprivation of medicines. Thebaud was blind when he was eventually set free. He later escaped to another country.

Action Taken: The Commission determined that the Government of Haiti had violated Articles 5, 7, 8 and 21 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

HAITI: Ildevert Foncine, Case 2973, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 85, OEA/ser. L/V/II.61, doc. 22 rev. 1 (1983) (Annual Report 1982-1983).

Complaint: Police arrested Foncine in 1975 and imprisoned him. They charged him with being a communist and beat him. He has not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Haiti had violated Articles 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

HAITI: Anous Pierre, Case 2646, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 67, OEA/ser. L/V/II.61, doc. 22 rev. 1 (1983) (Annual Report 1982-1983).

Complaint: Government agents arrested Pierre in 1976 and he has not been seen since. The detention violated the Haitian Constitution, which provides that no one may be kept under arrest for more than 48 hours unless given the opportunity to appear before a judge.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Haiti had violated Articles 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

HAITI: Saint-Julien Charles, Case 3519, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 89, OEA/ser. L/V/II.61, doc. 22 rev. 1 (1982) (Annual Report 1982-1983).

Complaint: Government forces arrested Charles, a former mayor of Fort-Liberte, and imprisoned him without charging him of any crime or giving him a trial. People claiming to be law enforcement agents ransacked his office.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Haiti had violated Articles 5, 7, 8, and 21 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

HAITI: Franel Jean, Case 3096, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 87, OEA/ser. L/V/II.61, doc. 22 rev. 1 (1982) (Annual Report 1982-1983).

Complaint: Military and civil forces arrested Jean without a court order and imprisoned him without a trial. Government agents tortured him in prison and refused to allow him to see family members.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Haiti had violated Articles 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

HAITI: Jean Julme, Case 2653, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 82, OEA/ser. L/V/II.61, doc. 22 rev. 1 (1982) (Annual Report 1982-1983).

Complaint: Government agents arrested Julme and deported him to France.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Haiti had violated Articles 7, 8, and 22 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

HAITI: Nefort Victome, Case 2652, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 80, OEA/ser. L/V/II.61, doc. 22 rev. 1 (1982) (Annual Report 1982-1983).

Complaint: Four government agents arrested Victome and took him to prison. The agents also abducted Thomas Victome.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Haiti had violated Articles 7 and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

HAITI: Luc Deselmours, Case 2650, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 77, OEA/ser. L/V/II.61, doc. 22 rev. 1 (1982) (Annual Report 1982-1983).

Complaint: Government agents arrested Deselmours in 1976 and he has not been seen since. The detention violates the Haitian Constitution, which provides that no one may be kept under arrest for more than 48 hours unless given the opportunity to appear before a judge.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Haiti had violated Articles 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

HAITI: Ernst Benoit, Case 2648, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 73, OEA/ser. L/V/II.61, doc. 22 rev. 1 (1982) (Annual Report 1982-1983).

Complaint: Government agents arrested Benoit in 1976 and he has not been seen since. The detention violates the Haitian Constitution, which provides that no one may be kept under arrest for more than 48 hours unless given the opportunity to appear before a judge.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Haiti had violated Articles 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

HAITI: Ceres Daccueil, Case 2647, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 70, OEA/ser. L/V/II.61, doc. 22 rev. 1 (1982) (Annual Report 1982-1983).

Complaint: Government agents arrested Daccueil in 1976 and he has not been seen since. The detention violates the Haitian Constitution, which provides that no one may be kept under arrest for more than 48 hours unless given the opportunity to appear before a judge.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Haiti had violated Articles 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights

HAITI: Alphonse Bazile et al., Case 2401, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 63, OEA/ser. L/V/II.61, doc. 22 rev. 1 (1982) (Annual Report 1982-1983).

Complaint: Government agents arrested Bazile, Emmanuel Cauvin, Paul Gaboton, and Ernst Sabalat and held them without charging them with any crime and without granting them a trial. They remain missing.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Haiti had violated Articles 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

7. HONDURAS: Tomas Nativi and Fidel Martinez, Case 7864, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 65, OEA/ser. L/V/II.71, doc. 9 rev. 1 (1987) (Annual Report 1986-1987).

Complaint: Members of the National Bureau of Investigation abducted Nativi and Martinez from the house of a friend and shot Martinez. Both are still missing.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Honduras had violated Articles 4, 5, and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

HONDURAS: Saul Godinez Cruz, Case 8097, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 49, OEA/ser. L/V/II.68, doc. 8 rev. 1 (1986) (Annual Report 1985-1986).

Complaint: Government agents arrested Cruz and he has not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government violated Articles 1, 5, and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights, and referred the case to the Inter-American Court of Human Rights.

HONDURAS: Francisco Fiaren Garbi and Yolanda Solis Corrales, Case 7951, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 47, OEA/ser. L/V/II.68, doc. 8 rev. 1 (1986) (Annual Report 1985-1986).

Complaint: Government agents arrested Garbi and Corrales while they were passing through Honduras. They remain missing.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government violated Articles 1, 5 and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights, and referred the case to the Inter-American Court of Human Rights.

HONDURAS: Angel Manfredo Velazquez Rodriguez, Case 7920, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 40, OEA/ser. L/V/II.68, doc. 8 rev. 1 (1986) (Annual Report 1985-1986).

Complaint: Government agents arrested Rodriguez and took him to a prison where they tortured him in an attempt to elicit a confession for the commission of political crimes. He remains missing and is presumed dead.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Honduras violated Articles 1, 5, and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights, and referred the case to the Inter-American Court of Human Rights.

HONDURAS: Francisco Fiaren Garbi and Yolanda Solis Corrales, Case 7951, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 84, OEA/ser. L/V/II.66, doc. 10 rev. 1 (1984) (Annual Report 1984-1985).

Complaint: Garbi and Corrales, both Costa Rican citizens, disappeared while passing through Honduras on their way to Mexico.

Action Taken: The Commission declared that the Government of Honduras had violated Articles 4 and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

8. NICARAGUA: Jose Esteban Lazo Morales, Case 9367, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 123, OEA/ser. L/V/II.68, doc. 8 rev. 1 (1986) (Annual Report 1985-1986).

Complaint: Members of the state security forces arrested Morales at his home, took him to the agency's base of operations, and brought his body back to his home in a coffin. They gave the Morales's family members a death certificate stating the cause of death to be a heart attack, and ordered them not to open the coffin. Despite the warning, the family opened the coffin and found that the corpse had a fractured nose, blood on the head and in the ears, fractured ribs, and deep cuts on the back.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Nicaragua had violated Articles 4 and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

NICARAGUA: Aristides Lopez Huerta, Case 9344, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 121, OEA/ser. L/V/II.68, doc. 8 rev. 1 (1986) (Annual Report 1985-1986).

Complaint: Government agents arrested Huerta at his home and took him away on a truck. He remains missing.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Nicaragua had violated Articles 4 and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

NICARAGUA: Julio Aguilar Pineda, Case 9341, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 119, OEA/ser. L/V/II.68, doc. 8 rev. 1 (1986) (Annual Report 1985-1986).

Complaint: Government agents accused Pineda of being a counterrevolutionary and arrested him. His family members heard that he had been imprisoned, but they have been unable to locate him. He remains missing.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Nicaragua had violated Articles 4 and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

NICARAGUA: Felix Alberto Estrada Sandoval, Case 9296, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 117, OEA/ser. L/V/II.68, doc. 8 rev. 1 (1986) (Annual Report 1985-1986).

Complaint: Soldiers arrested Sandoval in a combat zone. Although the authorities deny holding Sandoval, former prisoners claimed to have seen him in prison.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Nicaragua had violated Articles 4 and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

NICARAGUA: Felipe Santiago Jimenes Gutierrez, Case 9295, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 115, OEA/ser. L/V/II.68, doc. 8 rev. 1 (1986) (Annual Report 1985-1986).

Complaint: Six individuals dressed as militia men accused Gutierrez of collaborating with counter-revolutionaries and arrested him in his home. He has not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Nicaragua had violated Articles 4 and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

NICARAGUA: Pastor Cruz Herrera, Case 9289, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 112, OEA/ser. L/V/II.68, doc. 8 rev. 1 (1986) (Annual Report 1985-1986).

Complaint: Herrera left his home with friends and has not been seen since. An ex-prisoner later told family members that Herrera had been a cell-mate of his, and that Herrera was still in prison.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Nicaragua had violated Articles 4 and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

NICARAGUA: Joaquin Daniel Vallecillo Sanchez, Case 9285, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 111, OEA/ser. L/V/II.68, doc. 8 rev. 1 (1986) (Annual Report 1985-1986).

Complaint: Three persons dressed in civilian clothes and three others wearing military uniforms arrested Sanchez in his home. He remains missing.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Nicaragua had violated Articles 4 and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

NICARAGUA: Santos Marcelo Martinez Garcia and Feliz Alejandro Martinez Garcia, Case 9284, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 109, OEA/ser. L/V/II.68, doc. 8 rev. 1 (1986) (Annual Report 1985-1986).

Complaint: Border guards arrested the two brothers in their home. Both were later found dead.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Nicaragua had violated Articles 4 and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

NICARAGUA: Jorge Fernando Escobar Rivera, Case 9233, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 105, OEA/ser. L/V/II.68, doc. 8 rev. 1 (1986) (Annual Report 1985-1986).

Complaint: Rivera disappeared under unclear circumstances. The fact that police possessed personal documents of Rivera after his disappearance indicate government involvement.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Nicaragua had violated Articles 4 and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

NICARAGUA: Mauricio Munoz Blandino et al., Case 9170, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 102, OEA/ser. L/V/II.68, doc. 8 rev. 1 (1986) (Annual Report 1985-1986).

Complaint: Government agents arrested Blandino and imprisoned him on charges of being a counterrevolutionary. They isolated him for over a month in a room with red stains and continuous noise. This isolation caused Blandino to suffer psychological problems, ulcers, and kidney problems. He remains in prison. Agents also subjected Alberto Tijerino Luna and Rosalia Garcia Cantillano to similar treatment and physically tortured some.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Nicaragua had violated Articles 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

NICARAGUA: Jose Giovanni Ulloa Peralta and Luis Alonso Diaz Rivera, Case 9144, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 99, OEA/ser. L/V/II.68, doc. 8 rev. 1 (1986) (Annual Report 1985-1986).

Complaint: Border guards arrested Peralta and took him to a ranch. He was later found dead. The border guards also arrested Rivera who has not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Nicaragua had violated Articles 4 and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

NICARAGUA: Manuel Montenegro Salazar, Case 7320, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 118, OEA/ser. L/V/II.61, doc. 22 rev. 1 (1983) (Annual Report 1982-1983).

Complaint: Government agents abducted Salazar. The person in charge of the government facility where Salazar was being held stated that Salazar had been executed.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Nicaragua had violated Articles 4, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

NICARAGUA: Juan Jose Munguia Medina, Case 7319, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 114, OEA/ser. L/V/II.61, doc. 22 rev. 1 (1983) (Annual Report 1982-1983).

Complaint: Government agents abducted Medina and took him to an undisclosed location. He has not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Nicaragua had violated Articles 4, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

NICARAGUA: Marco Antonio Vega Duarte, Case 7316, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 116, OEA/ser. L/V/II.61, doc. 22 rev. 1 (1983) (Annual Report 1982-1983).

Complaint: The National Guard captured, beat, and tortured Duarte, a 17-year-old student, in 1979. The Guard released him and took him to the Red Cross to receive medical attention. As a result of psychological problems caused by beatings in captivity, he stated that he was a Sandinista guerrilla commander. He was subsequently beaten and imprisoned. He is presumed dead.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Nicaragua had violated Articles 4, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

NICARAGUA: Jose Joquin Quezada Rodriguez, Case 7314, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 112, OEA/ser. L/V/II.61, doc. 22 rev. 1 (1983) (Annual Report 1982-1983).

Complaint: Soldiers kidnapped Rodriguez, a 23-year-old engineering student. He remains missing.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Nicaragua had violated Articles 4, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

NICARAGUA: Guillermo Jose Chavez Rosales, Case 7313, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 110, OEA/ser. L/V/II.61, doc. 22 rev. 1 (1983) (Annual Report 1982-1983).

Complaint: Nicaraguan soldiers abducted Rosales and took him to the former Military Academy. It is presumed that he was shot to death.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Nicaragua had violated Articles 4, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

NICARAGUA: La Polvora Executions, Cases 4566, 7057, 7056, 7063, 7064, 7237, 7308, 7315, 7318, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 121, OEA/ser. L/V/II.61, doc. 22 rev. 1 (1983) (Annual Report 1982-1983).

Complaint: Government agents illegally executed an undetermined number of persons detained in the prison known as La Polvora, and buried them in common graves. The Nicaraguan government stated that responsibility for the executions might lie with the Sandinista Front.

Action Taken: At the government's request, the Commission set aside Resolution No. 12/83, which had resolved that the Government of Nicaragua had violated Articles 4, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights. It expressed disapproval of Nicaragua's delay in investigation and recommended that Nicaragua conclude the investigation quickly and find those responsible. The Commission reaffirmed its conviction that the cause of action constituted a violation of Article 4, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

NICARAGUA: Pedro Eligio Lara Perez, Case 7238, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 104, OEA/ser. L/V/II.61, doc. 22 rev. 1 (1982) (Annual Report 1982-1983).

Complaint: Perez, a former private in the National Guard, surrendered to members of the Sandinista National Liberation Front. He was transferred to many different commands as a prisoner, and eventually disappeared. The Commission received a separate report suggesting that Perez had been executed.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Nicaragua had violated Articles 4, 5, and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

NICARAGUA: Celestino Delgado Morales, Case 7309, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 107, OEA/ser. L/V/II.61, doc. 22 rev. 1 (1982) (Annual Report 1982-1983).

Complaint: Morales, a chauffeur, went to the Finance Ministry to obtain license plates for his taxi. Officials told Morales that there was already a vehicle with those license plate numbers and to leave matters alone or he would be jailed. The Ministry then received a complaint that the owner of the vehicle with those plates was committing acts of harassment. Soon thereafter, Morales disappeared.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Nicaragua had violated Article 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

9. PANAMA: Hugo Spadafora Franco, Case 9726, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 174, OEA/ser. L/V/II.74, doc. 10 rev. 1 (1987) (Annual Report 1987-1988).

Complaint: Dr. Spadafora, a Costa Rican national, was forced off a bus he was riding to Panama City by an agent of the Defense Forces inside Panama's borders. The next morning, his decapitated and mutilated body was found in Costa Rica 300 meters from the Panamanian border.

Action Taken: The Commission declared that the Government of Panama had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, 8, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

10. PERU: Guadalupe Ccalloccunto Olano, Case 10.563, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 303, OEA/ser. L/V/II.85, doc. 9 rev. (1993) (Annual Report 1993).

Complaint: In June 1990, Mrs. Guadalupe Ccalloccunto Olano was abducted by fifteen men in attire similar to that worn by the military. She has not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission concluded that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 1, 4, 5, 7, 8 and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Simerman Rafael Antonio Navarro, Case 10.531, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 136, OEA/ser. L/V/II.83, doc. 14 corr. 1 (1993) (Annual Report 1992-1993).

Complaint: Approximately 12 soldiers of the Peruvian army broke into Navarro's home and abducted him. When his parents inquired about him at a military base close to their home, spokesmen denied knowledge of the incident. His whereabouts are still unknown.

Action Taken: The Commission found that the Government of Peru failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 25, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Falconieri Saravia Castillo, Case 10.528, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 128, OEA/ser. L/V/II.83, doc. 14 corr. 1 (1993) (Annual Report 1992-1993).

Complaint: An armed military man in civilian clothes arrested Castillo, president of the Huancavelica Agrarian Federation, municipal agent for the community of Santa Barbara, and member of the United Left. Although witnesses saw Castillo being taken in the direction of the office of the Political Military Command, that office denied ever arresting Castillo. Thereafter, Castillo's body was found with visible signs of torture.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Peruvian Government had violated Articles 1, 4, 5, 7, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Teofilo Rimac Capcha, Case 10.443, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 118, OEA/ser. L/V/II.83, doc. 14 corr. 1 (1993) (Annual Report 1992-1993).

Complaint: The Peruvian Army arrested a number of people on charges of terrorism. Soldiers detained and tortured the arrestees. Capcha, a university professor, died as a result.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 1, 4, 5, 7, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Raul Salas Chocas et al., Case 10.433, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 110, OEA/ser. L/V/II.83, doc. 14 corr. 1 (1993) (Annual Report 1992-1993).

Complaint: Following a clash between the Peruvian Army and the Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement, the army took seven civilians into custody. The army later denied having any knowledge regarding the missing persons.

Action Taken: The Commission concluded that the Peruvian Government had violated Articles 1, 4, 7, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Hugo Bilbao Valenzuela et al., Case 10.493, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 419, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Army personnel abducted Valenzuela and five other individuals and took them to a nearby military base. The army later denied that the individuals were at the base. None of those abducted has been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 1, 4, and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: P. Jorge Parraga Castillo et al., Case 10.487, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 414, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Army personnel arrested Castillo and seven other members of the Peruvian Evangelical Church from Atcas. The officers threatened to kill the arrested individuals immediately, but the arrestees' family members begged for their lives. The soldiers then took the eight away. None of them has been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 1, 4, and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Ismael Pimentel Davalos, Case 10.477, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 410, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Unknown individuals abducted Davalos, 17, during a festival in the community of Quisapata. Residents of the community stated that they saw Davalos detained at a military facility in Abancay. Davalos has not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 1, 4, and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Santos Rojas Quispe, Case 10.475, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 406, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Military personnel abducted Santos Rojas Quispe after accusing him of collaborating with subversives. Soldiers took Quispe in the direction of a military base, but he has not been seen since his arrest. Military authorities denied any knowledge of Quispe's whereabouts.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 1, 4, and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Vicente Bocanegra Espinoza et al., Case 10.470, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 402, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Army personnel entered the village of Ishanga and seized Espinoza and nine others. Soldiers looted the houses in the village. None of the abducted persons has been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 1, 4, and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Silvio Alejandro Campos et al., Case 10.467, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 398, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Police abducted Campos, along with six others in the area of Mazamari. None of those abducted has been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 1, 4, and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Fernando Mejia Egocheaga and Aladino Melgarejo Ponce, Case 10.466, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 394, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Police arrested, tortured, and murdered Egocheaga and Ponce. Before their murder, Agustin Mantilla, Minister of the Interior, attempted to intervene and secure their release. Nevertheless, the bodies of Egocheaga and Ponce were later found with signs of torture. Egocheaga was a lawyer, chairman of the Provincial Committee of the United Left, and legal advisor to the peasant communities and residents of Oxapampa. Ponce was a teacher and leader of SUTEP (Single Labor Union of Peruvian Education Personnel).

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru

had violated Articles 1, 4, and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Pedro Valenzuela Tamayo and Manuel Mejia Cotrina, Case 10.464, Inter-Am.C.H.R. 390, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Tamayo and Cotrina, president and treasurer, respectively, of the peasant union of Huaripampa, disappeared after lodging a complaint against the mayor of their district. Residents from the community said there was considerable reason to blame the mayor and the police for the disappearances.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 1, 4, and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Coqui Samuel Huamali Sanchez, Case 10.463, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 385, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Masked assailants in military uniforms abducted Sanchez, a lawyer and member of the board of directors of the Pasco Human Rights Defense Committee. The assailants beat and threatened members of Sanchez's family, and warned that they would set the family home on fire if the assailants were followed. The next morning, Sanchez's body was found with three bullet wounds to the head. Next to his body was a leaflet that read "Death to the Traitor" with a hammer and sickle in red ink.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 1, 4, and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Teofilo Carrion Yaulis, Case 10.461, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 381, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Government agents abducted Yaulis. He has not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 1, 4, and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Cipriano Agama Anaya, Case 10.460, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 377, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Military agents abducted Anaya, coordinator of the Transportation Committee of the Progreso-Culebra-Paraiso highway, while he was repairing a flat tire. Witnesses report that soldiers took Anaya by helicopter to the army headquarters at Tingo Maria. Army officials acknowledged that they had arrested Anaya, but claimed that he subsequently escaped. Others claim that Anaya continues to be held at the army facility.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 1, 4, and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Gregorio Castellares Robles, Case 10.444, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 373, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Soldiers arrested Robles, mayor of Carhuancho, along with other community officials. There was no legitimate reason for the arrest. Soldiers beat and tortured the officials before releasing them.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Article 1, 5, and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Soledad Granados Martinez et al., Case 10.380, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 357, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Soldiers raided Martinez's village and killed him along with 10 other individuals. Soldiers abducted many others who either disappeared or were tortured and later released.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Saturnino Castillo Peralta, Case 10.370, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 354, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Personnel of the army, national guard, and the police detained Peralta, president of the community of Antilla. He has not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Noe Pastor Romo Antonio, Case 10.326, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 351, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Police arrested Antonio, a law student and human rights activist, and several other unidentified people. They searched Antonio's house and discovered that his passport bore a Nicaraguan entry visa. They kept the passport and charged him with assault, robbery, and terrorism. He remains missing.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Miriam Huaches de Garcia, Case 10.321, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 348, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: An army patrol arrested de Garcia in the process of searching her house. Although she was six months pregnant, soldiers continuously beat her. She has not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Evaristo Morales Portillo, Case 10.317, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 345, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Peruvian soldiers arrested Portillo and the military has refused to give any information relating to his arrest. He is still missing.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Mercedes Gutierrez Caypani et al., Case 10.308, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 341, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: About 30 soldiers arrested numerous women and raped and beat them during their detention. Three people were taken to a military barracks. Their whereabouts are unknown. Two other townspeople were tied and suspended from a beam in the roof of the district school.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Hugo Blanco Galdos et al., Case 10.304, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 336, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Peruvian National Police terminated a peasant demonstration by shooting into the crowd for two hours. Eight people died and 26 were wounded. On the same day, police raided another meeting of 200 peasants, arrested Galdos, secretary of the Peasant Confederation of Peru, and detained him for his alleged subversive activities. He remains missing.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Oscar Delgado Vera, Case 10.278, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 333, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Members of the Investigative Police of the Directorate Against Terrorism arrested Vera, secretary general of the Consolidated Workers' Union. He is still missing and presumed to be in detention.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Giovana Vera, Case 10.263, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 330, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: A group of soldiers arrested Vera, an 18-year-old substitute teacher, at her school. The soldiers took Vera to an army barracks 20 kilometers away. Although army officials deny having any information about her, Vera is still considered to be detained or dead.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Hugo Maximo Aliaga Ordaya, Case 10.260, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 327, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Plainclothes policemen arrested Ordaya. Witnesses saw the soldiers force Ordaya into a car.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Fabriciano Chujandama Chasnamote et al., Case 10.222, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 324, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: During a raid, an army patrol of 70 soldiers occupied the school and church of a village, threatened local officials, and burned the homes of residents. Soldiers abducted Fabriciano Chujandama Chasnamote, Mamerto Chujanda Chasnamote, and Roldan Sabota Chujandama after the raid. None of the three has been seen since the abduction.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Segundo Salas Saldana, Osvalso Torres et al., Case 10.221, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 321, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: A Peruvian army patrol arrested about 700 people, tortured them, looted their homes, and later extorted a large sum of money for their release. During the incident, soldiers killed Saldana, 16, with a grenade. In another settlement in a nearby village, a patrol arrested Torres and five other individuals. All but Torres, whom soldiers beat badly, were released. He remains missing.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Jose Perez Olivares, Case 10.220, Inter-Am C.H.R. 318, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Police abducted Olivares, leader of the United Left. The police denied any knowledge of the incident. Olivares remains missing.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Andres Huayhua and Ciro Huayhua, Case 10.203, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 369, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: An army patrol entered the village of Santa Rose de Ccotccoy and looted homes. The patrol abducted Andres Huayhua and his nephew, Ciro Huayhua. The two have not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 1, 4, and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Sonia Munoz de Yangali, Case 10.202, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 364, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Soldiers entered Munoz's house, made death threats, tortured her, and beat her two children (aged 9 and 12) when they attempted to defend their mother. After abducting Munoz, they shot her in the head and chest and abandoned her at the side of the road with signs indicating that she had been executed because she was an informant for the Shining Path guerrillas. Munoz survived the attack.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 1, 5, and 7 of the Convention.

PERU: Armando Guamantingo Villanueva et al., Case 10.186, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 315, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: The Political Army Command listed Villanueva and five other people as having died during combat, even though witnesses saw their arrests by the army. These people are still being detained.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Basilio Chirhuana Carbajal et al., Case 10.185, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 312, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Soldiers detained Carbajal and 11 other people who subsequently disappeared. The army denies holding these individuals even though there were numerous witnesses to their arrests.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Manuel Tuanama Garcia and Estalin Fasanando Upiachihua, Case 10.183, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 309, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: The army detained Garcia and Upiachihua before numerous witnesses. The army denies holding them. They remain missing and are presumed to have been transferred to the Mariscal Caceres barracks in Morales.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Fortunato Lopez Lopez et al., Case 10.166, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 306, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: The Peruvian Investigative Police abducted Lopez and two other individuals. They have not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Armando Huamantingo Villanueva and Matiasa Huashua Huamani, Case 10.164, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 303, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: The Peruvian Army arrested Villanueva and Huamani along with their children when they went to an army base to report an attack by the armed forces on their community. The Political Military Command issued a statement claiming that Villanueva died during combat with the armed forces even though witnesses saw the two arrive at the military base.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Tecero Lava Ramirez et al., Case 10.163, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 360, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Peruvian soldiers arrested Martinez, Julio and Oscar Saboya Pisco, Marcelino de la Cruz Manayay, Hilario Puelles Trolles and Julio Campesino Sangama without providing any information as the reasons for their detention.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 1, 4, and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Angel Francisco Perez Ali et al., Case 10.014, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 300, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: About 4,000 policemen mounted a large-scale operation at the University of San Marcos, Lima, searching for members of subversive organizations. Police detained about 800 people, 34 of whom remain missing. Police tortured several individuals at Bocanegra, a ranch of the Peruvian Investigations Police.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Walter Angel Castillo Cisneros, Case 9883, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 297, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Soldiers arrested Cisneros at the Molina Transportation Agency. Employees of the company witnessed the arrest and copied the license plate of the vehicle in which Cisneros was arrested. He has not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Benjamin Lapa Leon et al., Case 9881, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 294, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Military personnel from the Jano base in Huanta arrested Leon and five other individuals while they participated in the inauguration of new community school buildings in Iquicha. They have not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Gloria Marta Tineo Garcia and Pelayo Arotoma Cacnahuaray, Case 9878, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 291, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Soldiers abducted Garcia and Cacnahuaray from their homes. The army denies knowledge of their whereabouts. Neither has been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Roberto Huaman Ayala and Alciades Bernardo Huayta Leiva, Case 9859, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 288, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Soldiers abducted Ayala and Leiva from their homes and took them to the army barracks in Castrocampa. Neither has been seen since their abduction.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Juan Rivera Alarcon et al., Case 9842, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 285, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Soldiers detained Alarcon and four others the day that country-wide municipal elections were held. Although many people witnessed the abduction and believe that the soldiers took the five to the Vilcashuaman barracks, authorities deny the detention. All five remain missing.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Jose Belarmino Navarrete Cabrera et al., Case 9824, Inter-Am. C.H.R 282, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Soldiers arrested Cabrera, Antonio Janampa Huamantico, and his brother Tomas and detained them at Los Cabitos military barracks. Authorities deny petitioners' detention.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Felix Torres P. et al., Case 9817, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 279, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Soldiers detained Torres, Carlos Lazares during a soccer game. Soldiers also arrested two teachers, Ludovina Arias and Marino Ezequiel Soca. Authorities deny the detentions.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Jorge Herminio Mina et al., Case 9816, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 276, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Soldiers abducted Mina and four other individuals from the areas of La Mar, Huanta, and Vilcashuaman. None of the five have been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Marino Ezequiel Soca, Case 9815, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 273, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Soldiers abducted Soca during a religious festival. Soca has not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Teresa Garcia Bautista and Ruben Nanac, Case 9814, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 270, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Members of the Peruvian Investigations Police (PIP) abducted Bautista from her home. Witnesses stated that PIP agents carried Bautista away wrapped in a blanket and returned to her home that night and abducted Nanac, her son-in-law. Both remain missing.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Teofilo Ramos Gamboa, Case 9809, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 267, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Five men wearing uniforms and ski masks, either members of the army or the Department Intelligence Committee, abducted Gamboa from his home without explanation. When questioned by relatives, General Gil Jara admitted that the abduction occurred in the street. Authorities later denied the detention despite allegations that Gamboa was being secretly held in Los Cabitos barracks. Gamboa remains missing.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Martin Escriba, Case 9807, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 264, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Army soldiers arrested Escriba and three other persons and took them to the army barracks in the city of Cangallo. Authorities denied the detention had occurred. The detainees remain missing.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Severino Quispe Pillaca, Case 9806, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 261, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Army soldiers arrested Pillaca and three other persons and took them to the army barracks in the city of Cangallo. Authorities denied the detention had occurred. The detainees remain missing.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Albino Quino Sulca, Case 9805, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 258, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Army soldiers arrested Sulca along with three other prisoners and took him to the army barracks in the city of Cangallo. The same day, a relative of Sulca's visited the barracks where authorities told her that Sulca would probably be released in 25 days. The following day, authorities denied Sulca had been arrested. He remains missing.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Melchor Tineo Perez, Case 9804, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 255, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Army soldiers arrested Perez and three other persons and took them to the army barracks in Cangallo. The following day, Perez's relatives requested information and authorities informed them that they had sent Perez to Ayacucho. Later, a military spokesman denied the detention. Perez remains missing.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Teodoro Pillaca Tinco, Case 9803, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 251, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Government agents detained Tinco and took him to an army base. Authorities denied that Tinco's detention had occurred.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Benito Rojas Ccorahua, Case 9802, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 119, OEA/ser. L/V/II.76, doc. 10 (1989) (Annual Report 1988-1989).

Complaint: Members of the armed forces detained Ccorahua and imprisoned him at a military base. They later told his wife that he had been transferred. He has not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Eleodoro Lopez Ballardo et al., Case 9799, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 116, OEA/ser. L/V/II.76, doc. 10 (1989) (Annual Report 1988-1989).

Complaint: The Republican Guard detained Ballardo, Ruben Lopez Loyola, and Bautista Rodriguez Arce. The prisoners have not been brought before a court, charged with a crime, or released. They remain missing.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Juan Geldres Orozco and Benigno Contreras, Case 9786, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 33 OEA/ser. L/V/II.76, doc. 10 (1988) (Annual Report 1988-1989).

Complaint: Members of the naval infantry arrested Orozco. Members of the Army Intelligence Service arrested Contreras at his home in the presence of several witnesses. Neither has been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4 and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Luis Maximo Vera Aragon, Case 9748, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 30 OEA/ser. L/V/II.76, doc. 10 (1988) (Annual Report 1988-1989).

Complaint: Soldiers believed to be from the Peruvian Air Force abducted Aragon and forced him into a vehicle. The men shot at bystanders who tried to aid Aragon. He remains missing.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4 and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Romulo Yangali et al., Case 9433, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 259, OEA/ser. L/V/II.74, doc. 10 rev. 1 (1988) (Annual Report 1987-1988).

Complaint: Yangali, an elections officer from Churcampa, Efren Yangali, an attorney, Fortunato Yangali, an employee of the Office of District Council, and Hugo Bustamante, a schoolteacher, were arrested by the Civil Guard in their homes. The military denies that the four men were arrested and held. Their whereabouts are unknown.

Action Taken: The Commission determined that the Government of Peru violated Articles 4, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Francisco Garcia Ramos, Case 9468, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 142, OEA/ser. L/V/II.71, doc. 9 rev. 1 (1987) (Annual Report 1986-1987).

Complaint: Members of the Investigations Department of the Police arrested Ramos, a former soldier. Police officials claimed to have released Ramos and pointed to the fact that his name was re-entered in Peru's voting rolls to show that he was alive and free. He remains missing since his arrest.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4 and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Felipe Huaman Palomino, Case 9467, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 137, OEA/ser. L/V/II.71, doc. 9 rev. 1 (1987) (Annual Report 1986-1987).

Complaint: Members of the Republican Guard arrested Palomino in his home. Officials denied ever arresting Palomino. He remains missing.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4 and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Teodoro Huancahuari, Case 9466, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 131, OEA/ser. L/V/II.71, doc. 9 rev. 1 (1987) (Annual Report 1986-1987).

Complaint: Officials at an army facility detained Huancahuari, claiming that he led a clandestine guerrilla group. The government did not provide information regarding the source of the accusations or provide a transcript of the charges. He has not been since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4 and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Martin Hipolito Bellido Canchari, Case 9449, Inter-Am. C.H.R.

128, OEA/ser. L/V/II.71, doc. 9 rev. 1 (1987) (Annual Report 1986-1987).

Complaint: Hooded members of the Civil Guard arrested Canchari, a 14-year-old boy, at his home. He remains missing.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4 and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Juan Dario Cuya Laine, Case 9426, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 119, OEA/ser. L/V/II.71, doc. 9 rev. 1 (1987) (Annual Report 1986-1987).

Complaint: Members of the army and police arrested Laine. When his mother visited him in detention, he showed visible signs of torture. He has not been seen since and the officials at the barracks deny ever arresting him.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Jaime Ayala Sulca Huanta, Case 9425, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 114, OEA/ser. L/V/II.71, doc. 9 rev. 1 (1987) (Annual Report 1986-1987).

Complaint: Huanta, a newspaper journalist, went to a Navy facility to complain about police conduct towards his mother the night before. He was arrested at the facility and has not been seen since. The Armed Forces Joint Command denied detaining him.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

H. Article 8 - Right to Fair Trial

1. ARGENTINA: Alicia Consuelo Herrera et al., Cases 10.147, 10.181, 10.240, 10.262, 10.309, and 10.311, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 41, OEA/ser. L/V/II.83, doc. 14 corr. 1 (1992) (Annual Report 1992-1993).

Complaint: Petitioners denounced Argentine laws which immunized members of the armed forces from prosecution for crimes committed during the so-called "dirty war" of the military dictatorship from 1976 to 1983. Violations included disappearances, summary executions, torture, and kidnapping.

Action Taken: The Commission concluded that the laws violated Article XVIII of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man, and Articles 1, 8, and 15 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

ARGENTINA: Hector Geronimo Lopez Aurelli, Case 9850, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 41, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Government agents arrested Aurelli on charges of having committed politically motivated offenses. He was convicted in a trial conducted without any legal safeguards by judges sworn to uphold the decrees issued by the military dictatorship. The confessions used to convict him were obtained by torture and the witnesses were the same people who abducted and tortured him.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Argentina had violated Articles 7 and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

2. COLOMBIA: Pedro Miguel Gonzalez Martinez et al., Case 10.912, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 132, OEA/ser. L/V/II.85, doc. 9 rev. (1994) (Annual Report 1993).

Complaint: On March 4, 1988, twenty peasant workers from Antioquia were killed by armed men. All the men killed were members of the Antioquia Agricultural Workers Trade Union.

Action Taken: The Commission concluded that the killings could be imputed to the Government of Colombia, and that the government violated Articles 1, 4, 8, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights. It also found that Colombia had violated Sections I and XVIII of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

COLOMBIA: Alvaro Garces Parra et al., Case 10.473, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 94, OEA/ser. L/V/II.85, doc. 9 rev. (1994) (Annual Report 1993).

Complaint: Dr. Alvaro Garces Parra, mayor of Sabana de Torres and member of Union Patriotica-Frente Amplio del Magdalena Medio, was murdered on August 15, 1987 by members of the Colombian Army. Petitioners alleged a military plot and cover-up.

Action Taken: The Commission concluded that the Government of Colombia failed to observe Articles 1, 4, 8, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights and Articles I and XVIII of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

COLOMBIA: Irma Vera Pena, Case 10.456, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 81, OEA/ser. L/V/II.85, doc. 9 rev. (1993) (Annual Report 1993).

Complaint: On February 6, 1987, Irma Vera Pena, 17, was found dead in an area occupied by the Colombian Army. Her husband, Delfin Torres Castro, reported her death and was subsequently assassinated on June 9, 1992.

Action Taken: The Commission concluded that the Government of Colombia violated Articles 1, 4, 5, 7, 8, 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

COLOMBIA: Patricia Rivera de Bernal et al., Case 9477, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 60, OEA/ser. L/V/II.85, doc. 9 rev. (1993) (Annual Report 1993).

Complaint: On December 10, 1982, Patricia Rivera, her two daughters, and Marco Antonio Crespo, were seized by state security agents. They have not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission concluded that the Government of Colombia violated Articles 1, 4, 5, 7, 8, 19, 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

3. EL SALVADOR: Flor de Maria Hernandez Rivas, Case 10.911, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 188, OEA/ser. L/V/II.85, doc. 9 rev. (1994) (Annual Report 1993).

Complaint: In March 1990, Flor de Maria Hernandez Rivas, age 14, was forcibly arrested by National Guardsmen. She was accused of participating in the November 1989 FMLN offensive and was raped and tortured by three men.

Action Taken: The Commission concluded that the Government of El Salvador violated Articles 1, 5, 7, 8, 19, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

EL SALVADOR: Elvis Gustavo Lovato Rivera, Case 10.574, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 174, OEA/ser. L/V/II.85, doc. 9 rev. (1994) (Annual Report 1993).

Complaint: In February 1990, Elvis Gustavo Lovato Rivera was arrested by the army and accused of being a guerrilla. During his detention, he was tortured. Rivera was released three weeks later, but had been threatened with disappearance. Consequently, he was forced to leave his native town.

Action Taken: The Commission concluded that the Government of El Salvador had violated Articles 1, 5, 7, 8, and 22 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

EL SALVADOR: Julio Cesar Juarez Vasquez et al., Case 10.517, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 164, OEA/ser. L/V/II.85, doc. 9 rev. (1994) (Annual Report 1993).

Complaint: In December 1985, Vasquez and his brother Juan Antonio Juarez Vaquez were arrested by members of the Las Chianamas Civilian Defense Force. A few days later, Leonardo Perez Nunez, Gerardo Saldana Salazar, Juan Saldana Salazar, and Jose Eladio Saldana Salazar were seized by soldiers and four men in civilian clothes. Vasquez and the others have not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission concluded that the Government of El Salvador violated Articles 1, 4, 5, 8, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

EL SALVADOR: Jurg Dieter Weis, Case 10.242, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 154, OEA/ser. L/V/II.85, doc. 9 rev. (1994) (Annual Report 1993).

Complaint: On August 22, 1988, in the village of Las Flores, agents of the National Police murdered Mr. Jurg Dieter Weis, a Swiss citizen and theologian.

Action Taken: The Commission concluded that the Government of El Salvador violated Articles 1, 4, 5, 8, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

EL SALVADOR: Las Hojas Massacre, Case 10.287, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 83, OEA/ser. L/V/II.83, doc. 14 corr. 1 (1992) (Annual Report 1992-1993).

Complaint: Members of the Salvadoran army assassinated approximately 74 people near Las Hojas. The Government of El Salvador failed to prosecute members of its forces that were implicated in the massacre, and it improperly used an amnesty law which immunized them from prosecution.

Action Taken: The Commission declared that the Government of El Salvador failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4, 5, 8, and 25, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

EL SALVADOR: Nicolas Alfaro et al., Case 10.252, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 54, OEA/ser. L/V/II.77, doc. 7 rev. 1 (1989) (Annual Report 1989-1990).

Complaint: Soldiers of Jiboa Battalion, Fifth Infantry Brigade, detained forty Salvadoran farm-workers, abusing them physically and psychologically. The soldiers later led the farm-workers to a school and summarily executed ten of them.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of El Salvador had violated Articles 1, 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

El SALVADOR: Arnaldo Cerrito et al., Case 10.201, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 47, OEA/ser. L/V/II.77, doc. 7 rev. 1 (1989) (Annual Report 1989-1990).

Complaint: Heavily armed soldiers abducted Arnaldo Cerrito, Vicente Cerrito, and Arturo Navarro Garcia from their homes and shot them to death.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of El Salvador had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

4. GUATEMALA: (Special Case), Inter-Am. C.H.R. 37, OEA/ser. L/V/II.68, doc. 8 rev. 1 (1986) (Annual Report 1985-1986).

Background: Over several years, the Commission received a sizable number of reports of government-sponsored kidnappings and murders in Guatemala.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Dr. Carlos Padilla Galvez, Case 8078, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 41, OEA/ser. L/V/II.63, doc. 10 (1984) (Annual Report 1983-1984).

Complaint: Dr. Galvez, director of a national hospital, was kidnapped from his office by a group of armed men. He was kept isolated and incommunicado. He was released a little over a month later following an on-site visit by the Commission to investigate and locate the his whereabouts.

Action Taken: The Commission declared that the Guatemalan government had violated Articles 7 and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Nehemias Cumez et al., Case 7581, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 74, OEA/ser. L/V/II.54, doc. 9 rev. 1 (1981) (Annual Report 1980-1981).

Complaint: Four heavily armed men abducted Cumez, Chief of the Department of Low-Cost Housing of Comalapa. He has not been seen since. Two related abductions occurred four months later. Bodies of several of those abducted have since been found showing signs of torture.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, 8, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Gustavo Adolfo Bejarano et al., Case 7490, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 71, OEA/ser. L/V/II.54, doc. 9 rev. 1 (1981) (Annual Report 1980-1981).

Complaint: Government agents took 17 union leaders into custody and tortured them. The government denied having knowledge of the action.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala had violated Articles 5, 7, 8, 15, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Douglas Sequeira Lopez, Case 7464, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 70, OEA/ser. L/V/II.54, doc. 9 rev. 1 (1981) (Annual Report 1980-1981).

Complaint: Treasury security officers detained Lopez, a medical student, on the border between El Salvador and Guatemala. He remains missing.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala had violated Articles 7, 8, 22, and 25 of the Convention.

GUATEMALA: Florentino Gomez et al., Case 7403, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 66, OEA/ser. L/V/II.54, doc. 9 rev. 1 (1981) (Annual Report 1980-1981).

Complaint: Police attacked the offices of the National Workers Union and detained 25 to 30 persons, many of whom have not been seen again. Petitioners also denounced the murders of several union leaders and a Spanish priest.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala had violated Articles 4, 7, 8, 15, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Marcelino Santos Chajon et al., Case 7383, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 65, OEA/ser. L/V/II.54, doc. 9 rev. 1 (1981) (Annual Report 1980-1981).

Complaint: Approximately 80 armed men, including uniformed members of the Judiciary Police of the Model Platoon, beat a number of strikers at the Coca-Cola bottling plant and forced them to return to work. Agents abducted two union workers.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala had violated Articles 5, 7, 8, 15, 16, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Father Carlos Stetter, Case 7378, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 60, OEA/ser. L/V/II.54, doc. 9 rev. 1 (1981) (Annual Report 1980-1981).

Complaint: Armed men abducted Stetter after he landed at the airport in Huehuetenango and summarily expelled him from the country. Authorities denied having any knowledge of his whereabouts.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government had violated Articles 7, 8, 22, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Israel Marquez et al., Case 4425, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 81, OEA/ser. L/V/II.54, doc. 9 rev. 1 (1981) (Annual Report 1980-1981).

Complaint: Government agents attempted to kill Marquez, secretary general of the Coca-Cola bottling plant union, with machine-gun fire and attempted to abduct him three months later. Although he survived, other union leaders were illegally fired, threatened, attacked, and murdered.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, 8, 15, 16, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

5. HAITI: John Deeb et al., Case 9040, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 52, OEA/ser. L/V/II.63, doc. 10 (1983) (Annual Report 1983-1984).

Complaint: John Deeb, a well-known member of the "Syria Community," and his entire family were arbitrarily arrested and detained.

Action Taken: The Commission declared that the Commission had vio

lated Articles 5, 7 and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

HAITI: Baldimir Jeanty et al., Case 7861, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 49, OEA/ser. L/V/II.63, doc. 10 (1983) (Annual Report 1983-1984).

Complaint: Baldimir Jeanty, Jean Rolland, Denisse Roosevelt Blaise, Jean Claude Bastien and Josias Chery were arbitrarily arrested and detained in the Port-Au-Prince National Penitentiary.

Action Taken: The Commission declared that the Haitian government had violated Articles 5, 7 and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

HAITI: Leon Thebaud, Case 3405, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 46, OEA/ser. L/V/II.63, doc. 10 (1983) (Annual Report 1983-1984).

Complaint: Thebaud, a lawyer, was arbitrarily arrested at his residence and savagely beaten during interrogation. His body showed evidence of the beatings. Thebaud had been preparing to leave Haiti to have an eye operation. After his arrest, his home was ransacked, his library was looted, and his office, including all client files, was destroyed and pillaged. In addition to suffering extremely harsh prison conditions, he lost his sight due to purposeful deprivation of medicines. Thebaud was blind when he was eventually set free. He later escaped to another country.

Action Taken: The Commission determined that the Government of Haiti had violated Articles 5, 7, 8 and 21 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

HAITI: Ildevert Foncine, Case 2973, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 85, OEA/ser. L/V/II.61, doc. 22 rev. 1 (1983) (Annual Report 1982-1983).

Complaint: Police arrested Foncine in 1975 and imprisoned him. They charged him with being a communist and beat him. He has not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Haiti had violated Articles 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

HAITI: Anous Pierre, Case 2646, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 67, OEA/ser. L/V/II.61, doc. 22 rev. 1 (1983) (Annual Report 1982-1983).

Complaint: Government agents arrested Pierre in 1976 and he has not been seen since. The detention violated the Haitian Constitution, which provides that no one may be kept under arrest for more than 48 hours unless given the opportunity to appear before a judge.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Haiti

had violated Articles 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

HAITI: Marguerite Fenelon, Case 6586, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 91, OEA/ser. L/V/II.61, doc. 22 rev. 1 (1982) (Annual Report 1982-1983).

Complaint: Government agents deceived Marguerite Fenelon into accompanying them to the national penitentiary. There the agents tortured and raped her. The agents also placed Fenelon in jail without bringing her before a judge as required by law.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Haiti had violated Articles 5, 6, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

HAITI: Saint-Julien Charles, Case 3519, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 89, OEA/ser. L/V/II.61, doc. 22 rev. 1 (1982) (Annual Report 1982-1983).

Complaint: Government forces arrested Charles, a former mayor of Fort-Liberte, and imprisoned him without charging him of any crime or giving him a trial. People claiming to be law enforcement agents ransacked his office.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Haiti had violated Articles 5, 7, 8, and 21 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

HAITI: Franel Jean, Case 3096, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 87, OEA/ser. L/V/II.61, doc. 22 rev. 1 (1982) (Annual Report 1982-1983).

Complaint: Military and civil forces arrested Jean without a court order and imprisoned him without a trial. Government agents tortured him in prison and refused to allow him to see family members.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Haiti had violated Articles 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

HAITI: Jean Julme, Case 2653, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 82, OEA/ser. L/V/II.61, doc. 22 rev. 1 (1982) (Annual Report 1982-1983).

Complaint: Government agents arrested Julme and deported him to France.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Haiti had violated Articles 7, 8, and 22 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

HAITI: Nefort Victome, Case 2652, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 80, OEA/ser. L/V/II.61, doc. 22 rev. 1 (1982) (Annual Report 1982-1983).

Complaint: Four government agents arrested Victome and took him to prison. The agents also abducted Thomas Victome.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Haiti had violated Articles 7 and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

HAITI: Luc Deselmours, Case 2650, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 77, OEA/ser. L/V/II.61, doc. 22 rev. 1 (1982) (Annual Report 1982-1983).

Complaint: Government agents arrested Deselmours in 1976 and he has not been seen since. The detention violates the Haitian Constitution, which provides that no one may be kept under arrest for more than 48 hours unless given the opportunity to appear before a judge.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Haiti had violated Articles 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

HAITI: Ernst Benoit, Case 2648, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 73, OEA/ser. L/V/II.61, doc. 22 rev. 1 (1982) (Annual Report 1982-1983).

Complaint: Government agents arrested Benoit in 1976 and he has not been seen since. The detention violates the Haitian Constitution, which provides that no one may be kept under arrest for more than 48 hours unless given the opportunity to appear before a judge.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Haiti had violated Articles 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

HAITI: Ceres Daccueil, Case 2647, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 70, OEA/ser. L/V/II.61, doc. 22 rev. 1 (1982) (Annual Report 1982-1983).

Complaint: Government agents arrested Daccueil in 1976 and he has not been seen since. The detention violates the Haitian Constitution, which provides that no one may be kept under arrest for more than 48 hours unless given the opportunity to appear before a judge.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Haiti had violated Articles 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

HAITI: Alphonse Bazile et al., Case 2401, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 63, OEA/ser. L/V/II.61, doc. 22 rev. 1 (1982) (Annual Report 1982-1983).

Complaint: Government agents arrested Bazile, Emmanuel Cauvin, Paul Gaboton, and Ernst Sabalat and held them without charging them with any crime and without granting them a trial. They remain missing.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Haiti had violated Articles 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

6. HONDURAS: Miguel Angel Pavon Salazar and Moises Landaverde Recarte, Case 10.437, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 249, OEA/ser. L/V/II.85, doc. 9 rev. (1994) (Annual Report 1993).

Complaint: Miguel Angel Pavon and Moises Landaverde Recarte were assassinated on January 14, 1988 in the city of San Pedro Sula. Pavon had been a witness for the Inter-American Court of Human Rights.

Action Taken: The Commission concluded that the Government of Honduras had violated Articles 1, 4, 8, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

HONDURAS: Francisco Javier Bonilla, Case 10.793, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 93, OEA/ser. L/V/II.83, doc. 14 corr. 1 (1993) (Annual Report 1992-1993).

Complaint: An agent of the National Investigations Department shot and killed Bonilla, an activist in the Honduran Social Security Institute Union.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government had violated Articles 1, 2, 8, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

HONDURAS: Colomoncagua Attack, Case 9619, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 75, OEA/ser. L/V/II.71, doc. 9 rev. 1 (1987) (Annual Report 1986-1987).

Complaint: The Honduran Army attacked a Salvadoran refugee camp, killing two (including a baby), wounding 50, apprehending 15, raping two women, and torturing seven others. Three people were hospitalized and listed in critical condition.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Honduras had violated Articles 4, 5, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

7. MEXICO: National Action Party, Case 10.180, Inter-Am.C.H.R. 237, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1991) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: The National Action Party charged that the 1987 Electoral Law of the State of Nueva Leon prevented the exercise of political rights and deprived the citizens of simple, prompt, and effective recourse to independent and impartial courts for the determination of their political rights.

Action Taken: The Commission concluded that the Mexican government is obligated to immediately adopt corrective measures so that its domestic laws comport with Articles 2, 8, 23, 25, and 28.2 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

8. NICARAGUA: Haydee A. de Marin et al., Case 10.770, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 293, OEA/ser. L/V/II.85, doc. 9 rev. (1994) (Annual Report 1993).

Complaint: The Inter-American Commission received a complaint stating that the National Reconstruction Governing Junta had in 1979 denied Haydee A. de Marin, Leonor Marin Arcia, Orlando Marin Arcia, and Maria Haydee Marin Arcia their rights to possess, own, and use their private properties in Nicaragua, even though there was no decree ordering confiscation of the property.

Action Taken: The Commission presumed the alleged facts as true and concluded that the Government of Nicaragua had violated Articles 1, 8, 21, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

NICARAGUA: Reynaldo Tadeo Aguado Montealegre, Case 10.198, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 73, OEA/ser.L/V/II.77 rev. 1, doc. 7 (1989) (Annual Report 1989-1990).

Complaint: Government agents arrested Montealegre, a former Interior Ministry soldier, at his home. He was tried by the Military Court of First Instance in summary proceedings, and sentenced to 30 years imprisonment on a charge of espionage. Agents forced Montealegre to make self-incriminating statements under duress and without defense counsel. Agents also denied Montealegre medical treatment for his various ailments.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Nicaragua had violated Article 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights of Human Rights.

NICARAGUA: Mauricio Munoz Blandino et al., Case 9170, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 102, OEA/ser. L/V/II.68, doc. 8 rev. 1 (1986) (Annual Report 1985-1986).

Complaint: Government agents arrested Blandino and imprisoned him on charges of being a counterrevolutionary. They isolated him for over a month in a room with red stains and continuous noise. This isolation caused Blandino to suffer psychological problems, ulcers, and kidney problems. He remains in prison. Agents also subjected Alberto Tijerino Luna and Rosalia Garcia Cantillano to similar treatment and physically tortured some.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Nicaragua had violated Articles 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

NICARAGUA: Manuel Montenegro Salazar, Case 7320, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 118, OEA/ser. L/V/II.61, doc. 22 rev. 1 (1983) (Annual Report 1982-1983).

Complaint: Government agents abducted Salazar. The person in charge of the government facility where Salazar was being held stated that Salazar had been executed.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Nicaragua had violated Articles 4, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

NICARAGUA: Juan Jose Munguia Medina, Case 7319, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 114, OEA/ser. L/V/II.61, doc. 22 rev. 1 (1983) (Annual Report 1982-1983).

Complaint: Government agents abducted Medina and took him to an undisclosed location. He has not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Nicaragua had violated Articles 4, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

NICARAGUA: Marco Antonio Vega Duarte, Case 7316, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 116, OEA/ser. L/V/II.61, doc. 22 rev. 1 (1983) (Annual Report 1982-1983).

Complaint: The National Guard captured, beat, and tortured Duarte, a 17-year-old student, in 1979. The Guard released him and took him to the Red Cross to receive medical attention. As a result of psychological problems caused by beatings in captivity, he stated that he was a Sandinista guerrilla commander. He was subsequently beaten and imprisoned. He is presumed dead.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Nicaragua had violated Articles 4, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

NICARAGUA: Jose Joquin Quezada Rodriguez, Case 7314, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 112, OEA/ser. L/V/II.61, doc. 22 rev. 1 (1983) (Annual Report 1982-1983).

Complaint: Soldiers kidnapped Rodriguez, a 23-year-old engineering student. He remains missing.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Nicaragua had violated Articles 4, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

NICARAGUA: Guillermo Jose Chavez Rosales, Case 7313, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 110, OEA/ser. L/V/II.61, doc. 22 rev. 1 (1983) (Annual Report 1982-1983).

Complaint: Nicaraguan soldiers abducted Rosales and took him to the former Military Academy. It is presumed that he was shot to death.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Nicaragua had violated Articles 4, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

NICARAGUA: La Polvora Executions, Cases 4566, 7057, 7056, 7063, 7064, 7237, 7308, 7315, 7318, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 121, OEA/ser. 61, doc. 22 rev. 1 (1983) (Annual Report 1982-1983).

Complaint: Government agents illegally executed an undetermined number of persons detained in the prison known as La Polvora, and buried them in common graves. The Nicaraguan government stated that responsibility for the executions might lie with the Sandinista Front.

Action Taken: At the government's request, the Commission set aside Resolution No. 12/83, which had resolved that the Government of Nicaragua had violated Articles 4, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights. It expressed disapproval of Nicaragua's delay in investigation and recommended that Nicaragua conclude the investigation quickly and find those responsible. The Commission reaffirmed its conviction that the cause of action constituted a violation of Article 4, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

9. PANAMA: Dr. Hugo Spadafora Franco, Case 9726, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 174, OEA/ser. L/V/II.74, doc. 10 rev. 1 (1987) (Annual Report 1987-1988).

Complaint: Dr. Spadafora, a Costa Rican national, was forced off a bus he was riding to Panama City by an agent of the Defense Forces inside Panama's borders. The next morning, his decapitated and mutilated body was found in Costa Rica 300 meters from the Panamanian border.

Action Taken: The Commission declared that the Government of Panama had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, 8, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

10. PERU: Guadalupe Ccalloccunto Olano, Case 10.563, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 303, OEA/ser. L/V/II.85, doc. 9 rev. (1993) (Annual Report 1993).

Complaint: In June 1990, Mrs. Guadalupe Ccalloccunto Olano was abducted by fifteen men in attire similar to that worn by the military. She has not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission concluded that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 1, 4, 5, 7, 8 and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Soledad Granados Martinez et al., Case 10.380, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 357, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Soldiers raided Martinez's village and killed him along with 10 other individuals. Soldiers abducted many others who either disappeared or were tortured and later released.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Saturnino Castillo Peralta, Case 10.370, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 354, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Personnel of the army, national guard, and the police detained Peralta, president of the community of Antilla. He has not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Noe Pastor Romo Antonio, Case 10.326, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 351, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Police arrested Antonio, a law student and human rights activist, and several other unidentified people. They searched Antonio's house and discovered that his passport bore a Nicaraguan entry visa. They kept the passport and charged him with assault, robbery, and terrorism. He remains missing.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Miriam Huaches de Garcia, Case 10.321, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 348, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: An army patrol arrested de Garcia in the process of searching her house. Although she was six months pregnant, soldiers continuously beat her. She has not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Evaristo Morales Portillo, Case 10.317, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 345, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Peruvian soldiers arrested Portillo and the military has refused to give any information relating to his arrest. He is still missing.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Mercedes Gutierrez Caypani et al., Case 10.308, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 341, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: About 30 soldiers arrested numerous women and raped and beat them during their detention. Three people were taken to a military barracks. Their whereabouts are unknown. Two other townspeople were tied and suspended from a beam in the roof of the district school.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Hugo Blanco Galdos et al., Case 10.304, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 336, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Peruvian National Police terminated a peasant demonstration by shooting into the crowd for two hours. Eight people died and 26 were wounded. On the same day, police raided another meeting of 200 peasants, arrested Galdos, secretary of the Peasant Confederation of Peru, and detained him for his alleged subversive activities. He remains missing.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Oscar Delgado Vera, Case 10.278, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 333, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Members of the Investigative Police of the Directorate Against Terrorism arrested Vera, secretary general of the Consolidated Workers' Union. He is still missing and presumed to be in detention.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Giovana Vera, Case 10.263, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 330, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: A group of soldiers arrested Vera, an 18-year-old substitute teacher, at her school. The soldiers took Vera to an army barracks 20 kilometers away. Although army officials deny having any information about her, Vera is still considered to be detained or dead.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Hugo Maximo Aliaga Ordaya, Case 10.260, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 327, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Plainclothes policemen arrested Ordaya. Witnesses saw the soldiers force Ordaya into a car.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Fabriciano Chujandama Chasnamote et al., Case 10.222, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 324, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: During a raid, an army patrol of 70 soldiers occupied the school and church of a village, threatened local officials, and burned the homes of residents. Soldiers abducted Fabriciano Chujandama Chasnamote, Mamerto Chujanda Chasnamote, and Roldan Sabota Chujandama after the raid. None of the three has been seen since the abduction.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Segundo Salas Saldana, Osvalso Torres et al., Case 10.221, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 321, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: A Peruvian army patrol arrested about 700 people, tortured them, looted their homes, and later extorted a large sum of money for their release. During the incident, soldiers killed Saldana, 16, with a grenade. In another settlement in a nearby village, a patrol arrested Torres and five other individuals. All but Torres, whom soldiers beat badly, were released. He remains missing.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Jose Perez Olivares, Case 10.220, Inter-Am C.H.R. 318, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Police abducted Olivares, leader of the United Left. The police denied any knowledge of the incident. Olivares remains missing.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Armando Guamantingo Villanueva et al., Case 10.186, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 315, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: The Political Army Command listed Villanueva and five other people as having died during combat, even though witnesses saw their arrests by the army. These people are still being detained.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Basilio Chirhuana Carbajal et al., Case 10.185, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 312, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Soldiers detained Carbajal and 11 other people who subsequently disappeared. The army denies holding these individuals even though there were numerous witnesses to their arrests.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Manuel Tuanama Garcia and Estalin Fasanando Upiachihua, Case 10.183, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 309, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: The army detained Garcia and Upiachihua before numerous witnesses. The army denies holding them. They remain missing and are presumed to have been transferred to the Mariscal Caceres barracks in Morales.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Fortunato Lopez Lopez et al., Case 10.166, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 306, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: The Peruvian Investigative Police abducted Lopez and two other individuals. They have not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Armando Huamantingo Villanueva and Matiasa Huashua Huamani, Case 10.164, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 303, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: The Peruvian Army arrested Villanueva and Huamani along with their children when they went to an army base to report an attack by the armed forces on their community. The Political Military Command issued a statement claiming that Villanueva died during combat with the armed forces even though witnesses saw the two arrive at the military base.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Angel Francisco Perez Ali et al., Case 10.014, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 300, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: About 4,000 policemen mounted a large-scale operation at the University of San Marcos, Lima, searching for members of subversive organizations. Police detained about 800 people, 34 of whom remain missing. Police tortured several individuals at Bocanegra, a ranch of the Peruvian Investigations Police.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Walter Angel Castillo Cisneros, Case 9883, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 297, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Soldiers arrested Cisneros at the Molina Transportation Agency. Employees of the company witnessed the arrest and copied the license plate of the vehicle in which Cisneros was arrested. He has not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Benjamin Lapa Leon et al., Case 9881, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 294, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Military personnel from the Jano base in Huanta arrested Leon and five other individuals while they participated in the inauguration of new community school buildings in Iquicha. They have not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Gloria Marta Tineo Garcia and Pelayo Arotoma Cacnahuaray, Case 9878, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 291, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Soldiers abducted Garcia and Cacnahuaray from their homes. The army denies knowledge of their whereabouts. Neither has been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Roberto Huaman Ayala and Alciades Bernardo Huayta Leiva, Case 9859, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 288, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Soldiers abducted Ayala and Leiva from their homes and took them to the army barracks in Castrocampa. Neither has been seen since their abduction.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Juan Rivera Alarcon et al., Case 9842, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 285, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Soldiers detained Alarcon and four others the day that country-wide municipal elections were held. Although many people witnessed the abduction and believe that the soldiers took the five to the Vilcashuaman barracks, authorities deny the detention. All five remain missing.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Jose Belarmino Navarrete Cabrera et al., Case 9824, Inter-Am. C.H.R 282, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Soldiers arrested Cabrera, Antonio Janampa Huamantico, and his brother Tomas and detained them at Los Cabitos military barracks. Authorities deny petitioners' detention.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Felix Torres P. et al., Case 9817, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 279, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Soldiers detained Torres, Carlos Lazares during a soccer game. Soldiers also arrested two teachers, Ludovina Arias and Marino Ezequiel Soca. Authorities deny the detentions.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Jorge Herminio Mina et al., Case 9816, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 276, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Soldiers abducted Mina and four other individuals from the areas of La Mar, Huanta, and Vilcashuaman. None of the five have been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Marino Ezequiel Soca, Case 9815, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 273, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Soldiers abducted Soca during a religious festival. Soca has not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Teresa Garcia Bautista and Ruben Nanac, Case 9814, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 270, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Members of the Peruvian Investigations Police (PIP) abducted Bautista from her home. Witnesses stated that PIP agents carried Bautista away wrapped in a blanket and returned to her home that night and abducted Nanac, her son-in-law. Both remain missing.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Teofilo Ramos Gamboa, Case 9809, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 267, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Five men wearing uniforms and ski masks, either members of the army or the Department Intelligence Committee, abducted Gamboa from his home without explanation. When questioned by relatives, General Gil Jara admitted that the abduction occurred in the street. Authorities later denied the detention despite allegations that Gamboa was being secretly held in Los Cabitos barracks. Gamboa remains missing.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Martin Escriba, Case 9807, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 264, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Army soldiers arrested Escriba and three other persons and took them to the army barracks in the city of Cangallo. Authorities denied the detention had occurred. The detainees remain missing.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Severino Quispe Pillaca, Case 9806, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 261, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Army soldiers arrested Pillaca and three other persons and took them to the army barracks in the city of Cangallo. Authorities denied the detention had occurred. The detainees remain missing.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Albino Quino Sulca, Case 9805, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 258, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Army soldiers arrested Sulca along with three other prisoners and took him to the army barracks in the city of Cangallo. The same day, a relative of Sulca's visited the barracks where authorities told her that Sulca would probably be released in 25 days. The following day, authorities denied Sulca had been arrested. He remains missing.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Melchor Tineo Perez, Case 9804, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 255, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Army soldiers arrested Perez and three other persons and took them to the army barracks in Cangallo. The following day, Perez's relatives requested information and authorities informed them that they had sent Perez to Ayacucho. Later, a military spokesman denied the detention. Perez remains missing.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Teodoro Pillaca Tinco, Case 9803, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 251, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1990) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Government agents detained Tinco and took him to an army base. Authorities denied that Tinco's detention had occurred.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Romulo Yangali et al., Case 9433, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 259, OEA/ser. L/V/II.74, doc. 10 rev. 1 (1988) (Annual Report 1987-1988).

Complaint: Yangali, an elections officer from Churcampa, Efren Yangali, an attorney, Fortunato Yangali, an employee of the Office of District Council, and Hugo Bustamante, a schoolteacher, were arrested by the Civil Guard in their homes. The military denies that the four men were arrested and held. Their whereabouts are unknown.

Action Taken: The Commission determined that the Government of Peru violated Articles 4, 7, and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

11. URUGUAY: Hugo Leonardo de los Santos Mendoza et al., Cases 10.029, 10.036, 10.145, 10.305, 10.372, 10.373, 10.374, and 10.375, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 154, OEA/ser. L/V/II.83, doc. 14 corr. 1 (1992) (Annual Report 1992-1993).

Complaint: Petitioners denounced a law immunizing police and military personnel from prosecution for politically motivated crimes committed before March 1, 1985.

Action Taken: The Commission concluded that the law violated Article XVIII of the American Declaration on the Rights and Duties of Man and Articles 1, 8, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

I. Article 9 - Freedom From Ex Post Facto Law

J. Article 10 - Right to Compensation

K. Article 11 - Right to Privacy

1. EL SALVADOR: Ita Ford et al., Case 7575, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 53, OEA/ser. L/V/II.61, doc. 22 rev. 1 (1983) (Annual Report 1982-1983).

Complaint: Salvadoran authorities detained four women from the United States (three nuns and a social worker) while the women were returning from the airport to La Libertad. Local residents found the Americans' van burned and their bodies buried nearby. The women had been raped, tortured, and murdered.

Action Taken: The Commission found the that Government of El Salvador had violated Articles 1, 4, 5, and 11 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

2. GUATEMALA: Alejandro Piche Cuca, Case 10.975, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 216, OEA/ser. L/V/II.85, doc. 9 rev. (1993) (Annual Report 1993).

Complaint: In April 1991, Alejandro Piche Cuca and others were taken by soldiers and forcibly recruited into the army. A request for habeas corpus was filed on his behalf but was rejected. Petitioner pointed out that his detention was unlawful according to Guatemalan law and constitution and that his right of freedom of movement had been violated. The Supreme Court of Guatemala ruled that habeas corpus remedies were not subject to appeal and declared the petition inadmissible.

Action Taken: The Commission found that the Government of Guatemala had violated Articles 1, 7, 11, and 22 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

L. Article 12 - Freedom of Conscience and Religion

1. GUATEMALA: Bishop Juan Gerardi, Case 7778, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 83, OEA/ser. L/V/II.57, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1982) (Annual Report 1981-1982).

Complaint: Bishop Gerardi left the country in July of 1980, following an attempt on his life, to save the lives of the priests and nuns of his diocese. In November of 1980, upon returning from Rome after presenting a report to the Pope on the situation of the Church in Guatemala, he was denied re-entry into his country.

Action Taken: The Commission declared that the refusal to allow the Bishop to return to his home was a de facto expulsion, and that the Government of Guatemala had violated Articles 12, 13, and 22 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

M. Article 13 - Freedom of Thought and Expression

1. COLOMBIA: Olga Esther Bernal, Case 10.537, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 117, OEA/ser. L/V/II.85, doc. 9 rev. (1993) (Annual Report 1993).

Complaint: Olga Esther Bernal Duenas was arrested by a police agent in January 1988. She has not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission concluded that the Government of Colombia had violated Articles 1, 4, 13, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

2. GUATEMALA: Bishop Juan Gerardi, Case 7778, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 83, OEA/ser. L/V/II.57, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1982) (Annual Report 1981-1982).

Complaint: Bishop Gerardi left the country in July of 1980, following an attempt on his life, to save the lives of the priests and nuns of his diocese. In November of 1980, upon returning from Rome after presenting a report to the Pope on the situation of the Church in Guatemala, he was denied re-entry into his country.

Action Taken: The Commission declared that the refusal to allow the Bishop to return to his home was a de facto expulsion, and that the Government of Guatemala had violated Articles 12, 13, and 22 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

3. HAITI: Nicolas Estiverne, Case 9855, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 146, OEA/ser. L/V/II.74, doc. 10 rev. 1 (1988) (Annual Report 1987-1988).

Complaint: Estiverne was a Haitian refugee who fled to the United States and became a United States citizen. He returned to Haiti with the intention of regaining his Haitian citizenship and to run for the presidency. During his campaign, he questioned the government's legality, competence, and accounting system, for which he was declared persona non grata by the Haitian government. He was later expelled.

Action Taken: The Commission found that the Government of Haiti had violated Articles 13, 20, 22, 23, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

N. Article 14 - Right of Reply

O. Article 15 - Right of Assembly

1. ARGENTINA: Alicia Consuelo Herrera et al., Cases 10.147, 10.181, 10.240, 10.262, 10.309, and 10.311, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 41, OEA/ser. L/V/II.83, doc. 14 corr. 1 (1992) (Annual Report 1992-1993).

Complaint: Petitioners denounced Argentine laws which immunized members of the armed forces from prosecution for crimes committed during the so-called "dirty war" of the military dictatorship from 1976 to 1983. Violations included disappearances, summary executions, torture, and kidnapping.

Action Taken: The Commission concluded that the laws violated Article XVIII of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man, and Articles 1, 8, and 15 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

2. GUATEMALA: Gustavo Adolfo Bejarano et al., Case 7490, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 71, OEA/ser. L/V/II.54, doc. 9 rev. 1 (1981) (Annual Report 1980-1981).

Complaint: Government agents took 17 union leaders into custody and tortured them. The government denied having knowledge of the action.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala had violated Articles 5, 7, 8, 15, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Florentino Gomez et al., Case 7403, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 66, OEA/ser. L/V/II.54, doc. 9 rev. 1 (1981) (Annual Report 1980-1981).

Complaint: Police attacked the offices of the National Workers Union and detained 25 to 30 persons, many of whom have not been seen again. Petitioners also denounced the murders of several union leaders and a Spanish priest.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala had violated Articles 4, 7, 8, 15, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Marcelino Santos Chajon et al., Case 7383, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 65, OEA/ser. L/V/II.54, doc. 9 rev. 1 (1981) (Annual Report 1980-1981).

Complaint: Approximately 80 armed men, including uniformed members of the Judiciary Police of the Model Platoon, beat a number of strikers at the Coca-Cola bottling plant and forced them to return to work. Agents abducted two union workers.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala had violated Articles 5, 7, 8, 15, 16, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Israel Marquez et al., Case 4425, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 81, OEA/ser. L/V/II.54, doc. 9 rev. 1 (1981) (Annual Report 1980-1981).

Complaint: Government agents attempted to kill Marquez, secretary general of the Coca-Cola bottling plant union, with machine-gun fire and attempted to abduct him three months later. Although he survived, other union leaders were illegally fired, threatened, attacked, and murdered.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, 8, 15, 16, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

P. Article 16 - Freedom of Association

1. GUATEMALA: Hector Oqueli and Gilda Flores, Case 10.518, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 173, OEA/ser. L/V/II.81, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1992) (Annual Report 1991).

Complaint: Oqueli, a Salvadoran doctor, and Flores, a Guatemalan lawyer, were found dead after being abducted by heavily armed men. Flores had been driving Oqueli, who had been in the country less than 24 hours, to the airport at the time of their abduction.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4, 5, 7, 16, and 25, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Marcelino Santos Chajon et al., Case 7383, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 65, OEA/ser. L/V/II.54, doc. 9 rev. 1 (1981) (Annual Report 1980-1981).

Complaint: Approximately 80 armed men, including uniformed members of the Judiciary Police of the Model Platoon, beat a number of strikers at the Coca-Cola bottling plant and forced them to return to work. Agents abducted two union workers.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala had violated Articles 5, 7, 8, 15, 16, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Israel Marquez et al., Case 4425, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 81, OEA/ser. L/V/II.54, doc. 9 rev. 1 (1981) (Annual Report 1980-1981).

Complaint: Government agents attempted to kill Marquez, secretary general of the Coca-Cola bottling plant union, with machine-gun fire and attempted to abduct him three months later. Although he survived, other union leaders were illegally fired, threatened, attacked, and murdered.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, 8, 15, 16, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

2. NICARAGUA: Nicaraguan Seamen's Union, Case 7310, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 109, OEA/ser. L/V/II.61, doc. 22 rev. 1 (1982) (Annual Report 1982-1983).

Complaint: Members of the Nicaraguan Seamen's Union were threatened and coerced to join the Sandinista Workers' Union.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Nicaragua had violated Article 16 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

Q. Article 17 - Rights of the Family

R. Article 18 - Right to a Name

S. Article 19 - Rights of the Child

1. COLOMBIA: Patricia Rivera de Bernal et al., Case 9477, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 60, OEA/ser. L/V/II.85, doc. 9 rev. (1993) (Annual Report 1993).

Complaint: On December 10, 1982, Patricia Rivera, her two daughters, and Marco Antonio Crespo, were seized by state security agents. They have not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission concluded that the Government of Colombia violated Articles 1, 4, 5, 7, 8, 19, 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

2. EL SALVADOR: Flor de Maria Hernandez Rivas, Case 10.911, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 188, OEA/ser. L/V/II.85, doc. 9 rev. (1994) (Annual Report 1993).

Complaint: In March 1990, Flor de Maria Hernandez Rivas, age 14, was forcibly arrested by National Guardsmen. She was accused of participating in the November 1989 FMLN offensive and was raped and tortured by three men.

Action Taken: The Commission concluded that the Government of El Salvador violated Articles 1, 5, 7, 8, 19, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

EL SALVADOR: Maria Dolores Rivas Quintanilla, Case 10.772, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 181, OEA/ser. L/V/II.85, doc. 9 rev. (1994) (Annual Report 1993).

Complaint: In May 1990, Maria Dolores Rivas Quintanilla, age 7, was raped by a soldier. A local judge refused to consider case.

Action Taken: The Commission concluded that the Government of El Salvador had violated Articles 1, 5, 11, 19, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

T. Article 20 - Right to Nationality

1. HAITI: Nicolas Estiverne, Case 9855, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 146, OEA/ser. L/V/II.74, doc. 10 rev. 1 (1988) (Annual Report 1987-1988).

Complaint: Estiverne was a Haitian refugee who fled to the United States and became a United States citizen. He returned to Haiti with the intention of regaining his Haitian citizenship and to run for the presidency. During his campaign, he questioned the government's legality, competence, and accounting system, for which he was declared persona non grata by the Haitian government. He was later expelled.

Action Taken: The Commission found that the Government of Haiti had violated Articles 13, 20, 22, 23, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

U. Article 21 - Right to Property

1. HAITI: Leon Thebaud, Case 3405, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 46, OEA/ser. L/V/II.63, doc. 10 (1983) (Annual Report 1983-1984).

Complaint: Thebaud, a lawyer, was arbitrarily arrested at his residence and savagely beaten during interrogation. His body showed evidence of the beatings. Thebaud had been preparing to leave Haiti to have an eye operation. After his arrest, his home was ransacked, his library was looted, and his office, including all client files, was destroyed and pillaged. In addition to suffering extremely harsh prison conditions, he lost his sight due to purposeful deprivation of medicines. Thebaud was blind when he was eventually set free. He later escaped to another country.

Action Taken: The Commission determined that the Government of Haiti had violated Articles 5, 7, 8 and 21 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

HAITI: Saint-Julien Charles, Case 3519, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 89, OEA/ser. L/V/II.61, doc. 22 rev. 1 (1982) (Annual Report 1982-1983).

Complaint: Government forces arrested Charles, a former mayor of Fort-Liberte, and imprisoned him without charging him of any crime or giving him a trial. People claiming to be law enforcement agents ransacked his office.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Haiti had violated Articles 5, 7, 8, and 21 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

2. NICARAGUA: Haydee A. de Marin et al., Case 10.770, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 293, OEA/ser. L/V/II.85, doc. 9 rev. (1994) (Annual Report 1993).

Complaint: The Inter-American Commission received a complaint stating that the National Reconstruction Governing Junta had in 1979 denied Haydee A. de Marin, Leonor Marin Arcia, Orlando Marin Arcia, and Maria Haydee Marin Arcia their rights to possess, own, and use their private properties in Nicaragua, even though there was no decree ordering confiscation of the property.

Action Taken: The Commission presumed the alleged facts as true and concluded that the Government of Nicaragua had violated Articles 1, 8, 21, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

NICARAGUA: Carlos Martinez Riguero, Case 7788, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 89, OEA/ser. L/V/II.71, doc. 9 rev. 1 (1987) (Annual Report 1986-1987).

Complaint: The Government of Nicaragua confiscated dividends earned on shares owned by Martinez Riguero in the Espresa Cereales de Centroamerica S.A. (CERSA), and nationalized his quarry without honoring pecuniary obligations arising out of those measures.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Nicaragua had violated Article 21 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

V. Article 22 - Freedom of Movement and Residence

1. BOLIVIA: Diego Morales Barrera, Case 7824, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 44, OEA/ser. L/V/II.57, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1982) (Annual Report 1981-1982).

Complaint: Barrera was a painter and fine arts professor whose work expressed disagreement with the Bolivian government. He and his mother were arrested by agents of the State Intelligence Service. She was released, but he was detained, interrogated, beaten and tortured. Barrera escaped from captivity and went into exile in Switzerland.

Action Taken: The Commission found that the Government of Bolivia had violated Articles 5, 7 and 22 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

BOLIVIA: Juan Antonio Solano, Case 7823, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 42, OEA/ser. L/V/II.57, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1982) (Annual Report 1981-1982).

Complaint: Solano was arrested in 1980 by the Armed Forces and the police, along with 250 other university students. During his detention, he was subjected to torture, severe beatings, and intolerable prison conditions including no food and water. He was kept in a cell 3 x 4 meters containing up to 60 people. Solano thereafter was exiled from Bolivia.

Action Taken: The Commission found that the Government of Bolivia had violated Articles 5, 7, and 22 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

BOLIVIA: Father Julio Tumuri Javier, Case 7472, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 58, OEA/ser. L/V/II.54, doc. 9 rev. 1 (1981) (Annual Report 1980-1981).

Complaint: Government agents arrested and tortured Javier, a 70-year-old Bolivian priest and president of the permanent Assembly of Human Rights.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Bolivia had violated Articles 5, 7, and 22 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

2. EL SALVADOR: Elvis Gustavo Lovato Rivera, Case 10.574, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 174, OEA/ser. L/V/II.85, doc. 9 rev. (1994) (Annual Report 1993).

Complaint: In February 1990, Elvis Gustavo Lovato Rivera was arrested by the army and accused of being a guerrilla. During his detention, he was tortured. Rivera was released three weeks later, but had been threatened with disappearance. Consequently, he was forced to leave his native town.

Action Taken: The Commission concluded that the Government of El Salvador had violated Articles 1, 5, 7, 8, and 22 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

3. GUATEMALA: Alejandro Piche Cuca, Case 10.975, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 216, OEA/ser. L/V/II.85, doc. 9 rev. (1993) (Annual Report 1993).

Complaint: In April 1991, Alejandro Piche Cuca and others were taken by soldiers and forcibly recruited into the army. A request for habeas corpus was filed on his behalf but was rejected. Petitioner pointed out that his detention was unlawful according to Guatemalan law and constitution and that his right of freedom of movement had been violated. The Supreme Court of Guatemala ruled that habeas corpus remedies were not subject to appeal and declared the petition inadmissible.

Action Taken: The Commission found that the Government of Guatemala had violated Articles 1, 7, 11, and 22 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Bishop Juan Gerardi, Case 7778, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 83, OEA/ser. L/V/II.57, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1982) (Annual Report 1981-1982).

Complaint: Bishop Gerardi left the country in July of 1980, following an attempt on his life, to save the lives of the priests and nuns of his diocese. In November of 1980, upon returning from Rome after presenting a report to the Pope on the situation of the Church in Guatemala, he was denied re-entry into his country.

Action Taken: The Commission declared that the refusal to allow the Bishop to return to his home was a de facto expulsion, and that the Government of Guatemala had violated Articles 12, 13, and 22 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Douglas Sequeira Lopez, Case 7464, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 70, OEA/ser. L/V/II.54, doc. 9 rev. 1 (1981) (Annual Report 1980-1981).

Complaint: Treasury security officers detained Lopez, a medical student, on the border between El Salvador and Guatemala. He remains missing.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala had violated Articles 7, 8, 22, and 25 of the Convention.

GUATEMALA: Father Carlos Stetter, Case 7378, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 60, OEA/ser. L/V/II.54, doc. 9 rev. 1 (1981) (Annual Report 1980-1981).

Complaint: Armed men abducted Stetter after he landed at the airport in Huehuetenango and summarily expelled him from the country. Authorities denied having any knowledge of his whereabouts.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government had violated Articles 7, 8, 22, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

4. HAITI: Nicolas Estiverne, Case 9855, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 146, OEA/ser. L/V/II.74, doc. 10 rev. 1 (1988) (Annual Report 1987-1988).

Complaint: Estiverne was a Haitian refugee who fled to the United States and became a United States citizen. He returned to Haiti with the intention of regaining his Haitian citizenship and to run for the presidency. During his campaign, he questioned the government's legality, competence, and accounting system, for which he was declared persona non grata by the Haitian government. He was later expelled.

Action Taken: The Commission found that the Government of Haiti had violated Articles 13, 20, 22, 23, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

HAITI: Jean Julme, Case 2653, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 82, OEA/ser. L/V/II.61, doc. 22 rev. 1 (1982) (Annual Report 1982-1983).

Complaint: Government agents arrested Julme and deported him to France.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Haiti had violated Articles 7, 8, and 22 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

W. Article 23 - Right to Participate in Government

1. HAITI: Nicolas Estiverne, Case 9855, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 146, OEA/ser. L/V/II.74, doc. 10 rev. 1 (1988) (Annual Report 1987-1988).

Complaint: Estiverne was a Haitian refugee who fled to the United States and became a United States citizen. He returned to Haiti with the intention of regaining his Haitian citizenship and to run for the presidency. During his campaign, he questioned the government's legality, competence, and accounting system, for which he was declared persona non grata by the Haitian government. He was later expelled.

Action Taken: The Commission found that the Government of Haiti had violated Articles 13, 20, 22, 23, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

2. MEXICO: National Action Party, Case 10.180, Inter-Am.C.H.R. 237, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1991) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: The National Action Party charged that the 1987 Electoral Law of the State of Nueva Leon prevented the exercise of political rights and deprived the citizens of simple, prompt, and effective recourse to independent and impartial courts for the determination of their political rights.

Action Taken: The Commission concluded that the Mexican government is obligated to immediately adopt corrective measures so that its domestic laws comport with Articles 2, 8, 23, 25, and 28.2 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

X. Article 24 - Right to Equal Protection

Y. Article 25 - Right to Judicial Protection

1. COLOMBIA: Pedro Miguel Gonzalez Martinez et al., Case 10.912, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 132, OEA/ser. L/V/II.85, doc. 9 rev. (1994) (Annual Report 1993).

Complaint: On March 4, 1988, twenty peasant workers from Antioquia were killed by armed men. All the men killed were members of the Antioquia Agricultural Workers Trade Union.

Action Taken: The Commission concluded that the killings could be imputed to the Government of Colombia, and that the government violated Articles 1, 4, 8, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights. It also found that Colombia had violated Sections I and XVIII of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

COLOMBIA: Alvaro Garces Parra et al., Case 10.473, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 94, OEA/ser. L/V/II.85, doc. 9 rev. (1994) (Annual Report 1993).

Complaint: Dr. Alvaro Garces Parra, mayor of Sabana de Torres and member of Union Patriotica-Frente Amplio del Magdalena Medio, was murdered on August 15, 1987 by members of the Colombian Army. Petitioners alleged a military plot and cover-up.

Action Taken: The Commission concluded that the Government of Colombia failed to observe Articles 1, 4, 8, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights and Articles I and XVIII of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

COLOMBIA: Olga Esther Bernal, Case 10.537, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 117, OEA/ser. L/V/II.85, doc. 9 rev. (1993) (Annual Report 1993).

Complaint: Olga Esther Bernal Duenas was arrested by a police agent in January 1988. She has not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission concluded that the Government of Colombia had violated Articles 1, 4, 13, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

COLOMBIA: Irma Vera Pena, Case 10.456, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 81, OEA/ser. L/V/II.85, doc. 9 rev. (1993) (Annual Report 1993).

Complaint: On February 6, 1987, Irma Vera Pena, 17, was found dead in an area occupied by the Colombian Army. Her husband, Delfin Torres Castro, reported her death and was subsequently assassinated on June 9, 1992.

Action Taken: The Commission concluded that the Government of Colombia violated Articles 1, 4, 5, 7, 8, 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

COLOMBIA: Patricia Rivera de Bernal et al., Case 9477, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 60, OEA/ser. L/V/II.85, doc. 9 rev. (1993) (Annual Report 1993).

Complaint: On December 10, 1982, Patricia Rivera, her two daughters, and Marco Antonio Crespo, were seized by state security agents. They have not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission concluded that the Government of Colombia violated Articles 1, 4, 5, 7, 8, 19, 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

COLOMBIA: Alirio de Jesus Pedraza Becerra, Case 10.581, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 61, OEA/ser. L/V/II.83, doc. 14 corr. 1 (1992) (Annual Report 1992-1993).

Complaint: Heavily armed men in civilian clothes beat and arbitrarily detained Becerra, a member of the Political Prisoners Solidarity Committee. Two policemen on the scene failed to take any action as Becerra's abductors identified themselves as members of a state security agency. Becerra had previously received death threats from a paramilitary group.

Action Taken: The Commission concluded that the Colombian government failed to comply with its obligations under Articles 1, 4, 5, 7, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

COLOMBIA: Martin Calderon Jurado, Case 10.454, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 52, OEA/ser. L/V/II.83, doc. 14 corr. 1 (1992) (Annual Report 1992-1993).

Complaint: A paramilitary group assassinated Jurado, a prominent human rights activist, and his driver, Primitivo Silva. Jurado's body had at least 50 bullet wounds. Jurado had previously received death threats from individuals associated with the police and the army.

Action Taken: The Commission concluded that Colombia failed to comply with its obligations under Articles 1, 4, 5, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

COLOMBIA: Orlando Garcia Villamizar et al., Case 10.235, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 27, OEA/ser. L/V/II.81, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1992) (Annual Report 1991).

Complaint: During the course of an investigation into the abduction and deaths of three children, government agents arrested 13 persons. At least three of those apprehended were later found dead while a number of others remain missing.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved the Government of Colombia failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 25, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

2. EL SALVADOR: Maria Teresa Guardado, Case 10.915, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 196, OEA/ser. L/V/II.85, doc. 9 rev. (1994) (Annual Report 1993).

Complaint: In March 1991, Maria Teresa Guardado, age 8, was killed by a bullet fired from within a crowd of celebrating soldiers. Judicial proceedings were not held as the Government of El Salvador argued that it was impossible to determine the identity of the criminal.

Action Taken: The Commission found that the Government of El Salvador violated Articles 1, 4, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

EL SALVADOR: Flor de Maria Hernandez Rivas, Case 10.911, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 188, OEA/ser. L/V/II.85, doc. 9 rev. (1994) (Annual Report 1993).

Complaint: In March 1990, Flor de Maria Hernandez Rivas, age 14, was forcibly arrested by National Guardsmen. She was accused of participating in the November 1989 FMLN offensive and was raped and tortured by three men.

Action Taken: The Commission concluded that the Government of El Salvador violated Articles 1, 5, 7, 8, 19, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

EL SALVADOR: Maria Dolores Rivas Quintanilla, Case 10.772, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 181, OEA/ser. L/V/II.85, doc. 9 rev. (1994) (Annual Report 1993).

Complaint: In May 1990, Maria Dolores Rivas Quintanilla, age 7, was raped by a soldier. A local judge refused to consider case.

Action Taken: The Commission concluded that the Government of El Salvador had violated Articles 1, 5, 11, 19, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

EL SALVADOR: Julio Cesar Juarez Vasquez et al., Case 10.517, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 164, OEA/ser. L/V/II.85, doc. 9 rev. (1994) (Annual Report 1993).

Complaint: In December 1985, Vasquez and his brother Juan Antonio Juarez Vaquez were arrested by members of the Las Chianamas Civilian Defense Force. A few days later, Leonardo Perez Nunez, Gerardo Saldana Salazar, Juan Saldana Salazar, and Jose Eladio Saldana Salazar were seized by soldiers and four men in civilian clothes. Vasquez and the others have not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission concluded that the Government of El Salvador violated Articles 1, 4, 5, 8, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

EL SALVADOR: Jurg Dieter Weis, Case 10.242, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 154, OEA/ser. L/V/II.85, doc. 9 rev. (1994) (Annual Report 1993).

Complaint: On August 22, 1988, in the village of Las Flores, agents of the National Police murdered Mr. Jurg Dieter Weis, a Swiss citizen and theologian.

Action Taken: The Commission concluded that the Government of El Salvador violated Articles 1, 4, 5, 8, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

EL SALVADOR: Erik Felipe Romero Canales, Case 10.571, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 153, OEA/ser. L/V/II.81, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1992) (Annual Report 1991).

Complaint: Members of the First Infantry Brigade arrested Canales on suspicion of being a guerrilla. Canales has not been seen since and the Brigade denies knowledge of his whereabouts.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of El Salvador failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4, 7, and 25, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

EL SALVADOR: Andres Colindres Vasquez et al., Case 10.399, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 141, OEA/ser. L/V/II.81, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1992) (Annual Report 1991).

Complaint: Members of the Military Detachment of Armed Force Engineers detained and tortured Vasquez, his wife Maria Luisa Panameno, and son Miguel Colindres Panameno, before executing them. The family had been accused of being affiliated with guerrilla groups.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of El Salvador failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4, 7, and 25, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

EL SALVADOR: Mesias Elias Hernandez Anzora, Case 10.323, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 136, OEA/ser. L/V/II.81, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1992) (Annual Report 1991).

Complaint: Members of the San Martin Civil Defense and the Salvadoran Air Forces abducted Anzora from his home. They accused Anzora of possessing a firearm and of being a guerrilla collaborator. He has not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of El Salvador failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4, 7, and 25, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

EL SALVADOR: Las Hojas Massacre, Case 10.287, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 83, OEA/ser. L/V/II.83, doc. 14 corr. 1 (1992) (Annual Report 1992-1993).

Complaint: Members of the Salvadoran army assassinated approximately 74 people near Las Hojas. The Government of El Salvador failed to prosecute members of its forces that were implicated in the massacre, and it improperly used an amnesty law which immunized them from prosecution.

Action Taken: The Commission declared that the Government of El Salvador failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4, 5, 8, and 25, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

EL SALVADOR: Julio Ernesto Fuentes Perez, Case 10.277 and 10.333, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 110, OEA/ser. L/V/II.81, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1992) (Annual Report 1991).

Complaint: Members of the Salvadoran Air Force (FAS) abducted Perez, a 10-year-old boy. His family went to FAS headquarters where they were told that the boy was in custody. Later FAS denied having the child. Several days later, soldiers threw three bodies from a helicopter at 300 meters altitude. A body matching Perez's description was among them. His body had signs of torture and his head had been smashed.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of El Salvador failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 25, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

EL SALVADOR: William Fernandez Rivera and Raquel Fernandez Rivera, Case 10.277 and 10.333, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 110, OEA/ser. L/V/II.81, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1992) (Annual Report 1991).

Complaint: Members of the Salvadoran Air Force abducted Rivera and his sister, Raquel Fernandez Rivera, from their home. The body of William Rivera was found the following day showing signs of torture.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of El Salvador failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 25, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

EL SALVADOR: Eliseo Cordova Aguilar, Case 10.211, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 105, OEA/ser. L/V/II.81, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1992) (Annual Report 1991).

Complaint: Three heavily armed men wearing hoods abducted Aguilar. The abductors were either Treasury Police or members of the National Guard. Aguilar's location is still unknown.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of El Salvador failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4, 7, and 25, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

EL SALVADOR: Francisco Hernandez Quintanilla et al., Case 10.103, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 86, OEA/ser. L/V/II.81, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1992) (Annual Report 1991).

Complaint: Soldiers of the First Infantry Brigade stationed at San Carlos base abducted Hernandez and Juan Armando Martinez. On the same day, COPREFA (Salvadoran Armed Service Press Committee) issued a press release claiming that the three men had been kidnapped by guerrillas. Witnesses stated that this press release was false. None of the three men has been seen since the kidnapping.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved the Government of El Salvador failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4, 7, and 25, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

EL SALVADOR: Pedro Jose Castro Alvarenga, Case 10.003, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 81, OEA/ser. L/V/II.81, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1992) (Annual Report 1991).

Complaint: Three heavily armed men in plain clothes entered Alvarenga's home, beat him, and abducted him in a pick-up truck with no license plates. Although witnesses later saw him at National Police Headquarters, police denied any knowledge of his whereabouts. Alvarenga has not been seen again and is presumed dead.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved the Government of El Salvador had violated Articles 1, 4, 7, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

3. GUATEMALA: Hector Oqueli and Gilda Flores, Case 10.518, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 173, OEA/ser. L/V/II.81, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1992) (Annual Report 1991).

Complaint: Oqueli, a Salvadoran doctor, and Flores, a Guatemalan lawyer, were found dead after being abducted by heavily armed men. Flores had been driving Oqueli, who had been in the country less than 24 hours, to the airport at the time of their abduction.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4, 5, 7, 16, and 25, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Danilo Sergio Alvarado Mejia and Rene Aroldo Leiva Cayax, Cases 10.111 and 10.112, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 162, OEA/ser. L/V/II.81, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1992) (Annual Report 1991).

Complaint: Mejia and Cayax, both members of the Western AEVO Student Association, were abducted, in two separate incidents, by plain-clothes members of the security forces driving cars with government plates. Both were found later dead. Mejia's body showed signs of torture.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 25, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Camilo Garcia Luis et al., Case 9858, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 105, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1991) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: Heavily armed men seized Luis and drove him away in a truck. His wife, Marta Odilia Raxjal Sisimit, informed the police and the news media of the abduction. At police request, she went to the police station for questioning and has never been seen again. The same day, a group of men driving a vehicle with tinted glass abducted Sisimit's mother, Maria Esteban Sisimit. Several days later, the bodies of all three were found on a highway.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Nehemias Cumez et al., Case 7581, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 74, OEA/ser. L/V/II.54, doc. 9 rev. 1 (1981) (Annual Report 1980-1981).

Complaint: Four heavily armed men abducted Cumez, Chief of the Department of Low-Cost Housing of Comalapa. He has not been seen since. Two related abductions occurred four months later. Bodies of several of those abducted have since been found showing signs of torture.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, 8, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Gustavo Adolfo Bejarano et al., Case 7490, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 71, OEA/ser. L/V/II.54, doc. 9 rev. 1 (1981) (Annual Report 1980-1981).

Complaint: Government agents took 17 union leaders into custody and tortured them. The government denied having knowledge of the action.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala had violated Articles 5, 7, 8, 15, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Douglas Sequeira Lopez, Case 7464, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 70, OEA/ser. L/V/II.54, doc. 9 rev. 1 (1981) (Annual Report 1980-1981).

Complaint: Treasury security officers detained Lopez, a medical student, on the border between El Salvador and Guatemala. He remains missing.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala had violated Articles 7, 8, 22, and 25 of the Convention.

GUATEMALA: Florentino Gomez et al., Case 7403, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 66, OEA/ser. L/V/II.54, doc. 9 rev. 1 (1981) (Annual Report 1980-1981).

Complaint: Police attacked the offices of the National Workers Union and detained 25 to 30 persons, many of whom have not been seen again. Petitioners also denounced the murders of several union leaders and a Spanish priest.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala had violated Articles 4, 7, 8, 15, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Marcelino Santos Chajon et al., Case 7383, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 65, OEA/ser. L/V/II.54, doc. 9 rev. 1 (1981) (Annual Report 1980-1981).

Complaint: Approximately 80 armed men, including uniformed members of the Judiciary Police of the Model Platoon, beat a number of strikers at the Coca-Cola bottling plant and forced them to return to work. Agents abducted two union workers.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala had violated Articles 5, 7, 8, 15, 16, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Father Carlos Stetter, Case 7378, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 60, OEA/ser. L/V/II.54, doc. 9 rev. 1 (1981) (Annual Report 1980-1981).

Complaint: Armed men abducted Stetter after he landed at the airport in Huehuetenango and summarily expelled him from the country. Authorities denied having any knowledge of his whereabouts.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government had violated Articles 7, 8, 22, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

GUATEMALA: Israel Marquez et al., Case 4425, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 81, OEA/ser. L/V/II.54, doc. 9 rev. 1 (1981) (Annual Report 1980-1981).

Complaint: Government agents attempted to kill Marquez, secretary general of the Coca-Cola bottling plant union, with machine-gun fire and attempted to abduct him three months later. Although he survived, other union leaders were illegally fired, threatened, attacked, and murdered.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Guatemala had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, 8, 15, 16, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

4. HAITI: Jean Emile Estimable et al., Cases 11.102, 11.105, 11.107, 11.110, 11.111, 11.112, 11.113, 11.114, 11.118, 11.120, and 11.122, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 224, OEA/ser. L/V/II.85, doc. 9 rev. (1994) (Annual Report 1993).

Complaint: Several petitions were received by the Commission, regarding illegal detentions by Haitian Armed Forces. The cases were consolidated and the report prepared for all the petitions.

Action Taken: The Commission decided to presume the alleged facts as true. It found that the Haitian authorities had violated Articles 1, 5, 7, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights. The legitimate Government of Haiti, illegally overthrown, was ruled to have been unable to investigate the complaints.

HAITI: Brunel Jacquelin et al., Cases 11.106, 11.108, 11.109, 11.115, 11.119, 11.121, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 232, OEA/ser. L/V/II.85, doc. 9 rev. (1994) (Annual Report 1993).

Complaint: The Commission received several petitions concerning killings and disappearances in Haiti. There were no local judicial investigations into any of the cases.

Action Taken: The Commission considered the alleged facts as true, and concluded that the Haitian authorities had violated Articles 1, 4, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

HAITI: Georges Izmery, Case 11.128, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 239, OEA/ser. L/V/II.85, doc. 9 rev. (1994) (Annual Report 1993).

Complaint: In May 1992, Georges Izmery, the brother of a known supporter of President Aristide, was shot before hundreds of witnesses by a group of soldiers. His body was recovered three days later.

Action Taken: The Commission decided that the Haitian authorities had violated Articles 1, 4, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

HAITI: Nicolas Estiverne, Case 9855, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 146, OEA/ser. L/V/II.74, doc. 10 rev. 1 (1988) (Annual Report 1987-1988).

Complaint: Estiverne was a Haitian refugee who fled to the United States and became a United States citizen. He returned to Haiti with the intention of regaining his Haitian citizenship and to run for the presidency. During his campaign, he questioned the government's legality, competence, and accounting system, for which he was declared persona non grata by the Haitian government. He was later expelled.

Action Taken: The Commission found that the Government of Haiti had violated Articles 13, 20, 22, 23, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

5. HONDURAS: Miguel Angel Pavon Salazar and Moises Landaverde Recarte, Case 10.437, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 249, OEA/ser. L/V/II.85, doc. 9 rev. (1994) (Annual Report 1993).

Complaint: Miguel Angel Pavon and Moises Landaverde Recarte were assassinated on January 14, 1988 in the city of San Pedro Sula. Pavon had been a witness for the Inter-American Court of Human Rights.

Action Taken: The Commission concluded that the Government of Honduras had violated Articles 1, 4, 8, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

HONDURAS: Francisco Javier Bonilla, Case 10.793, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 93, OEA/ser. L/V/II.83, doc. 14 corr. 1 (1993) (Annual Report 1992-1993).

Complaint: An agent of the National Investigations Department shot and killed Bonilla, an activist in the Honduran Social Security Institute Union.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government had violated Articles 1, 2, 8, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

6. JAMAICA: Clifton Wright, Case 9260, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 154, OEA/ser. L/V/II.74, doc. 10 rev. 1 (1988) (Annual Report 1987-1988).

Complaint: Wright was arrested, convicted, and sentenced to death for a murder for which he claimed he had no knowledge. Upon his arrest, he was severely beaten and Ajax was thrown in his eyes.

Action Taken: The Commission found that the Government of Jamaica had violated Article 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

7. MEXICO: National Action Party, Case 10.180, Inter-Am.C.H.R. 237, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1991) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: The National Action Party charged that the 1987 Electoral Law of the State of Nueva Leon prevented the exercise of political rights and deprived the citizens of simple, prompt, and effective recourse to independent and impartial courts for the determination of their political rights.

Action Taken: The Commission concluded that the Mexican government is obligated to immediately adopt corrective measures so that its domestic laws comport with Articles 2, 8, 23, 25, and 28.2 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

8. NICARAGUA: Haydee A. de Marin et al., Case 10.770, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 293, OEA/ser. L/V/II.85, doc. 9 rev. (1994) (Annual Report 1993).

Complaint: The Inter-American Commission received a complaint stating that the National Reconstruction Governing Junta had in 1979 denied Haydee A. de Marin, Leonor Marin Arcia, Orlando Marin Arcia, and Maria Haydee Marin Arcia their rights to possess, own, and use their private properties in Nicaragua, even though there was no decree ordering confiscation of the property.

Action Taken: The Commission presumed the alleged facts as true and concluded that the Government of Nicaragua had violated Articles 1, 8, 21, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

9. PANAMA: Hugo Spadafora Franco, Case 9726, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 174, OEA/ser. L/V/II.74, doc. 10 rev. 1 (1987) (Annual Report 1987-1988).

Complaint: Dr. Spadafora, a Costa Rican national, was forced off a bus he was riding to Panama City by an agent of the Defense Forces inside Panama's borders. The next morning, his decapitated and mutilated body was found in Costa Rica 300 meters from the Panamanian border.

Action Taken: The Commission declared that the Government of Panama had violated Articles 4, 5, 7, 8, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

10. PERU: Guadalupe Ccalloccunto Olano, Case 10.563, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 303, OEA/ser. L/V/II.85, doc. 9 rev. (1993) (Annual Report 1993).

Complaint: In June 1990, Mrs. Guadalupe Ccalloccunto Olano was abducted by fifteen men in attire similar to that worn by the military. She has not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission concluded that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 1, 4, 5, 7, 8 and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Simerman Rafael Antonio Navarro, Case 10.531, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 136, OEA/ser. L/V/II.83, doc. 14 corr. 1 (1993) (Annual Report 1992-1993).

Complaint: Approximately 12 soldiers of the Peruvian army broke into Navarro's home and abducted him. When his parents inquired about him at a military base close to their home, spokesmen denied knowledge of the incident. His whereabouts are still unknown.

Action Taken: The Commission found that the Government of Peru failed to comply with Article 1, and violated Articles 4, 5, 7, and 25, of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Falconieri Saravia Castillo, Case 10.528, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 128, OEA/ser. L/V/II.83, doc. 14 corr. 1 (1993) (Annual Report 1992-1993).

Complaint: An armed military man in civilian clothes arrested Castillo, president of the Huancavelica Agrarian Federation, municipal agent for the community of Santa Barbara, and member of the United Left. Although witnesses saw Castillo being taken in the direction of the office of the Political Military Command, that office denied ever arresting Castillo. Thereafter, Castillo's body was found with visible signs of torture.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Peruvian Government had violated Articles 1, 4, 5, 7, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Teofilo Rimac Capcha, Case 10.443, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 118, OEA/ser. L/V/II.83, doc. 14 corr. 1 (1993) (Annual Report 1992-1993).

Complaint: The Peruvian Army arrested a number of people on charges of terrorism. Soldiers detained and tortured the arrestees. Capcha, a university professor, died as a result.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Peru had violated Articles 1, 4, 5, 7, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

PERU: Raul Salas Chocas et al., Case 10.433, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 110, OEA/ser. L/V/II.83, doc. 14 corr. 1 (1993) (Annual Report 1992-1993).

Complaint: Following a clash between the Peruvian Army and the Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement, the army took seven civilians into custody. The army later denied having any knowledge regarding the missing persons.

Action Taken: The Commission concluded that the Peruvian Government had violated Articles 1, 4, 7, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

11. URUGUAY: Hugo Leonardo de los Santos Mendoza et al., Cases 10.029, 10.036, 10.145, 10.305, 10.372, 10.373, 10.374, and 10.375, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 154, OEA/ser. L/V/II.83, doc. 14 corr. 1 (1992) (Annual Report 1992-1993).

Complaint: Petitioners denounced a law immunizing police and military personnel from prosecution for politically motivated crimes committed before March 1, 1985.

Action Taken: The Commission concluded that the law violated Article XVIII of the American Declaration on the Rights and Duties of Man and Articles 1, 8, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

Z. Article 26 - Progressive Development

AA. Article 27 - Suspension of Guarantees

AB. Article 28 - Federal Clause

1. MEXICO: National Action Party, Case 10.180, Inter-Am.C.H.R. 237, OEA/ser. L/V/II.79, doc. 12 rev. 1 (1991) (Annual Report 1990-1991).

Complaint: The National Action Party charged that the 1987 Electoral Law of the State of Nueva Leon prevented the exercise of political rights and deprived the citizens of simple, prompt, and effective recourse to independent and impartial courts for the determination of their political rights.

Action Taken: The Commission concluded that the Mexican government is obligated to immediately adopt corrective measures so that its domestic laws comport with Articles 2, 8, 23, 25, and 28.2 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

V. Violations of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man

A. Article I - Right to Life, Liberty, and Personal Security

1. ARGENTINA: Ana Maria Martinez, Case 7970, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 32, OEA/ser. L/V/II.63, doc. 10 (1984) (Annual Report 1983-1984).

Complaint: Martinez was kidnapped by security forces. A body was later found that was thought to be hers.

Action Taken: The Commission found that the Government of Argentina had violated Articles I and XXV of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

ARGENTINA: Maria Teresa Cervino, Case 7913, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 29, OEA/ser. L/V/II.63, doc. 10 (1984) (Annual Report 1983-1984).

Complaint: 29 year old Cervino's body was found hanging from a bridge with a placard attached that read, "I was a guerilla. Follow me." She had been shot. The autopsy and burial of her body took place with unusual speed and did not involve her relatives. The cemetery director delayed a month in revealing the place of burial while the government obscured the homicide investigation.

Action Taken: The Commission determined that the Government of Argentina had violated Articles I, XVIII, and XXV of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

ARGENTINA: Dr. Jorge Ernesto Turk, Case 6808, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 28, OEA/ser. L/V/II.63, doc. 10 (1983) (Annual Report 1983-1984).

Complaint: Dr. Turk disappeared after reporting to a police summons. Relatives were later told that Dr. Turk had died. They received no death certificate.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Argentina had violated Articles I and XXV of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

ARGENTINA: Patricio Blas Tierno, Case 5671, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 26, OEA/ser. L/V/II.63, doc. 10 (1983) (Annual Report 1983-1984).

Complaint: Tierno, a law student, was imprisoned with no charges having been made against him. He was murdered in prison.

Action Taken: The Commission found that the Government of Argentina violated Article I of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

ARGENTINA: Ines Ollero, Case 4326, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 23, OEA/ser. L/V/II.57, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1982) (Annual Report 1981-1982).

Complaint: Ollero, a biology student, was detained on a bus along with several other people by Navy Forces. Although the others were allowed to leave, she was not released. Her whereabouts are unknown.

Action Taken: The Commission declared that the Government of Argentina had violated Articles I and XXV of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

ARGENTINA: Monica Bustos, Case 2488, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 19, OEA/ser. L/V/II.54, doc. 9 rev. 1 (1981) (Annual Report 1980-1981).

Complaint: Security forces imprisoned and tortured Bustos, resulting in a nearly fatal coma. The government resolved that it was holding Bustos at the discretion of the Executive, without charges or trial.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Argentina had violated Articles I, XXV, and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

ARGENTINA: Rosa Ana Frigerio, Case 3358, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 70, OEA/ser. L/V/II.50, doc. 13 rev. 1 (1980) (Annual Report 1979-1980).

Complaint: Naval personnel arrested Frigerio, an agronomy student, in her parents' house where she had been restricted to bed as a result of surgery for a serious infection and bone marrow graft. She died in detention.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Argentina had violated Articles I, XVIII, and XXV of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

ARGENTINA: Gustavo Westerkamp, Case 2127, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 75, OEA/ser. L/V/II.50, doc. 13 rev. 1 (1980) (Annual Report 1979-1980).

Complaint: Government officials detained, imprisoned and tortured Westerkamp for over three years without specifying the charges or giving due process.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Argentina had violated Articles I, XXV, and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

ARGENTINA: Alberto Samuel Falicoff, Case 2662, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 52, OEA/ser. L/V/II.47, doc. 13 rev. 1 (1979) (Annual Report 1978).

Complaint: Security forces arrested, imprisoned, and tortured Falicoff in the presence of his wife, Estelia Maria Cornalea de Falicoff, whom they also detained but subsequently released.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Argentina had violated Articles I, XVIII, and XXV of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

ARGENTINA: Esteban Cabrera et al., Case 2291, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 48, OEA/ser. L/V/II.47, doc. 13 rev. 1 (1979) (Annual Report 1978).

Complaint: The National Guard detained Esteban Cabrera and Eduardo Sotero Franco Venegas, Paraguayan citizens with legal residence in Argentina, and Lidia Esther Cabrera de Franco, an Argentine citizen, and then turned them over to the Paraguayan authorities who tortured them.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved the actions of the Government of Argentina to be violations of Articles I, VIII, and XXV of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

ARGENTINA: Clara Anahi Mariani, Case 2553, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 58, OEA/ser. L/V/II.50, doc. 13 rev. 1 (1978) (Annual Report 1979-1980).

Complaint: Mariani, a three-month-old child disappeared following an armed conflict between government forces and the occupants of a farm. The farm was the residence of Mariani and her family. The child is believed to have been given away or sold by the government forces. The child remains missing.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Argentina had violated Articles I and XXV of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

ARGENTINA: Dagmar Ingrid Hagelin, Case 2484, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 55, OEA/ser. L/V/II.50, doc. 13 rev. 1 (1978) (Annual Report 1979-1980).

Complaint: Soldiers occupied the home of Hagelin's friend, Nora Burgos. On a visit to Burgos, Hagelin ran in fright after seeing the soldiers. Soldiers chased Hagelin, shot her, put her in the trunk of a commandeered taxi, and abducted her. In response to writs of habeas corpus and intercession by the Swedish Embassy, the Government of Argentina denied knowledge of her whereabouts.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Argentina had violated Articles I, XVIII, and XXV of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

ARGENTINA: Patrick Rice & Fatima Edelmira Cabrera, Case 2450, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 33, OEA/ser. L/V/II.47, doc. 13 rev. 1 (1978) (Annual Report 1978).

Complaint: Security forces kidnapped Rice, a Catholic priest and Irish citizen, along with Cabrera with whom he was walking. Argentine security forces tortured both of them before releasing them.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Argentine government had violated Articles I, XVIII, and XXV of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

ARGENTINA: Nelida Azucena Sosa de Forti et al., Case 2271, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 29, OEA/ser. L/V/II.47, doc. 13 rev. 1 (1978) (Annual Report 1978).

Complaint: Government agents removed de Forti and her five children from an airplane. Forti remains missing.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Argentine government had violated Articles I, XVIII, XXV, and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

ARGENTINA: Jorge San Vicente, Case 2266, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 52, OEA/ser. L/V/II.50, doc. 13 rev. 1 (1978) (Annual Report 1979-1980).y

Complaint: Police arrested San Vicente and subsequently told his family that he was being detained in the narcotics section of a local police station. Despite successive writs of habeas corpus, San Vicente was not located.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Argentina had violated Articles I, XVIII, XXV and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

ARGENTINA: Monica Maria Candelaria Mignone, Case 2209, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 49, OEA/ser. L/V/II.50, doc. 13 rev. 1 (1978) (Annual Report 1979-1980).

Complaint: Heavily armed Argentine soldiers abducted Mignone from her home. Her whereabouts are unknown. In response to a writ of habeas corpus, authorities denied that she is being detained.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Argentine government had violated Articles I, XVIII, XXV and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

ARGENTINA: Enrique Rodriguez Larreta Piera, Case 2155, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 46, OEA/ser. L/V/II.50, doc. 13 rev. 1 (1978) (Annual Report 1979-1980).

Complaint: Authorities detained Piera, imprisoned and tortured him. Thereafter, he was transferred to Uruguay and released.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Argentina had violated Articles I and XXV of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

ARGENTINA: Jehovah's Witnesses, Case 2137, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 43, OEA/ser. L/V/II.47, doc. 13 rev. 1 (1978) (Annual Report 1978).

Complaint: The President of Argentina ordered that the office and all worship centers of the Jehovah's Witnesses be closed.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved the actions of the Government of Argentina to be violations of Articles I, V, XII, XXI and XXV of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

ARGENTINA: Hipolito Solari Yrigoyen, Case 2088 A, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 38, OEA/ser. L/V/II.50, doc. 13 rev. 1 (1978) (Annual Report 1979-1980).

Complaint: Military agents arrested former Senator Yrigoyen at his home, tortured him, ransacked his house, and destroyed his car. Authorities released him two weeks later but police immediately rearrested Yrigoyen for alleged subversive activity and jailed him for nine months without trial. He was tortured throughout his detention and received no medical attention. On release, authorities expelled him from Argentina.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Argentine government had violated Articles I, VIII, XVIII, and XXV of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

ARGENTINA: Mario Abel Amaya, Case 2088 B, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 43, OEA/ser. L/V/II.50, doc. 13 rev. 1 (1978) (Annual Report 1979-1980).

Complaint: Uniformed military authorities arrested Amaya, a former national legislator, at his home for alleged subversive activities. Authorities imprisoned Amaya and tortured him until death.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Argentine government had violated Articles I, XVIII, and XXV of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

2. BOLIVIA: Vladimir Sattori Benquique, Case 2760, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 75, OEA/ser. L/V/II.47, doc. 13 rev. 1 (1979) (Annual Report 1978).

Complaint: Bolivian government officials imprisoned and tortured Benquique, a student leader, before deporting him to Venezuela.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Bolivia had violated Articles I and VIII of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

BOLIVIA: Edwin Antonio Guachalla Viana, Case 2759, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 73, OEA/ser. L/V/II.47, doc. 13 rev. 1 (1979) (Annual Report 1978).

Complaint: Police shot and wounded Viana four times in an early morning raid on the house in which he was residing. Bolivian agents imprisoned and tortured Viana despite his serious injuries.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Bolivia had violated Article I of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

BOLIVIA: Sonia Flores et al., Case 2758, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 71, OEA/ser. L/V/II.47, doc. 13 rev. 1 (1979) (Annual Report 1978).

Complaint: "Political Police" detained and whipped both Flores, who was pregnant, her husband, N. Carrillo, and Cancil Plaza. Officials released Flores eight months later, but held her under house arrest.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Bolivia had violated Article I of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

BOLIVIA: Elsa Burgoa, Case 2757, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 68, OEA/ser. L/V/II.47, doc. 13 rev. 1 (1979) (Annual Report 1978).

Complaint: Officials of the Bolivian government arrested and physically and mentally tortured Burgoa, a professor, because she had helped Amnesty International with an investigation.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Bolivia had violated Article I of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

BOLIVIA: Abel Ayoroa Argondona, Case 2756, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 64, OEA/ser. L/V/II.47, doc. 13 rev. 1 (1979) (Annual Report 1978).

Complaint: Government agents imprisoned Argondona, legal adviser to trade union organizations, interrogated and threatened to torture him. He was released and told to leave the country. He attained asylum in Chile. While there, government agents detained and tortured him. They returned Argondona to Bolivian officials who tortured and forced him to sign statements. The Bolivian government then expelled him to Paraguay.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Bolivia had violated Articles I, VIII, XXV and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

BOLIVIA: Maria Cristina de Choque, Case 2722, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 60, OEA/ser. L/V/II.47, doc. 13 rev. 1 (1979) (Annual Report 1978).

Complaint: Government agents imprisoned de Choque, who suffered a miscarriage as a result of torture. She was arrested and imprisoned a second time without due process. She was held incommunicado with her six-month-old son.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Bolivia had violated Articles I and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

BOLIVIA: Nilda Heredia Miranda, Case 2721, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 58, OEA/ser. L/V/II.47, doc. 13 rev. 1 (1979) (Annual Report 1978).

Complaint: A large group of Bolivian government agents kidnapped Miranda, a physician, and tortured her in a police station, causing her to attempt suicide.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Bolivia had violated Articles I and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

BOLIVIA: Ruben Luis Romero Eguino, Case 2720, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 56, OEA/ser. L/V/II.47, doc. 13 rev. 1 (1979) (Annual Report 1978).

Complaint: Agents of the Government of Bolivia tortured and starved Eguino, a medical student. They refused him medical attention and he lost his leg due to the torture. Agents also tortured his wife and his two young children in his presence.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Bolivia had violated Articles I and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

BOLIVIA: Amalia Rada et al., Case 1757, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 136 (1974), (Ten Years of Activities 1971-81).

Complaint: Bolivian authorities arrested, tortured and caused the disappearances of Rada, Aida Pechazas, and Elsa Burgoa de Zapata.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Bolivia had violated Articles I, XVIII, XXV, and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

3. BRAZIL: Status of the Yanomami Indians, Case 7615, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 24, OEA/ser. L/V/II.66, doc. 10 rev. 1 (1985) (Annual Report 1984-1985).

Complaint: Petitioners alleged a range of human rights violations had been committed against the Yanomami Indians. The petitioners' chief concerns included the continued exploitation of the Indians' Amazonian habitat by the government, underdevelopment of the protection of the Indians's health, the legal status and civil rights of the Indians, and the possibility of transfer of tribes and of intervention by the government in the Indians' zones.

Action Taken: By reason of the failure of the Government of Brazil to take timely and effective measures regarding the Yanomamis, the Commission found that it had violated Articles I, VIII, and XI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

4. CHILE: Rodrigo Rojas DeNegri, Case 9755, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 132, OEA/ser. L/V/II.74, doc. 10 rev. 1 (1988) (Annual Report 1987-1988).

Complaint: DeNegri and Carmen Gloria Quintana Arancibia were arrested, beaten, set on fire, and abandoned by an army patrol. DeNegri subsequently died as a result of the burns.

Action Taken: The Commission held that the Government of Chile had violated Article I and XVIII of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

CHILE: Gilberto Mario Fernandez Lopez, Case 9474, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 48, OEA/ser. L/V/II.66, doc. 10 rev. 1 (1985) (Annual Report 1984-1985).

Complaint: Lopez was arrested at his home by members of the National Intelligence Agency (CNI). He was tortured and killed.

Action Taken: The Commission determined that the Government of Chile had violated Articles I, II, and XVIII of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

CHILE: Nelson Herrera Riveros and Mario Octavio Lagos Rodriguez, Case 9472, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 46, OEA/ser. L/V/II.66, doc. 10 rev. 1 (1985) (Annual Report 1984-1985).

Complaint: Riveros and Rodriguez were taken off a bus at gunpoint by persons in uniforms and civilian clothes, later identified as members of the National Intelligence Agency (CNI). Both were shot and killed.

Action Taken: The Commission declared that the Chilean government had violated Article I of the American Declaration on the Rights and Duties of Man.

CHILE: Juan Antonio Aguirre Ballesteros, Case 9437, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 43, OEA/ser. L/V/II.66, doc. 10 rev. 1 (1985) (Annual Report 1984-1985).

Complaint: Ballesteros was arrested by uniformed personnel of the Carabineros and tortured with electric current. His badly decomposed and decapitated body was later identified by his relatives.

Action Taken: The Commission declared that the Government of Chile had violated Articles I, II and XVIII of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

CHILE: Daniel Palma Robledo, Case 2931, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 47, OEA/ser. L/V/II.57, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1982) (Annual Report 1981-1982).

Complaint: Robledo was arbitrarily detained by a faction of the National Intelligence Bureau (DINA). His whereabouts are unknown.

Action Taken: The Commission declared that the Government of Chile had violated Article I and XXV of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

CHILE: Miguel Angel Rojas Abarca, Case 4666, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 50, OEA/ser. L/V/II.57, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1981) (Annual Report 1981-1982).

Complaint: Abarca, a 16 year-old student, was in bed sleeping when investigations officers broke in, dragged him out of his house, and put him in the trunk of a vehicle. During his detention, he was beaten, psychologically tortured, and forced to sign a document swearing that he had been treated well during his captivity.

Action Taken: The Commission declared that the Government of Chile had violated Article I and XXV of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

CHILE: Raul Lopez Peralta, Case 4665, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 56, OEA/ser. L/V/II.57, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1981) (Annual Report 1981-1982).

Complaint: Peralta was abducted by carabineros, civilians with submachine guns, and taken to a CNI facility on the Avenida Santa Maria. He was tortured along with Federico Alvarez Santibanez, who died as a result of the torture. Peralta was tortured with an electric grill, at high voltage, and in general was subject to physical and psychological abuse. At the time of his case, he was kept in the penitentiary, allegedly having violated the arms control law.

Action Taken: The Commission declared that the Government of Chile had violated Article I and XXV of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

CHILE: Federico Renato Alvarez Santibanez, Case 4573, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 52, OEA/ser. L/V/II.57, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1981) (Annual Report 1981-1982).

Complaint: Santibanez, professor of chemistry, was arbitrarily detained by agents of the National Investigations Center (CNI). He was incarcerated for six days after which he died in a hospital. His body showed evidence of torture.

Action Taken: The Commission declared that the Government of Chile had violated Articles I and XXV of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

CHILE: Carlos Humberto Contreras Maluje, Case 2126, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 77, OEA/ser. L/V/II.47, doc. 13 rev. 1 (1978) (Annual Report 1978).

Complaint: Agents of the National Intelligence Bureau detained and beat Maluje, a town counselor representing the Chilean Communist Party. Maluje's whereabouts remain unknown.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Chile had violated Articles I, XVIII, XXV, and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

CHILE: Enrique Paris Roa, Case 1790, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 147, (1977) (Ten Years of Activities 1971-81).

Complaint: Chilean authorities arrested, tortured and possibly murdered Roa, a physician and advisor to the late President of Chile, Salvador Allende.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Chile had violated Article I of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

5. COLOMBIA: Pedro Miguel Gonzalez Martinez et al., Case 10.912, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 132, OEA/ser. L/V/II.85, doc. 9 rev. (1994) (Annual Report 1993).

Complaint: On March 4, 1988, twenty peasant workers from Antioquia were killed by armed men. All the men killed were members of the Antioquia Agricultural Workers Trade Union.

Action Taken: The Commission concluded that the killings could be imputed to the Government of Colombia, and that the government violated Articles 1, 4, 8, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights. It also found that Colombia had violated Articles I and XVIII of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

COLOMBIA: Alvaro Garces Parra et al., Case 10.473, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 94, OEA/ser. L/V/II.85, doc. 9 rev. (1994) (Annual Report 1993).

Complaint: Dr. Alvaro Garces Parra, mayor of Sabana de Torres and member of Union Patriotica-Frente Amplio del Magdalena Medio, was murdered on August 15, 1987 by members of the Colombian Army. Petitioners alleged a military plot and cover-up.

Action Taken: The Commission concluded that the Government of Colombia failed to observe Articles 1, 4, 8, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights and Articles I and XVIII of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

6. CUBA: Victor Miguel Canton Gomez, Case 7899, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 70, OEA/ser. L/V/II.57, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1982) (Annual Report 1981-1982).

Complaint: Gomez was sentenced to 30 years in prison when he was 21 years old for giving medical care in his house to two wounded friends. He and the friends belonged to a political movement which stood in opposition to the government. At the time of his case, Gomez had served 20 years in prison.

Action Taken: The Commission declared that the Government of Cuba had violated Articles I, XI, XVIII, XXV, and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

CUBA: Roger Reyes Fernandez, Case 6093, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 77, OEA/ser. L/V/II.57, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1982) (Annual Report 1981-1982).

Complaint: Fernandez was sentenced to 20 years in prison in 1966, after enduring physical and mental torture during an interrogation. While in prison, he has been subjected to various tortures so degrading, that he felt compelled to take part in several hunger strikes protesting the abuse of his human rights. Due to the hunger strikes and prison conditions, he suffers from gastritis and stomach ulcers.

Action Taken: The Commission found that the Government of Cuba had violated Articles I, XI, XVIII, and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

CUBA: Eduardo Capote Rodriguez, Case 6091, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 71, OEA/ser. L/V/II.57, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1982) (Annual Report 1981-1982).

Complaint: Rodriguez was seized and sentenced to 15 years in prison where he has been routinely subjected to savage beatings, harsh inspections, and physical and mental torture nearly every day of those fifteen years. Once his term was served, the government indefinitely extended the sentence, a procedure typically used in cases of political prisoners.

Action Taken: The Commission declared that the Government of Cuba had violated Articles I, XI, XVIII, XXV, and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

CUBA: Armando F. Valladares, Case 2300, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 65, OEA/ser. L/V/II.57, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1982) (Annual Report 1981-1982).

Complaint: Valladares was sentenced to 30 years in prison for political disagreement with Castro. While he in prison, Valladares suffered physical and psychological torture, harsh prison conditions, and untreated illnesses as a result of incarceration. Action Taken: The Commission declared that the Government of Cuba had violated Articles I, X, XI, XVIII, XXV, and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

CUBA: Eduardo Prieto Blanco and Alberto Prieto Blanco, Case 7455, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 102, OEA/ser. L/V/II.54, doc. 9 rev. 1 (1981) (Annual Report 1980-1981).

Complaint: After falsely telling Eduardo and Alberto Blanco that they were free to leave in the Mariel boat-lift, authorities took the pair from their homes and incarcerated them. They remain missing and are presumed dead.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Cuba had violated Articles I and XXV of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

CUBA: Jorge Alemany Pelaez et al., Case 4677, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 98, OEA/ser. L/V/II.54, doc. 9 rev. 1 (1981) (Annual Report 1980-1981).

Complaint: In January 1959, Cuban authorities jailed all 28 members of the Cuban air corps despite their acquittal and order for release. After the acquittal, Fidel Castro arranged a second trial in which he ordered a verdict of guilty with a sentence of 30 years in prison for all but one defendant. The prisoners complained of cruel and degrading treatment as well as inadequate food and medical care.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Cuba had violated Articles I and XI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

CUBA: Eduardo Capote Rodriguez et al., Case 4429, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 96, OEA/ser. L/V/II.54, doc. 9 rev. 1 (1981) (Annual Report 1980-1981).

Complaint: Prison authorities held Rodriguez and over 169 prisoners under inhumane conditions. Prisoners were held incommunicado, and without medical care or decent food.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Cuba had violated Articles I and XI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

CUBA: Political Prisoners of Combinado del Este Prison, Case 4402, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 94, OEA/ser. L/V/II.54, doc. 9 rev. 1 (1981) (Annual Report 1980-1981).

Complaint: Authorities transferred 114 prisoners to a maximum security prison under inhumane conditions. The prisoner were held in "dog kennel"-like incarceration for more than 20 hours with little medical care or food.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Cuba had violated Articles I, XI, XVIII, XXV, and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

CUBA: Clara Abrahante Boite, Case 3992, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 91, OEA/ser. L/V/II.54, doc. 9 rev. 1 (1981) (Annual Report 1980-1981).

Complaint: Authorities repeatedly denied Boite's requests for permission to leave Cuba.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Cuba had violated Articles I and VIII of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

CUBA: Alberto Fibia Gonzalez et al., Case 3884, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 93, OEA/ser. L/V/II.54, doc. 9 rev. 1 (1981) (Annual Report 1980-1981).

Complaint: Government agents subjected several prisoners to lengthy torturous interrogations in police jails. The prisoners have not been seen since.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Cuba had violated Article I of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

CUBA: Ernesto Arraigotia, Case 3496, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 89, OEA/ser. L/V/II.54, doc. 9 rev. 1 (1981) (Annual Report 1980-1981).

Complaint: Government agents arrested and imprisoned Arraigotia for allegedly setting fire to a theater, then tortured him for a confession. He is thought to still be imprisoned or dead.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Cuba had violated Article I of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

CUBA: Angel Cuadra Landrove, Case 2299, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 87, OEA/ser. L/V/II.54, doc. 9 rev. 1 (1981) (Annual Report 1980-1981).

Complaint: Cuban authorities imprisoned Landrove and charged him with being an enemy of and propagandist against the government. After torturing him during eight years in prison, authorities released Landrove only to re-imprison him without due process of law.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Cuban government had violated Articles I and XVIII of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

CUBA: Carlos Cabelo del Sol et al., Case 1805, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 153, (1975) (Ten Years of Activities 1971-81).

Complaint: Authorities treated political prisoners inhumanely, held them without trial, and summarily executed some of them.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Cuba had violated Article I of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

CUBA: Pedro Luis Boitel, Case 1604, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 101, (1973) (Ten Years of Activities 1971-81).

Complaint: Cuban officials imprisoned Boitel under inhumane conditions. Boitel sought authorization to leave Cuba, but died after 11 years in prison.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Cuban government had violated Article I of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

7. EL SALVADOR: Carlos Antonio Madriz et al., Case 2530, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 226, (1978) (Ten Years of Activities 1971-81).

Complaint: A group of armed men attacked and kidnapped Madriz from his home. Salvadoran officials denied participation. A released prisoner confirmed that Madriz, along with others similarly missing, was being held in prison.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of El Salvador had violated Articles I, XVIII, XXV, XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

8. GUATEMALA: Cases 1702, 1748, 1755, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 128, (1974) (Ten Years of Activities 1971-81).

Complaint: In Case 1702, petitioners denounced violations of human rights, particularly a number of deaths following the government's imposition of a "state of siege" on November 12, 1970. Case 1748 denounced the death or disappearance of 296 individuals from late 1971 to early 1972. Case 1755 denounced the arbitrary arrest of a number of individuals in Guatemala City and the lack of effective results for writs of habeas corpus submitted to judicial authorities.

Action Taken: The Commission requested permission to send an investigator to Guatemala, but the Guatemalan government refused. The Commission resolved that Guatemala had violated Article I of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man. The Commission then futilely recommended that the Government of Guatemala investigate these events and report its findings to the Commission. The Commission then resolved that Guatemala had violated Articles I, XVIII, XXV, and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

9. HAITI: Marc Romulus, Case 1992, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 170, (1977) (Ten Years of Activities 1971-81).

Complaint: Government authorities detained Romulus and held him in subhuman conditions without a trial.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Haiti had violated Articles I, XVIII, XXV and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

HAITI: Prisoners Held Without Trial, Case 1944, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 167, (1977) (Ten Years of Activities 1971-81).

Complaint: Government agents detained 74 individuals for a number of years without trial.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Haiti had violated Articles I, XVIII, XXV, and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

10. PANAMA: Thelma King, Case 2777, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 67, OEA/ser. L/V/II.50, doc. 13 rev. 1 (1979) (Annual Report 1979-1980).

Complaint: The Commission asked the Panamanian government for a report on 103 individuals supposedly in exile, including Dr. King. The Government of Panama responded with an announcement that all exiles could return to Panama without fear. The Government also responded that Dr. King was then living in Panama.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Panama had violated Articles I, VIII and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

PANAMA: Carlos Ernesto Gonzalez de la Lastra, Case 2509, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 63, OEA/ser. L/V/II.50, doc. 13 rev. 1 (1979) (Annual Report 1979-1980).

Complaint: The Panamanian Minister of the Interior issued a warrant for the arrest of Gonzalez, a Panamanian citizen. Gonzalez offered to turn himself in, but the Minister refused to guarantee Gonzalez's safety, forcing him into exile in Venezuela.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Panama had violated Articles I, VIII and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

11. PARAGUAY: Aida Angelica Ortiz and Aida Alejandra Ortiz, Case 2076, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 44, OEA/ser. L/V/II.43, doc. 21 (1977) (Annual Report 1977).

Complaint: Paraguayan authorities detained Ortiz and her 11 month-old daughter, Aida Alejandra and held Ortiz incommunicado under subhuman conditions. The whereabouts of her child are unknown.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Paraguay had violated Articles I, VI, VIII, XVIII, XXV, and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

PARAGUAY: Julio Solalinde et al., Case 2029, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 42, OEA/ser. L/V/II.43, doc. 21 (1977) (Annual Report 1977).

Complaint: Petitioners denounced numerous deaths, disappearances, illegal detentions, and torture, especially of women and children at the hands of Paraguayan authorities. Four adults and unborn children died as a result of this torture.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Paraguay had violated Articles I, VI, VII, XI, XVIII, XXV, and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

PARAGUAY: Detention and Torture of Individuals, Case 2021, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 41, OEA/ser. L/V/II.43, doc. 21 (1977) (Annual Report 1977).

Complaint: Government agents detained, tortured, and "disappeared" 53 persons, some of whom were pregnant, sick, or elderly.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Paraguay had violated Articles I, VI, IX, XVIII, XXV and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

PARAGUAY: Miguel Angel Soler, Case 2018, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 172, (1977) (Ten Years of Activities 1971-81).

Complaint: Paraguayan police arrested Soler, imprisoned and tortured him. His whereabouts are unknown.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Paraguay had violated Articles I, XVIII, XXV and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

PARAGUAY: Miguel Chase Sardi et al., Case 2006, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 37, OEA/ser. L/V/II.43, doc. 21 (1977) (Annual Report 1977).

Complaint: Paraguayan police detained Sardi, Victorio Suarez, Mauricio Schwartzman, Marilyn Rehnfeldt, and Gloria Estrago for alleged subversive activities in their work aiding the indigenous population. Police tortured Sardi, Suarez, and Estrago.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Paraguay had violated Articles I, IX, X, XVIII, XXII, XXV, and XXVI of the American Declaration on the Rights and Duties of Man.

PARAGUAY: Ache Tribe, Case 1802, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 151, (1977) (Ten Years of Activities 1971-81).

Complaint: Government officials of Paraguay persecuted the Ache Tribe through murder, torture, selling their children, withholding medical attention during epidemics, providing inhuman working conditions, and carrying out acts aimed at destroying their culture.

Action Taken: The Commission provisionally accepted the government's explanation that it had acted not to destroy the tribe, but to assimilate it into the dominant culture. The Commission blamed these events on individual abuses and resolved that Paraguay had violated Articles I, VI, XI, XIV and XV of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

PARAGUAY: Julio Rojas et al., Cases 1758, 1759, 1762, and 1763, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 140, (1973) (Ten Years of Activities 1971-81).

Complaint: Paraguayan authorities arrested Rojas and imprisoned him without trial for political reasons. Authorities also arrested Ignacio Chamorro and Idolina Anastasi Gaona along with 87 other people all of whom the Government imprisoned without trial.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Paraguay had violated Articles I, XVIII, XXV, and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

12. SURINAME: Massacre at Tjongalangapassie, Case 10.124, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 143, OEA/ser. L/V/II.76, doc. 10 (1989) (Annual Report 1988-1989).

Complaint: Surinamese National Army soldiers shot to death at least 40 Saramaka Maroon civilians at Tjongalangapassie in an offense initially directed against the Jungle Commandos.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Suriname had violated Article I of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

SURINAME: Amania Ajai Faandja, Case 10.119, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 138, OEA/ser. L/V/II.76, doc. 10 (1989) (Annual Report 1988-1989).

Complaint: Soldiers captured Faandja at Brokopondo. They forced him to dig his own grave at Berg-en-Dal and then shot him to death.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Suriname had violated Article I of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

SURINAME: Ronald Otmar Jacob Sampi, Case 10.118, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 133, OEA/ser. L/V/II.76, doc. 10 (1989) (Annual Report 1988-1989).

Complaint: Surinamese Army soldiers arrested Sampi at Brokopondo. They forced him to dig his own grave at Berg-en-Dal and then shot him to death.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Suriname had violated Article I of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

SURINAME: Edward M. Darmburg, Case 10.117, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 128, OEA/ser. L/V/II.76, doc. 10 (1989) (Annual Report 1988-1989).

Complaint: Soldiers arrested Darmburg for allegedly collaborating with the "Jungle Commando." They tortured him, forced him to dig his own grave, and summarily executed him. Damburg's home and possessions were burned to the ground leaving his family homeless.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Suriname had violated Articles I and XXIII of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

SURINAME: J.E. Maclean, Case 10.116, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 123, OEA/ser. L/V/II.76, doc. 10 (1989) (Annual Report 1988-1989).

Complaint: Maclean was tortured and then murdered by soldiers, led by one Sergeant Nelom, at Marchelkreek.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Suriname had violated Article I of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

SURINAME: Iwan Rajwinderpersad Gobardhan et al., Case 9265, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 113, 119 OEA/ser. L/V/II.66, doc. 10 rev. 1 (1985) (Annual Report 1984-1985).

Complaint: Gobardhan and ten others were arrested, tortured physically and psychologically, and sentenced without due process to various terms in prison under charges that they were supposedly involved in a coup attempt.

Action Taken: The Commission determined that the Government of Suriname violated Articles I, XVIII, XXV and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

13. UNITED STATES: James Terry Roach and Jay Pinkerton, Case 9647, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 147, OEA/ser. L/V/II.71, doc. 9 rev. 1 (1987) (Annual Report 1986-1987).

Complaint: State courts sentenced James Terry Roach and Jay Pinkerton to death for crimes committed by them while still minors. Both were executed following unsuccessful appeals to the United State Supreme Court.

Action Taken: The Commission concluded that the Government of the United States had violated Articles I and II of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

14. URUGUAY: Vladimir Roslik et al., Case 9274, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 121, OEA/ser. L/V/II.66, doc. 10 rev. 1 (1984) (Annual Report 1984-1985).

Complaint: Dr. Roslik, a surgeon, along with nine others, were arrested by members of the Uruguayan army. Dr. Roslik died as a result of torture.

Action Taken: The Commission found that the Government of Uruguay had violated Articles I, IX, XVIII, and XXV of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

URUGUAY: Pedro Cribari, Case 1954, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 93, OEA/ser. L/V/II.57, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1981) (Annual Report 1981-1982).

Complaint: Cribari was detained by police officials at his office, taken to the National Bureau of Information and Intelligence where he was tortured for several days. During one torture session, he witnessed the torture and subsequent death of another prisoner. During the police's discussion over Cribari's fate, he attempted to flee his captors but was shot in the throat by a guard. Cribari was taken to the hospital and treated, though the bullet was not removed. Ten days before his scheduled release from the hospital, he was taken back to prison and placed in detention.

Action Taken: The Commission determined that the Government of Uruguay violated Article I of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

URUGUAY: Pedro Cribari, Case 1954, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 93, OEA/ser. L/V/II.57, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1981) (Annual Report 1981-1982).

Complaint: The Uruguayan government, in a response to the Commission's holdings on the facts in the Pedro Cribari case, declared that Cribari had been shot at three times but was only wounded by one bullet. The government alleged that the shooting of Cribari was an accident caused by the confusion of the moment and that Cribari never consented to having his case considered by the Commission.

Action Taken: The Commission retained its holding in the Cribari case against the Government of Uruguay declaring that it does not need permission from the victim to denounce an action in violation of human rights.

URUGUAY: Jorge Mazzarovich, Case 1909, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 164, (1978) (Ten Years of Activities 1971-81).

Complaint: Uruguayan government agents arrested Mazzarovich. Although a military trial court decreed his freedom without restriction, the police obliged him to appear weekly, arrested him twice more and tortured him.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Uruguay had violated Articles I, XVIII, XXV, and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

URUGUAY: Nibia Zabalzagaray, Case 1870, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 161, (1978) (Ten Years of Activities 1971-81).

Complaint: Government officials tortured and killed Zabalzagaray within 24 hours of her arrest. Officials claimed it was suicide.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Uruguay had violated Article I of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

URUGUAY: Hugo Leonardo de los Santos Mendoza, Case 1783, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 142, (1978) (Ten Years of Activities 1971-81).

Complaint: The Armed Forces detained and tortured Mendoza to death.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Uruguay had violated Articles I, XVIII and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

URUGUAY: Alvaro Balbi, Case 1967, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 55, OEA/ser. L/V/II.43, doc. 21 (1977) (Annual Report 1977).

Complaint: Police detained Balbi, who died within 24 hours of his arrest. His body showed obvious signs of violence.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Uruguay had violated Articles I, XVIII, and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

B. Article II - Right to Equality Before Law

1. CHILE: Gilberto Mario Fernandez Lopez, Case 9474, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 48, OEA/ser. L/V/II.66, doc. 10 rev. 1 (1985) (Annual Report 1984-1985).

Complaint: Lopez was arrested at his home by members of the National Intelligence Agency (CNI). He was tortured and killed.

Action Taken: The Commission determined that the Government of Chile had violated Articles I, II, and XVIII of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

CHILE: Juan Antonio Aguirre Ballesteros, Case 9437, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 43, OEA/ser. L/V/II.66, doc. 10 rev. 1 (1985) (Annual Report 1984-1985).

Complaint: Ballesteros was arrested by uniformed personnel of the Carabineros and tortured with electric current. His badly decomposed and decapitated body was later identified by his relatives.

Action Taken: The Commission declared that the Government of Chile had violated Articles I, II and XVIII of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

2. UNITED STATES: James Terry Roach and Jay Pinkerton, Case 9647, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 147, OEA/ser. L/V/II.71, doc. 9 rev. 1 (1987) (Annual Report 1986-1987).

Complaint: State courts sentenced James Terry Roach and Jay Pinkerton to death for crimes committed by them while still minors. Both were executed following unsuccessful appeals to the United State Supreme Court.

Action Taken: The Commission concluded that the Government of the United States had violated Articles I and II of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

C. Article III - Right Freely to Profess a Religious Faith

D. Article IV - Right to Freedom of Investigation, Opinion, Expression and Dissemination

1. PARAGUAY: Humberto Rubin et al., Case 9642, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 111, OEA/ser. L/V/II.71, doc. 9 rev. 1 (1987) (Annual Report 1986-1987).

Complaint: Police detained Rubin, a radio director, for broadcasting critical commentary about the government of Paraguay. The government shut down the radio station several times and government sympathizers attacked the station, destroying broadcasting equipment. The government pressured merchants to cancel their advertisements on this station.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Paraguay had violated Articles IV and XXIII of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

PARAGUAY: ABC Color, Case 9250, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 72, OEA/ser. L/V/II.63, doc. 10 (1984) (Annual Report 1983-1984).

Complaint: ABC Color, a newspaper, was shut down indefinitely and its editor, Aldo Zucolillo, was placed under house arrest.

Action Taken: The Commission declared that the Government of Paraguay had violated Articles IV and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

E. Article V - Right to Freedom of Religion

1. ARGENTINA: Jehovah's Witnesses, Case 2137, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 43, OEA/ser. L/V/II.47, doc. 13 rev. 1 (1979) (Annual Report 1978).

Complaint: The President of Argentina ordered that the office and all worship centers of the Jehovah's Witnesses be closed.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved the actions of the Government of Argentina to be violations of Articles I, V, XII, XXI and XXV of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

F. Article VI - Right to a Family and to the Protection Thereof

1. CUBA: Eduardo Eloy Alvarez Hernandez, Case 7898, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 68, OEA/ser. L/V/II.57, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1982) (Annual Report 1981-1982).

Complaint: Hernandez was repeatedly denied the right to leave his country. After an illegal attempt to leave, he was incarcerated and sentenced to eight years on questionable charges.

Action Taken: The Commission declared that the Government of Cuba had violated Articles VI, XVIII, XXV, and XXVII of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

CUBA: Maria Eugenia Calvar Rivero, Case 7602, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 79, OEA/ser. L/V/II.57, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1982) (Annual Report 1981-1982).

Complaint: Maria Rivero and her 2 year-old daughter attempted to join their husband and father, who had previously left Cuba for the United States. Ms. Rivero was denied permission to leave because she had a university degree. She was fired from her job for attempting to leave. She has lived off the charity of friends and relatives.

Action Taken: The Commission found the Government of Cuba had violated Articles VI, XIV, and XXVII of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

2. PARAGUAY: Aida Angelica Ortiz and Aida Alejandra Ortiz, Case 2076, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 44, OEA/ser. L/V/II.43, doc. 21 (1977) (Annual Report 1977).

Complaint: Paraguayan authorities detained Ortiz and her 11 month-old daughter, Aida Alejandra and held Ortiz incommunicado under subhuman conditions. The whereabouts of her child are unknown.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Paraguay had violated Articles I, VI, VIII, XVIII, XXV, and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

PARAGUAY: Julio Solalinde et al., Case 2029, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 42, OEA/ser. L/V/II.43, doc. 21 (1977) (Annual Report 1977).

Complaint: Petitioners denounced numerous deaths, disappearances, illegal detentions, and torture, especially of women and children at the hands of Paraguayan authorities. Four adults and unborn children died as a result of this torture.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Paraguay had violated Articles I, VI, VII, XI, XVIII, XXV, and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

PARAGUAY: Detention and Torture of Individuals, Case 2021, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 41, OEA/ser. L/V/II.43, doc. 21 (1977) (Annual Report 1977).

Complaint: Government agents detained, tortured, and "disappeared" 53 persons, some of whom were pregnant, sick, or elderly.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Paraguay had violated Articles I, VI, IX, XVIII, XXV and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

PARAGUAY: Ache Tribe, Case 1802, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 151, (1977) (Ten Years of Activities 1971-81).

Complaint: Government officials of Paraguay persecuted the Ache Tribe through murder, torture, selling their children, withholding medical attention during epidemics, providing inhuman working conditions, and carrying out acts aimed at destroying their culture.

Action Taken: The Commission provisionally accepted the government's explanation that it had acted not to destroy the tribe, but to assimilate it into the dominant culture. The Commission blamed these events on individual abuses and resolved that Paraguay had violated Articles I, VI, XI, XIV and XV of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

G. Article VII - Right to Protection for Mothers and Children

1. PARAGUAY: Julio Solalinde et al., Case 2029, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 42, OEA/ser. L/V/II.43, doc. 21 (1977) (Annual Report 1977).

Complaint: Petitioners denounced numerous deaths, disappearances, illegal detentions, and torture, especially of women and children at the hands of Paraguayan authorities. Four adults and unborn children died as a result of this torture.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Paraguay had violated Articles I, VI, VII, XI, XVIII, XXV, and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

H. Article VIII - Right to Residence and Movement

1. ARGENTINA: Esteban Cabrera et al., Case 2291, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 48, OEA/ser. L/V/II.47, doc. 13 rev. 1 (1979) (Annual Report 1978).

Complaint: The National Guard detained Esteban Cabrera and Eduardo Sotero Franco Venegas, Paraguayan citizens with legal residence in Argentina, and Lidia Esther Cabrera de Franco, an Argentine citizen, and then turned them over to the Paraguayan authorities who tortured them.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved the actions of the Government of Argentina to be violations of Articles I, VIII, and XXV of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

ARGENTINA: Hipolito Solari Yrigoyen, Case 2088 A, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 38, OEA/ser. L/V/II.50, doc. 13 rev. 1 (1978) (Annual Report 1979-1980).

Complaint: Military agents arrested former Senator Yrigoyen at his home, tortured him, ransacked his house, and destroyed his car. Authorities released him two weeks later but police immediately rearrested Yrigoyen for alleged subversive activity and jailed him for nine months without trial. He was tortured throughout his detention and received no medical attention. On release, authorities expelled him from Argentina.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Argentine government had violated Articles I, VIII, XVIII, and XXV of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

2. BOLIVIA: Vladimir Sattori Benquique, Case 2760, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 75, OEA/ser. L/V/II.47, doc. 13 rev. 1 (1979) (Annual Report 1978).

Complaint: Bolivian government officials imprisoned and tortured Benquique, a student leader, before deporting him to Venezuela.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Bolivia had violated Articles I and VIII of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

BOLIVIA: Abel Ayoroa Argondona, Case 2756, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 64, OEA/ser. L/V/II.47, doc. 13 rev. 1 (1979) (Annual Report 1978).

Complaint: Government agents imprisoned Argondona, legal adviser to trade union organizations, interrogated and threatened to torture him. He was released and told to leave the country. He attained asylum in Chile. While there, government agents detained and tortured him. They returned Argondona to Bolivian officials who tortured and forced him to sign statements. The Bolivian government then expelled him to Paraguay.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Bolivia had violated Articles I, VIII, XXV and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

BOLIVIA: Nicanor Cuchallo Orellana, Case 2723, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 62, OEA/ser. L/V/II.47, doc. 13 rev. 1 (1979) (Annual Report 1978).

Complaint: Government agents arrested, imprisoned and later exiled Orellana without providing him legal recourse.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved the Government of Bolivia had violated Article VIII of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

BOLIVIA: Ramon Claure Calvi, Case 2719, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 54, OEA/ser. L/V/II.47, doc. 13 rev. 1 (1979) (Annual Report 1978).

Complaint: Agents of the Department of Political Order arrested Calvi and confiscated all his belongings before exiling him to Paraguay along with two doctors. When Calvi attempted to return to Bolivia, the police again arrested and deported him.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved the Government of Bolivia had violated Article VIII of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

3. BRAZIL: Status of the Yanomami Indians, Case 7615, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 24, OEA/ser. L/V/II.66, doc. 10 rev. 1 (1985) (Annual Report 1984-1985).

Complaint: Petitioners alleged a range of human rights violations had been committed against the Yanomami Indians. The petitioners' chief concerns included the continued exploitation of the Indians' Amazonian habitat by the government, underdevelopment of the protection of the Indians's health, the legal status and civil rights of the Indians, and the possibility of transfer of tribes and of intervention by the government in the Indians' zones.

Action Taken: By reason of the failure of the Government of Brazil to take timely and effective measures regarding the Yanomamis, the Commission found that it had violated Articles I, VIII, and XI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

4. CHILE: Jaime Insunza Becker and Leopoldo Ortega Rodriguez, Case 9269, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 37, OEA/ser. L/V/II.66, doc. 10 rev. 1 (1985) (Annual Report 1984-1985).

Complaint: Becker, Secretary General of the Movimiento Democratico Popular, and Rodriguez, physician of the Chilean Commission of Human Rights, were arrested and expelled from Chile.

Action Taken: The Commission declared that the Chilean government had violated Articles VIII, XVIII and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

CHILE: Edgardo Condeza Vaccaro, Case 8095, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 34, OEA/ser. L/V/II.66, doc. 10 rev. 1 (1985) (Annual Report 1984-1985).

Complaint: Vaccaro, a Chilean citizen, was denied re-entry into his home country on the pretext that he was a member of a guerrilla movement and therefore national security interests were at stake.

Action Taken: The Commission declared that the government of Chile violated Articles VIII, XXVI, and XVIII of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

CHILE: Exiles Fernando Aleite et al., Case Nos. 3421, 7495, 3417, 3420, 7520, 7879, 7880, 7878, 3433, 7456, 3374, 3925, 4122, 7881, 3914, 7774, 4090, 7480, 5712, 3888, 7697, 3977, 7091, 7516, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 62, OEA/ser. L/V/II.57, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1982) (Annual Report 1981-1982).

Complaint: A considerable number of Chilean citizens were expelled or refused re-entry into their country.

Action Taken: The Commission processed each of these cases individually and determined that the Government of Chile had violated Article VIII of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

CHILE: Alberto Texier, Case 5713, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 59, OEA/ser. L/V/II.57, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1981) (Annual Report 1981-1982).

Complaint: Texier, a metallurgist and professor, and his wife were prevented from re-entering Chile by a decree from the Interior Ministry, because their presence in the country was declared inadvisable for national security needs.

Action Taken: The Commission found the Government of Chile in violation of Article VIII of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

CHILE: Evelyn Krotoschiner Kleman, Case 4662, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 61, OEA/ser. L/V/II.57, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1981) (Annual Report 1981-1982).

Complaint: Kleman was denied re-entry into Chile.

Action Taken: After no answer to its request for information, the Commission declared the Government of Chile to be in violation of Article VIII of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

CHILE: Eugenio Velasco L., Case 4288, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 57, OEA/ser. L/V/II.57, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1981) (Annual Report 1981-1982).

Complaint: Velasco L., a professor, was abruptly expelled from his home and country by political police along with Professor Jaime Castillo. The government would not allow him to return, alleging that he engaged in activities that were damaging to national security.

Action Taken: The Commission declared that the Government of Chile had violated Article VIII of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

CHILE: Armin Sergio Luhr Vicencio, Case 3548, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 104, OEA/ser. L/V/II.47, doc. 13 rev. 1 (1979) (Annual Report 1978).

Complaint: Chilean authorities denied the request of Vicencio to return to her homeland.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Chile had violated Article VIII of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

CHILE: Victor J. Soto Alvarez, Case 3498, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 103, OEA/ser. L/V/II.47, doc. 13 rev. 1 (1979) (Annual Report 1978).

Complaint: Chilean authorities denied the request of Alvarez to return to her homeland.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Chile had violated Article VIII of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

CHILE: Ines Carmona Cale, Case 3446, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 102, OEA/ser. L/V/II.47, doc. 13 rev. 1 (1979) (Annual Report 1978).

Complaint: Chilean authorities denied the request of Cale to return to her homeland.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Chile had violated Article VIII of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

CHILE: Sergio Insunza Becker, Case 3444, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 101, OEA/ser. L/V/II.47, doc. 13 rev. 1 (1979) (Annual Report 1978).

Complaint: Chilean authorities denied the request of Becker to return to his homeland.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Chile had violated Article VIII of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

CHILE: Ines Cornejo C., Case 3443, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 99, OEA/ser. L/V/II.47, doc. 13 rev. 1 (1979) (Annual Report 1978).

Complaint: Chilean authorities denied the request of Cornejo C. to return to her homeland.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Chile had violated Article VIII of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

CHILE: Samuel Requelme Cruz, Case 3442, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 98, OEA/ser. L/V/II.47, doc. 13 rev. 1 (1979) (Annual Report 1978).

Complaint: The Chilean authorities denied the request of Cruz to return to his homeland.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Chile had violated Article VIII of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

CHILE: Carlos Andrade V., Case 3441, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 97, OEA/ser. L/V/II.47, doc. 13 rev. 1 (1979) (Annual Report 1978).

Complaint: Chilean authorities denied the request of Andrade V. to return to his homeland.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Chile had violated Article VIII of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

CHILE: Hector Valeria Labrana, Case 3440, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 96, OEA/ser. L/V/II.47, doc. 13 rev. 1 (1979) (Annual Report 1978).

Complaint: Chilean authorities denied the request of Labrana to return to his homeland.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Chile had violated Article VIII of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

CHILE: Claudio Fonseca Pedraza and Rosa Amelia Ferrada Diaz, Case 3436, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 95, OEA/ser. L/V/II.47, doc. 13 rev. 1 (1979) (Annual Report 1978).

Complaint: Chilean authorities denied the request of Pedraza and Diaz to return to their homeland.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Chile had violated Article VIII of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

CHILE: Marya Lazo B., Case 3435, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 94, OEA/ser. L/V/II.47, doc. 13 rev. 1 (1979) (Annual Report 1978).

Complaint: Chilean authorities denied the request of Lazo B. to return to her homeland.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Chile had violated Article VIII of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

CHILE: Omar Leal Oyarzun, Case 3434, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 93, OEA/ser. L/V/II.47, doc. 13 rev. 1 (1979) (Annual Report 1978).

Complaint: Chilean authorities denied the request of Oyarzun to return to his homeland.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Chile had violated Article VIII of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

CHILE: Benjamin Teplizky Lijavetzky, Case 3428, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 92, OEA/ser. L/V/II.47, doc. 13 rev. 1 (1979) (Annual Report 1978).

Complaint: The Chilean authorities denied the request of Lijavetzky to return to his homeland.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Chile had violated Article VIII of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

CHILE: Carlos Vassallo Rojas, Case 3419, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 90, OEA/ser. L/V/II.47, doc. 13 rev. 1 (1979) (Annual Report 1978).

Complaint: Chilean authorities denied the request of Rojas to return to his homeland.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Chile had violated Article VIII of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

CHILE: Mireya Baltra, Case 3418, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 89, OEA/ser. L/V/II.47, doc. 13 rev. 1 (1979) (Annual Report 1978).

Complaint: Chilean authorities denied the request of Baltra to return to her homeland.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Chile had violated Article VIII of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

CHILE: Guillermo Torres Gaona, Case 3416, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 88, OEA/ser. L/V/II.47, doc. 13 rev. 1 (1979) (Annual Report 1978).

Complaint: Chilean authorities denied the request of Gaona to return to his homeland.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Chile had violated Article VIII of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

CHILE: Silvia Angela Costa Espinoza, Case 3415, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 87, OEA/ser. L/V/II.47, doc. 13 rev. 1 (1979) (Annual Report 1978).

Complaint: Chilean authorities denied the request of Espinoza to return to her homeland.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Chile had violated Article VIII of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

CHILE: Regulo Rosson del Pino, Case 3414, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 86, OEA/ser. L/V/II.47, doc. 13 rev. 1 (1979) (Annual Report 1978).

Complaint: Chilean authorities denied the request of del Pina to return to his homeland.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Chile had violated Article VIII of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

CHILE: Pedro Rojas Jorquera, Case 3413, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 85, OEA/ser. L/V/II.47, doc. 13 rev. 1 (1979) (Annual Report 1978).

Complaint: Chilean authorities denied the request of Jorquera to return to his homeland.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Chile had violated Article VIII of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

CHILE: Antonio Arevalo Sagredo, Case 3412, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 84, OEA/ser. L/V/II.47, doc. 13 rev. 1 (1979) (Annual Report 1978).

Complaint: Chilean authorities denied the request of Sagredo to return to his homeland.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Chile had violated Article VIII of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

CHILE: Manuel Fernando Ostornol Fernandez, Case 3411, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 83, OEA/ser. L/V/II.47, doc. 13 rev. 1 (1979) (Annual Report 1978).

Complaint: Chilean authorities denied the request of Fernandez to return to his homeland.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Chile had violated Article VIII of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

5. CUBA: Clara Abrahante Boite, Case 3992, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 91, OEA/ser. L/V/II.54, doc. 9 rev. 1 (1981) (Annual Report 1980-1981).

Complaint: Authorities repeatedly denied Boite's requests for permission to leave Cuba.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Cuba had violated Articles I and VIII of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

6. PANAMA: Thelma King, Case 2777, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 67, OEA/ser. L/V/II.50, doc. 13 rev. 1 (1979) (Annual Report 1979-1980).

Complaint: The Commission asked the Panamanian government for a report on 103 individuals supposedly in exile, including King. The Government of Panama responded with an announcement that all exiles could return to Panama without fear. The Government also responded that King was then living in Panama.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Panama had violated Articles I, VIII and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

PANAMA: Carlos Ernesto Gonzalez de la Lastra, Case 2509, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 63, OEA/ser. L/V/II.50, doc. 13 rev. 1 (1979) (Annual Report 1979-1980).

Complaint: The Panamanian Minister of the Interior issued a warrant for the arrest of Gonzalez, a Panamanian citizen. Gonzalez offered to turn himself in, but the Minister refused to guarantee Gonzalez's safety, forcing him into exile in Venezuela.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Panama had violated Articles I, VIII and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

7. PARAGUAY: Augusto Roa Bastos, Case 8027, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 67, OEA/ser. L/V/II.63, doc. 10 (1984) (Annual Report 1983-1984).

Complaint: Bastos, a well-known writer, was arrested, arbitrarily detained by police, and later exiled.

Action Taken: The Commission found that the Paraguayan government violated Articles VIII, XVIII, XXV and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

PARAGUAY: Luis Alfonso Resck, Case 7848, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 62, OEA/ser. L/V/II.63, doc. 10 (1984) (Annual Report 1983-1984).

Complaint: Resck, president of the Christian Democratic Party and a key member of the National Agreement opposition coalition, was arbitrarily arrested and detained by the police. The government stated that Resck, along with Domingo Laino and Roa Bastos, left the country voluntarily, but conflicting information sent to the Commission declared that the three men were political exiles and mentally unbalanced in the eyes of the government.

Action Taken: The Commission determined that the Government of Paraguay was in violation of Articles VIII, XVIII, XXV and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

PARAGUAY: Domingo Laino, Case 4563, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 57, OEA/ser. L/V/II.63, doc. 10 (1984) (Annual Report 1983-1984).

Complaint: Laino was arbitrarily arrested and confined by the police, and later exiled from Paraguay. Luis Resck, founder of the Christian Democratic Party, and Augusto Roa Bastos, a writer, were also expelled from Paraguay.

Action Taken: The Commission determined that the Government of Paraguay had violated Articles VIII, XVIII, XXV and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

PARAGUAY: Aida Angelica Ortiz and Aida Alejandra Ortiz, Case 2076, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 44, OEA/ser. L/V/II.43, doc. 21 (1977) (Annual Report 1977).

Complaint: Paraguayan authorities detained Ortiz and her 11 month-old daughter, Aida Alejandra and held Ortiz incommunicado under subhuman conditions. The whereabouts of her child are unknown.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Paraguay had violated Articles I, VI, VIII, XVIII, XXV, and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

8. URUGUAY: Juan Raul Ferreira, Case 2711, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 134, OEA/ser. L/V/II.61, doc. 22 rev. 1 (1983) (Annual Report 1982-1983).

Complaint: The Government of Uruguay did not authorize renewal of Ferreira's passport because of his appearance before the Commission to report on the human rights situation in Uruguay.

Action Taken: The Commission found that Uruguay had violated Article VIII of the American Declaration on the Rights and Duties of Man and recommended that the government provide Ferreira with his Uruguayan passport.

I. Article IX - Right to the Inviolability of the Home

1. PARAGUAY: Detention and Torture of Individuals, Case 2021, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 41, OEA/ser. L/V/II.43, doc. 21 (1977) (Annual Report 1977).

Complaint: Government agents detained, tortured, and "disappeared" 53 persons, some of whom were pregnant, sick, or elderly.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Paraguay had violated Articles I, VI, IX, XVIII, XXV and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

PARAGUAY: Miguel Chase Sardi et al., Case 2006, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 37, OEA/ser. L/V/II.43, doc. 21 (1977) (Annual Report 1977).

Complaint: Paraguayan police detained Sardi, Victorio Suarez, Mauricio Schwartzman, Marilyn Rehnfeldt, and Gloria Estrago for alleged subversive activities in their work aiding the indigenous population. Police tortured Sardi, Suarez, and Estrago.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Paraguay had violated Articles I, IX, X, XVIII, XXII, XXV, and XXVI of the American Declaration on the Rights and Duties of Man.

2. URUGUAY: Vladimir Roslik et al., Case 9274, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 121, OEA/ser. L/V/II.66, doc. 10 rev. 1 (1984) (Annual Report 1984-1985).

Complaint: Dr. Roslik, a surgeon, along with nine others, were arrested by members of the Uruguayan army. Dr. Roslik died as a result of torture.

Action Taken: The Commission found that the Government of Uruguay had violated Articles I, IX, XVIII, and XXV of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

J. Article X - Right to the Inviolability and Transmission Correspondence

1. CUBA: Armando F. Valladares, Case 2300, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 65, OEA/ser. L/V/II.57, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1982) (Annual Report 1981-1982).

Complaint: Valladares was sentenced to 30 years in prison for political disagreement with Castro. While he in prison, Valladares suffered physical and psychological torture, harsh prison conditions, and untreated illnesses as a result of incarceration. Action Taken: The Commission declared that the Government of Cuba had violated Articles I, X, XI, XVIII, XXV, and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

2. PARAGUAY: Miguel Chase Sardi et al., Case 2006, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 37, OEA/ser. L/V/II.43, doc. 21 (1977) (Annual Report 1977).

Complaint: Paraguayan police detained Sardi, Victorio Suarez, Mauricio Schwartzman, Marilyn Rehnfeldt, and Gloria Estrago for alleged subversive activities in their work aiding the indigenous population. Police tortured Sardi, Suarez, and Estrago.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Paraguay had violated Articles I, IX, X, XVIII, XXII, XXV, and XXVI of the American Declaration on the Rights and Duties of Man.

K. Article XI - Right to the Preservation of Health and to Well-Being

1. BRAZIL: Status of the Yanomami Indians, Case 7615, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 24, OEA/ser. L/V/II.66, doc. 10 rev. 1 (1985) (Annual Report 1984-1985).

Complaint: Petitioners alleged a range of human rights violations had been committed against the Yanomami Indians. The petitioners' chief concerns included the continued exploitation of the Indians' Amazonian habitat by the government, underdevelopment of the protection of the Indians's health, the legal status and civil rights of the Indians, and the possibility of transfer of tribes and of intervention by the government in the Indians' zones.

Action Taken: By reason of the failure of the Government of Brazil to take timely and effective measures regarding the Yanomamis, the Commission found that it had violated Articles I, VIII, and XI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

2. CUBA: Victor Miguel Canton Gomez, Case 7899, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 70, OEA/ser. L/V/II.57, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1982) (Annual Report 1981-1982).

Complaint: Gomez was sentenced to 30 years in prison when he was 21 years old for giving medical care in his house to two wounded friends. He and the friends belonged to a political movement which stood in opposition to the government. At the time of his case, Gomez had served 20 years in prison.

Action Taken: The Commission declared that the Government of Cuba had violated Articles I, XI, XVIII, XXV, and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

CUBA: Roger Reyes Fernandez, Case 6093, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 77, OEA/ser. L/V/II.57, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1982) (Annual Report 1981-1982).

Complaint: Fernandez was sentenced to 20 years in prison in 1966, after enduring physical and mental torture during an interrogation. While in prison, he has been subjected to various tortures so degrading, that he felt compelled to take part in several hunger strikes protesting the abuse of his human rights. Due to the hunger strikes and prison conditions, he suffers from gastritis and stomach ulcers.

Action Taken: The Commission found that the Government of Cuba had violated Articles I, XI, XVIII, and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

CUBA: Eduardo Capote Rodriguez, Case 6091, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 71, OEA/ser. L/V/II.57, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1982) (Annual Report 1981-1982).

Complaint: Rodriguez was seized and sentenced to 15 years in prison where he has been routinely subjected to savage beatings, harsh inspections, and physical and mental torture nearly every day of those fifteen years. Once his term was served, the government indefinitely extended the sentence, a procedure typically used in cases of political prisoners.

Action Taken: The Commission declared that the Government of Cuba had violated Articles I, XI, XVIII, XXV, and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

CUBA: Armando F. Valladares, Case 2300, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 65, OEA/ser. L/V/II.57, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1982) (Annual Report 1981-1982).

Complaint: Valladares was sentenced to 30 years in prison for political disagreement with Castro. While he in prison, Valladares suffered physical and psychological torture, harsh prison conditions, and untreated illnesses as a result of incarceration. Action Taken: The Commission declared that the Government of Cuba had violated Articles I, X, XI, XVIII, XXV, and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

CUBA: Jorge Alemany Pelaez et al., Case 4677, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 98, OEA/ser. L/V/II.54, doc. 9 rev. 1 (1981) (Annual Report 1980-1981).

Complaint: In January 1959, Cuban authorities jailed all 28 members of the Cuban air corps despite their acquittal and order for release. After the acquittal, Fidel Castro arranged a second trial in which he ordered a verdict of guilty with a sentence of 30 years in prison for all but one defendant. The prisoners complained of cruel and degrading treatment as well as inadequate food and medical care.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Cuba had violated Articles I and XI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

CUBA: Eduardo Capote Rodriguez et al., Case 4429, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 96, OEA/ser. L/V/II.54, doc. 9 rev. 1 (1981) (Annual Report 1980-1981).

Complaint: Prison authorities held Rodriguez and over 169 prisoners under inhumane conditions. Prisoners were held incommunicado, and without medical care or decent food.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Cuba had violated Articles I and XI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

CUBA: Political Prisoners of Combinado del Este Prison, Case 4402, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 94, OEA/ser. L/V/II.54, doc. 9 rev. 1 (1981) (Annual Report 1980-1981).

Complaint: Authorities transferred 114 prisoners to a maximum security prison under inhumane conditions. The prisoners were held in "dog kennel"-like incarceration for more than 20 hours with little medical care or food.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Cuba had violated Articles I, XI, XVIII, XXV, and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

3. PARAGUAY: Julio Solalinde et al., Case 2029, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 42, OEA/ser. L/V/II.43, doc. 21 (1977) (Annual Report 1977).

Complaint: Petitioners denounced numerous deaths, disappearances, illegal detentions, and torture, especially of women and children at the hands of Paraguayan authorities. Four adults and unborn children died as a result of this torture.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Paraguay had violated Articles I, VI, VII, XI, XVIII, XXV, and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

PARAGUAY: Ache Tribe, Case 1802, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 151, (1977) (Ten Years of Activities 1971-81).

Complaint: Government officials of Paraguay persecuted the Ache Tribe through murder, torture, selling their children, withholding medical attention during epidemics, providing inhuman working conditions, and carrying out acts aimed at destroying their culture.

Action Taken: The Commission provisionally accepted the government's explanation that it had acted not to destroy the tribe, but to assimilate it into the dominant culture. The Commission blamed these events on individual abuses and resolved that Paraguay had violated Articles I, VI, XI, XIV and XV of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

L. Article XII - Right To Education

1. ARGENTINA: Jehovah's Witnesses, Case 2137, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 43, OEA/ser. L/V/II.47, doc. 13 rev. 1 (1979) (Annual Report 1978).

Complaint: The President of Argentina ordered that the office and all worship centers of the Jehovah's Witnesses be closed.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved the actions of the Government of Argentina to be violations of Articles I, V, XII, XXI and XXV of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

M. Article XIII - Right to Take Part in Cultural Life

N. Article XIV - Right to Work and to Fair Renumeration

1. CUBA: Maria Eugenia Calvar Rivero, Case 7602, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 79, OEA/ser. L/V/II.57, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1982) (Annual Report 1981-1982).

Complaint: Maria Rivero and her 2 year-old daughter attempted to join their husband and father, who had previously left Cuba for the United States. Ms. Rivero was denied permission to leave because she had a university degree. She was fired from her job for attempting to leave. She has lived off the charity of friends and relatives.

Action Taken: The Commission found the Government of Cuba had violated Articles VI, XIV, and XXVII of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

2. PARAGUAY: Ache Tribe, Case 1802, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 151, (1977) (Ten Years of Activities 1971-81).

Complaint: Government officials of Paraguay persecuted the Ache Tribe through murder, torture, selling their children, withholding medical attention during epidemics, providing inhuman working conditions, and carrying out acts aimed at destroying their culture.

Action Taken: The Commission provisionally accepted the government's explanation that it had acted not to destroy the tribe, but to assimilate it into the dominant culture. The Commission blamed these events on individual abuses and resolved that Paraguay had violated Articles I, VI, XI, XIV and XV of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

O. Article XV - Right to Leisure Time and to the Use Thereof

1. PARAGUAY: Ache Tribe, Case 1802, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 151, (1977) (Ten Years of Activities 1971-81).

Complaint: Government officials of Paraguay persecuted the Ache Tribe through murder, torture, selling their children, withholding medical attention during epidemics, providing inhuman working conditions, and carrying out acts aimed at destroying their culture.

Action Taken: The Commission provisionally accepted the government's explanation that it had acted not to destroy the tribe, but to assimilate it into the dominant culture. The Commission blamed these events on individual abuses and resolved that Paraguay had violated Articles I, VI, XI, XIV and XV of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

P. Article XVI - Right to Social Security

Q. Article XVII - Right to Personal Recognition and to Basic Civil Rights

R. Article XVIII - Right to a Fair Trial

1. ARGENTINA: Alicia Consuelo Herrera et al., Cases 10.147, 10.181, 10.240, 10.262, 10.309, and 10.311, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 41, OEA/ser. L/V/II.83, doc. 14, corr. 1 (1993) (Annual Report 1992-1993).

Complaint: Petitioners denounced Argentine laws which immunized members of the armed forces from prosecution for crimes committed during the so-called "dirty war" of the military dictatorship from 1976 to 1983. Violations included disappearances, summary executions, torture, and kidnapping.

Action Taken: The Commission concluded that the laws violated Article XVIII of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man, and Articles 1, 8, and 15 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

ARGENTINA: Maria Teresa Cervino, Case 7913, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 29, OEA/ser. L/V/II.63, doc. 10 (1984) (Annual Report 1983-1984).

Complaint: 29 year old Cervino's body was found hanging from a bridge with a placard attached that read, "I was a guerilla. Follow me." She had been shot. The autopsy and burial of her body took place with unusual speed and did not involve her relatives. The cemetery director delayed a month in revealing the place of burial while the government obscured the homicide investigation.

Action Taken: The Commission determined that the Government of Argentina had violated Articles I, XVIII, and XXV of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

ARGENTINA: Rosa Ana Frigerio, Case 3358, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 70, OEA/ser. L/V/II.50, doc. 13 rev. 1 (1980) (Annual Report 1979-1980).

Complaint: Naval personnel arrested Frigerio, an agronomy student, in her parents' house where she had been restricted to bed as a result of surgery. She died in detention after being held incommunicado for seven months.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Argentina had violated Articles I, XVIII, and XXV of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

ARGENTINA: Alberto Samuel Falicoff, Case 2662, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 52, OEA/ser. L/V/II.47, doc. 13 rev. 1 (1979) (Annual Report 1978).

Complaint: Security forces arrested, imprisoned, and tortured Falicoff in the presence of his wife, Estelia Maria Cornalea de Falicoff, whom they also detained but subsequently released.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Argentina had violated Articles I, XVIII, and XXV of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

ARGENTINA: Patrick Rice & Fatima Edelmira Cabrera, Case 2450, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 33, OEA/ser. L/V/II.47, doc. 13 rev. 1 (1979) (Annual Report 1978).

Complaint: Security forces kidnapped Rice, a Catholic priest and Irish citizen, along with Cabrera with whom he was walking. Argentine security forces tortured both of them before releasing them.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Argentine government had violated Articles I, XVIII, and XXV of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

ARGENTINA: Nelida Azucena Sosa de Forti et al., Case 2271, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 29, OEA/ser. L/V/II.47, doc. 13 rev. 1 (1979) (Annual Report 1978).

Complaint: Government agents removed de Forti and her five children from an airplane. Forti remains missing.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Argentine government had violated Articles I, XVIII, XXV, and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

ARGENTINA: Dagmar Ingrid Hagelin, Case 2484, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 55, OEA/ser. L/V/II.50, doc. 13 rev. 1 (1978) (Annual Report 1979-1980).

Complaint: Soldiers occupied the home of Hagelin's friend, Nora Burgos. On a visit to Burgos, Hagelin ran in fright after seeing the soldiers. Soldiers chased Hagelin, shot her, put her in the trunk of a commandeered taxi, and abducted her. In response to writs of habeas corpus and intercession by the Swedish Embassy, the Government of Argentina denied knowledge of her whereabouts.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Argentina had violated Articles I, XVIII, and XXV of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

ARGENTINA: Jorge San Vicente, Case 2266, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 52, OEA/ser. L/V/II.50, doc. 13 rev. 1 (1978) (Annual Report 1979-1980).

Complaint: Police arrested San Vicente and subsequently told his family that he was being detained in the narcotics section of a local police station. Despite successive writs of habeas corpus, San Vicente was not located.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Argentina had violated Articles I, XVIII, XXV and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

ARGENTINA: Monica Maria Candelaria Mignone, Case 2209, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 49, OEA/ser. L/V/II.50, doc. 13 rev. 1 (1978) (Annual Report 1979-1980).

Complaint: Heavily armed Argentine soldiers abducted Mignone from her home. Her whereabouts are unknown. In response to a writ of habeas corpus, authorities denied that she is being detained.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Argentine government had violated Articles I, XVIII, XXV and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

ARGENTINA: Hipolito Solari Yrigoyen, Case 2088 A, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 38, OEA/ser. L/V/II.50, doc. 13 rev. 1 (1978) (Annual Report 1979-1980).

Complaint: Military agents arrested former Senator Yrigoyen at his home, tortured him, ransacked his house, and destroyed his car. Authorities released him two weeks later but police immediately rearrested Yrigoyen for alleged subversive activity and jailed him for nine months without trial. He was tortured throughout his detention and received no medical attention. On release, authorities expelled him from Argentina.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Argentine government had violated Articles I, VIII, XVIII, and XXV of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

ARGENTINA: Mario Abel Amaya, Case 2088 B, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 43, OEA/ser. L/V/II.50, doc. 13 rev. 1 (1978) (Annual Report 1979-1980).

Complaint: Uniformed military authorities arrested Amaya, a former national legislator, at his home for alleged subversive activities. Authorities imprisoned Amaya and tortured him until death.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Argentine government had violated Articles I, XVIII, and XXV of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

2. BOLIVIA: Amalia Rada et al., Case 1757, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 136, (1974) (Ten Years of Activities 1971-81).

Complaint: Bolivian authorities arrested, tortured and caused the disappearances of Rada, Aida Pechazas, and Elsa Burgoa de Zapata.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Bolivia had violated Articles I, XVIII, XXV, and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

3. CHILE: Rodrigo Rojas DeNegri, Case 9755, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 132, OEA/ser. L/V/II.74, doc. 10 rev. 1 (1988) (Annual Report 1987-1988).

Complaint: DeNegri and Carmen Gloria Quintana Arancibia were arrested, beaten, set on fire, and abandoned by an army patrol. DeNegri subsequently died as a result of the burns.

Action Taken: The Commission held that the Government of Chile had violated Article I and XVIII of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

CHILE: Gilberto Mario Fernandez Lopez, Case 9474, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 48, OEA/ser. L/V/II.66, doc. 10 rev. 1 (1985) (Annual Report 1984-1985).

Complaint: Lopez was arrested at his home by members of the National Intelligence Agency (CNI). He was tortured and killed.

Action Taken: The Commission determined that the Government of Chile had violated Articles I, II, and XVIII of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

CHILE: Juan Antonio Aguirre Ballesteros, Case 9437, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 43, OEA/ser. L/V/II.66, doc. 10 rev. 1 (1985) (Annual Report 1984-1985).

Complaint: Ballesteros was arrested by uniformed personnel of the Carabineros and tortured with electric current. His badly decomposed and decapitated body was later identified by his relatives.

Action Taken: The Commission declared that the Government of Chile had violated Articles I, II and XVIII of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

CHILE: Jaime Insunza Becker and Leopoldo Ortega Rodriguez, Case 9269, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 37, OEA/ser. L/V/II.66, doc. 10 rev. 1 (1985) (Annual Report 1984-1985).

Complaint: Becker, Secretary General of the Movimiento Democratico Popular, and Rodriguez, physician of the Chilean Commission of Human Rights, were arrested and expelled from Chile.

Action Taken: The Commission declared that the Chilean government had violated Articles VIII, XVIII, and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

CHILE: Edgardo Condeza Vaccaro, Case 8095, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 34, OEA/ser. L/V/II.66, doc. 10 rev. 1 (1985) (Annual Report 1984-1985).

Complaint: Vaccaro, a Chilean citizen, was denied re-entry into his home country on the pretext that he was a member of a guerrilla movement and therefore national security interests were at stake.

Action Taken: The Commission declared that the government of Chile violated Articles VIII, XVIII, and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

CHILE: Carlos Humberto Contreras Maluje, Case 2126, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 77, OEA/ser. L/V/II.47, doc. 13 rev. 1 (1978) (Annual Report 1978).

Complaint: Agents of the National Intelligence Bureau detained and beat Maluje, a town counselor representing the Chilean Communist Party. Maluje's whereabouts remain unknown.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Chile had violated Articles I, XVIII, XXV, and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

4. COLOMBIA: Pedro Miguel Gonzalez Martinez et al., Case 10.912, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 132, OEA/ser. L/V/II.85, doc. 9 rev. (1994) (Annual Report 1993).

Complaint: On March 4, 1988, twenty peasant workers from Antioquia were killed by armed men. All the men killed were members of the Antioquia Agricultural Workers Trade Union.

Action Taken: The Commission concluded that the killings could be imputed to the Government of Colombia, and that the government violated Articles 1, 4, 8, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights. It also found that Colombia had violated Sections I and XVIII of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

COLOMBIA: Alvaro Garces Parra et al., Case 10.473, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 94, OEA/ser. L/V/II.85, doc. 9 rev. (1994) (Annual Report 1993).

Complaint: Dr. Alvaro Garces Parra, mayor of Sabana de Torres and member of Union Patriotica-Frente Amplio del Magdalena Medio, was murdered on August 15, 1987 by members of the Colombian Army. Petitioners alleged a military plot and cover-up.

Action Taken: The Commission concluded that the Government of Colombia failed to observe Articles 1, 4, 8, and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights and Articles I and XVIII of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

5. CUBA: Victor Miguel Canton Gomez, Case 7899, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 70, OEA/ser. L/V/II.57, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1982) (Annual Report 1981-1982).

Complaint: Gomez was sentenced to 30 years in prison when he was 21 years old for giving medical care in his house to two wounded friends. He and the friends belonged to a political movement which stood in opposition to the government. At the time of his case, Gomez had served 20 years in prison.

Action Taken: The Commission declared that the Government of Cuba had violated Articles I, XI, XVIII, XXV, and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

CUBA: Eduardo Eloy Alvarez Hernandez, Case 7898, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 68, OEA/ser. L/V/II.57, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1982) (Annual Report 1981-1982).

Complaint: Hernandez was repeatedly denied the right to leave his country. After an illegal attempt to leave, he was incarcerated and sentenced to eight years on questionable charges.

Action Taken: The Commission declared that the Government of Cuba had violated Articles VI, XVIII, XXV, and XXVII of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

CUBA: Roger Reyes Fernandez, Case 6093, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 77, OEA/ser. L/V/II.57, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1982) (Annual Report 1981-1982).

Complaint: Fernandez was sentenced to 20 years in prison in 1966, after enduring physical and mental torture during an interrogation. While in prison, he has been subjected to various tortures so degrading, that he felt compelled to take part in several hunger strikes protesting the abuse of his human rights. Due to the hunger strikes and prison conditions, he suffers from gastritis and stomach ulcers.

Action Taken: The Commission found that the Government of Cuba had violated Articles I, XI, XVIII, and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

CUBA: Eduardo Capote Rodriguez, Case 6091, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 71, OEA/ser. L/V/II.57, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1982) (Annual Report 1981-1982).

Complaint: Rodriguez was seized and sentenced to 15 years in prison where he has been routinely subjected to savage beatings, harsh inspections, and physical and mental torture nearly every day of those fifteen years. Once his term was served, the government indefinitely extended the sentence, a procedure typically used in cases of political prisoners.

Action Taken: The Commission declared that the Government of Cuba had violated Articles I, XI, XVIII, XXV, and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

CUBA: Armando F. Valladares, Case 2300, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 65, OEA/ser. L/V/II.57, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1982) (Annual Report 1981-1982).

Complaint: Valladares was sentenced to 30 years in prison for political disagreement with Castro. While he in prison, Valladares suffered physical and psychological torture, harsh prison conditions, and untreated illnesses as a result of incarceration. Action Taken: The Commission declared that the Government of Cuba had violated Articles I, X, XI, XVIII, XXV, and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

CUBA: Political Prisoners of Combinado del Este Prison, Case 4402, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 94, OEA/ser. L/V/II.54, doc. 9 rev. 1 (1981) (Annual Report 1980-1981).

Complaint: Authorities transferred 114 prisoners to a maximum security prison under inhumane conditions. The prisoners were held in "dog kennel"-like incarceration for more than 20 hours with little medical care or food.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Cuba had violated Articles I, XI, XVIII, XXV, and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

CUBA: Eleno Oviedo, Case 3956, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 92, OEA/ser. L/V/II.54, doc. 9 rev. 1 (1981) (Annual Report 1980-1981).

Complaint: Cuban authorities imprisoned Oviedo for more than seven years before bringing him to trial and passing a sentence of 30 years of hard labor.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Cuba had violated Article XVIII of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

CUBA: Tomas Fernandez Travieso, Case 3347, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 88, OEA/ser. L/V/II.54, doc. 9 rev. 1 (1981) (Annual Report 1980-1981).

Complaint: Cuban authorities sentenced Travieso to 30 years in prison. Half way through his sentence, after a play of his was performed in Miami, Florida, authorities charged Travieso with an additional offense and transferred him to a maximum security prison without trial.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Cuba had violated Articles XVIII, XXV, and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

CUBA: Angel Cuadra Landrove, Case 2299, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 87, OEA/ser. L/V/II.54, doc. 9 rev. 1 (1981) (Annual Report 1980-1981).

Complaint: Cuban authorities imprisoned Landrove and charged him with being an enemy of and propagandist against the government. After torturing him during eight years in prison, authorities released Landrove only to re-imprison him without due process of law.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Cuba had violated Articles I and XVIII of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

6. EL SALVADOR: Carlos Antonio Madriz et al., Case 2530, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 226, (1978) (Ten Years of Activities 1971-81).

Complaint: A group of armed men attacked and kidnapped Madriz from his home. Salvadoran officials denied participation. A released prisoner confirmed that Madriz, along with others similarly missing, was being held in prison.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of El Salvador had violated Articles I, XVIII, XXV, XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

7. GUATEMALA: Cases 1702, 1748, 1755, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 128, (1974) (Ten Years of Activities 1971-81).

Complaint: In Case 1702, petitioners denounced violations of human rights, particularly a number of deaths following the government's imposition of a "state of siege" on November 12, 1970. Case 1748 denounced the death or disappearance of 296 individuals from late 1971 to early 1972. Case 1755 denounced the arbitrary arrest of a number of individuals in Guatemala City and the lack of effective results for writs of habeas corpus submitted to judicial authorities.

Action Taken: The Commission requested permission to send an investigator to Guatemala, but the Guatemalan government refused. The Commission resolved that Guatemala had violated Article I of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man. The Commission then futilely recommended that the Government of Guatemala investigate these events and report its findings to the Commission. The Commission then resolved that Guatemala had violated Articles I, XVIII, XXV, and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

8. HAITI: Octave Cayard, Case 2976, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 93, OEA/ser. L/V/II.61, doc. 22 rev. 1 (1983) (Annual Report 1982-1983).

Complaint: Cayard, a former colonel in the Haitian Armed Forces and Commander in the Haitian Coast Guard, fled the country along with his family and 188 soldiers after an unsuccessful attempted uprising against the Haitian government. Cayard complained that the government subsequently confiscated his property.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Haiti had violated Articles XVIII and XXIII of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

HAITI: Marc Romulus, Case 1992, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 170, (1977) (Ten Years of Activities 1971-81).

Complaint: Government authorities detained Romulus and held him in subhuman conditions without a trial.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Haiti had violated Articles I, XVIII, XXV and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

HAITI: Prisoners Held Without Trial, Case 1944, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 167, (1977) (Ten Years of Activities 1971-81).

Complaint: Government agents detained 74 individuals for a number of years without trial.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Haiti had violated Articles I, XVIII, XXV, and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

9. PARAGUAY: Augusto Roa Bastos, Case 8027, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 67, OEA/ser. L/V/II.63, doc. 10 (1984) (Annual Report 1983-1984).

Complaint: Bastos, a well-known writer, was arrested, arbitrarily detained by police, and later exiled.

Action Taken: The Commission found that the Paraguayan government violated Articles VIII, XVIII, XXV and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

PARAGUAY: Luis Alfonso Resck, Case 7848, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 62, OEA/ser. L/V/II.63, doc. 10 (1984) (Annual Report 1983-1984).

Complaint: Resck, president of the Christian Democratic Party and a key member of the National Agreement opposition coalition, was arbitrarily arrested and detained by the police. The government stated that Resck, along with Domingo Laino and Roa Bastos, left the country voluntarily, but conflicting information sent to the Commission declared that the three men were political exiles and mentally unbalanced in the eyes of the government.

Action Taken: The Commission determined that the Government of Paraguay was in violation of Articles VIII, XVIII, XXV and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

PARAGUAY: Domingo Laino, Case 4563, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 57, OEA/ser. L/V/II.63, doc. 10 (1984) (Annual Report 1983-1984).

Complaint: Laino was arbitrarily arrested and confined by the police, and later exiled from Paraguay. Luis Resck, founder of the Christian Democratic Party, and Augusto Roa Bastos, a writer, were also expelled from Paraguay.

Action Taken: The Commission determined that the Government of Paraguay had violated Articles VIII, XVIII, XXV and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

PARAGUAY: Aida Angelica Ortiz and Aida Alejandra Ortiz, Case 2076, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 44, OEA/ser. L/V/II.43, doc. 21 (1977) (Annual Report 1977).

Complaint: Paraguayan authorities detained Ortiz and her 11 month-old daughter, Aida Alejandra and held Ortiz incommunicado under subhuman conditions. The whereabouts of her child are unknown.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Paraguay had violated Articles I, VI, VIII, XVIII, XXV, and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

PARAGUAY: Julio Solalinde et al., Case 2029, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 42, OEA/ser. L/V/II.43, doc. 21 (1977) (Annual Report 1977).

Complaint: Petitioners denounced numerous deaths, disappearances, illegal detentions, and torture, especially of women and children at the hands of Paraguayan authorities. Four adults and unborn children died as a result of this torture.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Paraguay had violated Articles I, VI, VII, XI, XVIII, XXV, and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

PARAGUAY: Detention and Torture of Individuals, Case 2021, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 41, OEA/ser. L/V/II.43, doc. 21 (1977) (Annual Report 1977).

Complaint: Government agents detained, tortured, and "disappeared" 53 persons, some of whom were pregnant, sick, or elderly.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Paraguay had violated Articles I, VI, IX, XVIII, XXV and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

PARAGUAY: Miguel Angel Soler, Case 2018, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 172, (1977) (Ten Years of Activities 1971-81).

Complaint: Paraguayan police arrested Soler, imprisoned and tortured him. His whereabouts are unknown.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Paraguay had violated Articles I, XVIII, XXV and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

PARAGUAY: Miguel Chase Sardi et al., Case 2006, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 37, OEA/ser. L/V/II.43, doc. 21 (1977) (Annual Report 1977).

Complaint: Paraguayan police detained Sardi, Victorio Suarez, Mauricio Schwartzman, Marilyn Rehnfeldt, and Gloria Estrago for alleged subversive activities in their work aiding the indigenous population. Police tortured Sardi, Suarez, and Estrago.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Paraguay had violated Articles I, IX, X, XVIII, XXII, XXV, and XXVI of the American Declaration on the Rights and Duties of Man.

PARAGUAY: Julio Rojas et al., Cases 1758, 1759, 1762, and 1763, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 140, (1973) (Ten Years of Activities 1971-81).

Complaint: Paraguayan authorities arrested Rojas and imprisoned him without trial for political reasons. Authorities also arrested Ignacio Chamorro and Idolina Anastasi Gaona along with 87 other people all of whom the Government imprisoned without trial.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Paraguay had violated Articles I, XVIII, XXV, and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

10. SURINAME: Iwan Rajwinderpersad Gobardhan et al., Case 9265, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 113, 119 OEA/ser. L/V/II.66, doc. 10 rev. 1 (1985) (Annual Report 1984-1985).

Complaint: Gobardhan and ten others were arrested, tortured physically and psychologically, and sentenced without due process to various terms in prison under charges that they were supposedly involved in a coup attempt.

Action Taken: The Commission determined that the Government of Suriname violated Articles I, XVIII, XXV and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

11. URUGUAY: Vladimir Roslik et al., Case 9274, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 121, OEA/ser. L/V/II.66, doc. 10 rev. 1 (1984) (Annual Report 1984-1985).

Complaint: Dr. Roslik, a surgeon, along with nine others, were arrested by members of the Uruguayan army. Dr. Roslik died as a result of torture.

Action Taken: The Commission found that the Government of Uruguay had violated Articles I, IX, XVIII, and XXV of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

URUGUAY: Jorge Mazzarovich, Case 1909, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 164, (1978) (Ten Years of Activities 1971-81).

Complaint: Uruguayan government agents arrested Mazzarovich. Although a military trial court decreed his freedom without restriction, the police obliged him to appear weekly, arrested him twice more and tortured him.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Uruguay had violated Articles I, XVIII, XXV, and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

URUGUAY: Hugo Leonardo de los Santos Mendoza, Case 1783, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 142, (1978) (Ten Years of Activities 1971-81).

Complaint: The Armed Forces detained and tortured Mendoza to death.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Uruguay had violated Articles I, XVIII and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

URUGUAY: Alvaro Balbi, Case 1967, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 55, OEA/ser. L/V/II.43, doc. 21 (1977) (Annual Report 1977).

Complaint: Police detained Balbi, who died within 24 hours of his arrest. His body showed obvious signs of violence.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Uruguay had violated Articles I, XVIII, and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

S. Article XIX - Right to Nationality

T. Article XX - Right to Participate in Government

U. Article XXI - Right of Assembly

1. ARGENTINA: Jehovah's Witnesses, Case 2137, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 43, OEA/ser. L/V/II.47, doc. 13 rev. 1 (1979) (Annual Report 1978).

Complaint: The President of Argentina ordered that the office and all worship centers of the Jehovah's Witnesses be closed.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved the actions of the Government of Argentina to be violations of Articles I, V, XII, XXI and XXV of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

VI. Article XXII - Right of Association

1. PARAGUAY: Miguel Chase Sardi et al., Case 2006, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 37, OEA/ser. L/V/II.43, doc. 21 (1978) (Annual Report 1977).

Complaint: Paraguayan police detained Sardi, Victorio Suarez, Mauricio Schwartzman, Marilyn Rehnfeldt, and Gloria Estrago for alleged subversive activities in their work aiding the indigenous population. Police tortured Sardi, Suarez, and Estrago.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Paraguay had violated Articles I, IX, X, XVIII, XXII, XXV, and XXVI of the American Declaration on the Rights and Duties of Man.

W. Article XXIII - Right to Property

1. HAITI: Octave Cayard, Case 2976, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 93, OEA/ser. L/V/II.61, doc. 22 rev. 1 (1983) (Annual Report 1982-1983).

Complaint: Cayard, a former colonel in the Haitian Armed Forces and Commander in the Haitian Coast Guard, fled the country along with his family and 188 soldiers after an unsuccessful attempted uprising against the Haitian government. Cayard complained that the government subsequently confiscated his property.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Haiti had violated Articles XVIII and XXIII of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

2. PARAGUAY: Humberto Rubin et al., Case 9642, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 111, OEA/ser. L/V/II.71, doc. 9 rev. 1 (1987) (Annual Report 1986-1987).

Complaint: Police detained Rubin, a radio director, for broadcasting critical commentary about the government of Paraguay. The government shut down the radio station several times and government sympathizers attacked the station, destroying broadcasting equipment. The government pressured merchants to cancel their advertisements on this station.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Paraguay had violated Articles IV and XXIII of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

3. SURINAME: Edward M. Damburg, Case 10.117, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 128, OEA/ser. L/V/II.76, doc. 10 (1989) (Annual Report 1988-1989).

Complaint: Soldiers arrested Damburg for allegedly collaborating with the "Jungle Commando." They tortured him, forced him to dig his own grave, and summarily executed him. Damburg's home and possessions were burned to the ground, leaving his family homeless.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Suriname had violated Articles I and XXIII of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

X. Article XXIV - Right to Petition

Y. Article XXV - Right of Protection From Arbitrary Arrest

1. ARGENTINA: Ana Maria Martinez, Case 7970, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 32, OEA/ser. L/V/II.63, doc. 10 (1984) (Annual Report 1983-1984).

Complaint: Martinez was kidnapped by security forces. A body was later found that was thought to be hers.

Action Taken: The Commission found that the Government of Argentina had violated Articles I and XXV of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

ARGENTINA: Maria Teresa Cervino, Case 7913, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 29, OEA/ser. L/V/II.63, doc. 10 (1984) (Annual Report 1983-1984).

Complaint: 29 year old Cervino's body was found hanging from a bridge with a placard attached that read, "I was a guerilla. Follow me." She had been shot. The autopsy and burial of her body took place with unusual speed and did not involve her relatives. The cemetery director delayed a month in revealing the place of burial while the government obscured the homicide investigation.

Action Taken: The Commission determined that the Government of Argentina had violated Articles I, XVIII, and XXV of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

ARGENTINA: Dr. Jorge Ernesto Turk, Case 6808, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 28, OEA/ser. L/V/II.63, doc. 10 (1983) (Annual Report 1983-1984).

Complaint: Dr. Turk disappeared after reporting to a police summons. Relatives were later told that Dr. Turk had died. They received no death certificate.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Argentina had violated Articles I and XXV of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

ARGENTINA: Ines Ollero, Case 4326, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 23, OEA/ser. L/V/II.57, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1982) (Annual Report 1981-1982).

Complaint: Ollero, a biology student, was detained on a bus along with several other people by Navy Forces. Although the others were allowed to leave, she was not released. Her whereabouts are unknown.

Action Taken: The Commission declared that the Government of Argentina had violated Articles I and XXV of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

ARGENTINA: Raul Hector Cano, Case 3482, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 23, OEA/ser. L/V/II.54, doc. 9 rev. 1 (1981) (Annual Report 1980-1981).

Complaint: Authorities arrested and detained Cano for alleged violation of a national security law. A federal court issued a stay but the prisoner remained under arrest. Authorities denied Cano permission to leave Argentina.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Argentina had violated Articles XXV and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

ARGENTINA: Monica Bustos, Case 2488, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 19, OEA/ser. L/V/II.54, doc. 9 rev. 1 (1981) (Annual Report 1980-1981).

Complaint: Security forces imprisoned and tortured Bustos, resulting in a nearly fatal coma. The government resolved that it was holding Bustos at the discretion of the Executive, without charges or trial.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Argentina had violated Articles I, XXV, and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

ARGENTINA: Rosa Ana Frigerio, Case 3358, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 70, OEA/ser. L/V/II.50, doc. 13 rev. 1 (1980) (Annual Report 1979-1980).

Complaint: Naval personnel arrested Frigerio, an agronomy student, in her parents' house where she had been restricted to bed as a result of surgery. She died in detention after being held incommunicado for seven months.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Argentina had violated Articles I, XVIII, and XXV of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

ARGENTINA: Gustavo Westerkamp, Case 2127, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 75, OEA/ser. L/V/II.50, doc. 13 rev. 1 (1980) (Annual Report 1979-1980).

Complaint: Government officials detained, imprisoned and tortured Westerkamp for over three years without specifying the charges or giving due process.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Argentina had violated Articles I, XXV, and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

ARGENTINA: Alberto Samuel Falicoff, Case 2662, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 52, OEA/ser. L/V/II.47, doc. 13 rev. 1 (1979) (Annual Report 1978).

Complaint: Security forces arrested, imprisoned, and tortured Falicoff in the presence of his wife, Estelia Maria Cornalea de Falicoff, whom they also detained but subsequently released.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Argentina had violated Articles I, XVIII, and XXV of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

ARGENTINA: Patrick Rice & Fatima Edelmira Cabrera, Case 2450, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 33, OEA/ser. L/V/II.47, doc. 13 rev. 1 (1979) (Annual Report 1978).

Complaint: Security forces kidnapped Rice, a Catholic priest and Irish citizen, along with Cabrera with whom he was walking. Argentine security forces tortured both of them before releasing them.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Argentine government had violated Articles I, XVIII, and XXV of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

ARGENTINA: Esteban Cabrera et al., Case 2291, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 48, OEA/ser. L/V/II.47, doc. 13 rev. 1 (1979) (Annual Report 1978).

Complaint: The National Guard detained Esteban Cabrera and Eduardo Sotero Franco Venegas, Paraguayan citizens with legal residence in Argentina, and Lidia Esther Cabrera de Franco, an Argentine citizen, and then turned them over to the Paraguayan authorities who tortured them.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Argentina had violated Articles I, VIII, and XXV of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

ARGENTINA: Nelida Azucena Sosa de Forti et al., Case 2271, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 29, OEA/ser. L/V/II.47, doc. 13 rev. 1 (1979) (Annual Report 1978).

Complaint: Government agents removed de Forti and her five children from an airplane. Forti remains missing.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Argentine government had violated Articles I, XVIII, XXV, and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

ARGENTINA: Jehovah's Witnesses, Case 2137, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 43, OEA/ser. L/V/II.47, doc. 13 rev. 1 (1979) (Annual Report 1978).

Complaint: The President of Argentina ordered that the office and all worship centers of the Jehovah's Witnesses be closed.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved the actions of the Government of Argentina to be violations of Articles I, V, XII, XXI and XXV of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

ARGENTINA: Clara Anahi Mariani, Case 2553, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 58, OEA/ser. L/V/II.50, doc. 13 rev. 1 (1978) (Annual Report 1979-1980).

Complaint: Mariani, a three-month-old child disappeared following an armed conflict between government forces and the occupants of a farm. The farm was the residence of Mariani and her family. The child is believed to have been given away or sold by the government forces. The child remains missing.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Argentina had violated Articles I and XXV of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

ARGENTINA: Dagmar Ingrid Hagelin, Case 2484, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 55, OEA/ser. L/V/II.50, doc. 13 rev. 1 (1978) (Annual Report 1979-1980).

Complaint: Soldiers occupied the home of Hagelin's friend, Nora Burgos. On a visit to Burgos, Hagelin ran in fright after seeing the soldiers. Soldiers chased Hagelin, shot her, put her in the trunk of a commandeered taxi, and abducted her. In response to writs of habeas corpus and intercession by the Swedish Embassy, the Government of Argentina denied knowledge of her whereabouts.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Argentina had violated Articles I, XVIII, and XXV of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

ARGENTINA: Jorge San Vicente, Case 2266, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 52, OEA/ser. L/V/II.50, doc. 13 rev. 1 (1978) (Annual Report 1979-1980).

Complaint: Police arrested San Vicente and subsequently told his family that he was being detained in the narcotics section of a local police station. Despite successive writs of habeas corpus, San Vicente was not located.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Argentina had violated Articles I, XVIII, XXV and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

ARGENTINA: Monica Maria Candelaria Mignone, Case 2209, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 49, OEA/ser. L/V/II.50, doc. 13 rev. 1 (1978) (Annual Report 1979-1980).

Complaint: Heavily armed Argentine soldiers abducted Mignone from her home. Her whereabouts are unknown. In response to a writ of habeas corpus, authorities denied that she is being detained.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Argentine government had violated Articles I, XVIII, XXV and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

ARGENTINA: Hipolito Solari Yrigoyen, Case 2088 A, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 38, OEA/ser. L/V/II.50, doc. 13 rev. 1 (1978) (Annual Report 1979-1980).

Complaint: Military agents arrested former Senator Yrigoyen at his home, tortured him, ransacked his house, and destroyed his car. Authorities released him two weeks later but police immediately rearrested Yrigoyen for alleged subversive activity and jailed him for nine months without trial. He was tortured throughout his detention and received no medical attention. On release, authorities expelled him from Argentina.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Argentine government had violated Articles I, VIII, XVIII, and XXV of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

ARGENTINA: Mario Abel Amaya, Case 2088 B, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 43, OEA/ser. L/V/II.50, doc. 13 rev. 1 (1978) (Annual Report 1979-1980).

Complaint: Uniformed military authorities arrested Amaya, a former national legislator, at his home for alleged subversive activities. Authorities imprisoned Amaya and tortured him until death.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Argentine government had violated Articles I, XVIII, and XXV of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

ARGENTINA: Enrique Rodriguez Larreta Piera, Case 2155, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 46, OEA/ser. L/V/II.50, doc. 13 rev. 1 (1978) (Annual Report 1979-1980).

Complaint: Authorities detained Piera, imprisoned and tortured him. Thereafter, he was transferred to Uruguay and released.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Argentina had violated Articles I and XXV of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

2. BOLIVIA: Abel Ayoroa Argondona, Case 2756, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 64, OEA/ser. L/V/II.47, doc. 13 rev. 1 (1979) (Annual Report 1978).

Complaint: Government agents imprisoned Argondona, legal adviser to trade union organizations, interrogated and threatened to torture him. He was released and told to leave the country. He attained asylum in Chile. While there, government agents detained and tortured him. They returned Argondona to Bolivian officials who tortured and forced him to sign statements. The Bolivian government then expelled him to Paraguay.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Bolivia had violated Articles I, VIII, XXV and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

BOLIVIA: Amalia Rada et al., Case 1757, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 136, (1974) (Ten Years of Activities 1971-81).

Complaint: Bolivian authorities arrested, tortured and caused the disappearances of Rada, Aida Pechazas, and Elsa Burgoa de Zapata.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Bolivia had violated Articles I, XVIII, XXV, and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

3. CHILE: Daniel Palma Robledo, Case 2931, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 47, OEA/ser. L/V/II.57, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1982) (Annual Report 1981-1982).

Complaint: Robledo was arbitrarily detained by a faction of the National Intelligence Bureau (DINA). His whereabouts are unknown.

Action Taken: The Commission declared that the Government of Chile had violated Article I and XXV of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

CHILE: Miguel Angel Rojas Abarca, Case 4666, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 50, OEA/ser. L/V/II.57, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1981) (Annual Report 1981-1982).

Complaint: Abarca, a 16 year-old student, was in bed sleeping when investigations officers broke in, dragged him out of his house, and put him in the trunk of a vehicle. During his detention, he was beaten, psychologically tortured, and forced to sign a document swearing that he had been treated well during his captivity.

Action Taken: The Commission declared that the Government of Chile had violated Article I and XXV of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

CHILE: Raul Lopez Peralta, Case 4665, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 56, OEA/ser. L/V/II.57, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1981) (Annual Report 1981-1982).

Complaint: Peralta was abducted by carabineros (civilians with submachine guns) and taken to a CNI facility on the Avenida Santa Maria. He was tortured along with Federico Alvarez Santibanez, who died as a result of the torture. Peralta was tortured with an electric grill, at high voltage, and in general was subject to physical and psychological abuse. At the time of his case, he was kept in the penitentiary, allegedly having violated the arms control law.

Action Taken: The Commission declared that the Government of Chile had violated Article I and XXV of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

CHILE: Federico Renato Alvarez Santibanez, Case 4573, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 52, OEA/ser. L/V/II.57, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1981) (Annual Report 1981-1982).

Complaint: Santibanez, professor of chemistry, was arbitrarily detained by agents of the National Investigations Center (CNI). He was incarcerated for six days after which he died in a hospital. His body showed evidence of torture.

Action Taken: The Commission declared that the Government of Chile had violated Articles I and XXV of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

CHILE: Carlos Humberto Contreras Maluje, Case 2126, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 77, OEA/ser. L/V/II.47, doc. 13 rev. 1 (1978) (Annual Report 1978).

Complaint: Agents of the National Intelligence Bureau detained and beat Maluje, a town counselor representing the Chilean Communist Party. Maluje's whereabouts remain unknown.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Chile had violated Articles I, XVIII, XXV, and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

4. CUBA: Victor Miguel Canton Gomez, Case 7899, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 70, OEA/ser. L/V/II.57, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1982) (Annual Report 1981-1982).

Complaint: Gomez was sentenced to 30 years in prison when he was 21 years old for giving medical care in his house to two wounded friends. He and the friends belonged to a political movement which stood in opposition to the government. At the time of his case, Gomez had served 20 years in prison.

Action Taken: The Commission declared that the Government of Cuba had violated Articles I, XI, XVIII, XXV, and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

CUBA: Eduardo Eloy Alvarez Hernandez, Case 7898, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 68, OEA/ser. L/V/II.57, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1982) (Annual Report 1981-1982).

Complaint: Hernandez was repeatedly denied the right to leave his country. After an illegal attempt to leave, he was incarcerated and sentenced to eight years on questionable charges.

Action Taken: The Commission declared that the Government of Cuba had violated Articles VI, XVIII, XXV, and XXVII of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

CUBA: Eduardo Capote Rodriguez, Case 6091, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 71, OEA/ser. L/V/II.57, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1982) (Annual Report 1981-1982).

Complaint: Rodriguez was seized and sentenced to 15 years in prison where he has been routinely subjected to savage beatings, harsh inspections, and physical and mental torture nearly every day of those fifteen years. Once his term was served, the government indefinitely extended the sentence, a procedure typically used in cases of political prisoners.

Action Taken: The Commission declared that the Government of Cuba had violated Articles I, XI, XVIII, XXV, and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

CUBA: Armando F. Valladares, Case 2300, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 65, OEA/ser. L/V/II.57, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1982) (Annual Report 1981-1982).

Complaint: Valladares was sentenced to 30 years in prison for political disagreement with Castro. While he in prison, Valladares suffered physical and psychological torture, harsh prison conditions, and untreated illnesses as a result of incarceration. Action Taken: The Commission declared that the Government of Cuba had violated Articles I, X, XI, XVIII, XXV, and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

CUBA: Melvin Lee Bailey et al., Case 7486, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 100, OEA/ser. L/V/II.54, doc. 9 rev. 1 (1981) (Annual Report 1980-1981).

Complaint: Authorities detained 15 United States citizens under various charges and tortured them physically and psychologically during their sentences. Most were denied due process of law, but all were eventually released.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Cuba had violated Articles XXV and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

CUBA: Eduardo Prieto Blanco and Alberto Prieto Blanco, Case 7455, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 102, OEA/ser. L/V/II.54, doc. 9 rev. 1 (1981) (Annual Report 1980-1981).

Complaint: After falsely telling Eduardo and Alberto Blanco that they were free to leave in the Mariel boat-lift, authorities took the pair from their homes and incarcerated them. They remain missing and are presumed dead.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Cuba had violated Articles I and XXV of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

CUBA: Political Prisoners of Combinado del Este Prison, Case 4402, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 94, OEA/ser. L/V/II.54, doc. 9 rev. 1 (1981) (Annual Report 1980-1981).

Complaint: Authorities transferred 114 prisoners to a maximum security prison under inhumane conditions. The prisoners were held in "dog kennel"-like incarceration for more than 20 hours with little medical care or food.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Cuba had violated Articles I, XI, XVIII, XXV, and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

CUBA: Tomas Fernandez Travieso, Case 3347, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 88, OEA/ser. L/V/II.54, doc. 9 rev. 1 (1981) (Annual Report 1980-1981).

Complaint: Cuban authorities sentenced Travieso to 30 years in prison. Half way through his sentence, after a play of his was performed in Miami, Florida, authorities charged Travieso with an additional offense and transferred him to a maximum security prison without trial.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Cuba had violated Articles XVIII, XXV, and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

5. EL SALVADOR: Carlos Antonio Madriz et al., Case 2530, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 226, (1978) (Ten Years of Activities 1971-81).

Complaint: A group of armed men attacked and kidnapped Madriz from his home. Salvadoran officials denied participation. A released prisoner confirmed that Madriz, along with others similarly missing, was being held in prison.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of El Salvador had violated Articles I, XVIII, XXV, XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

6. GUATEMALA: Cases 1702, 1748, 1755, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 128, (1974) (Ten Years of Activities 1971-81).

Complaint: In Case 1702, petitioners denounced violations of human rights, particularly a number of deaths following the government's imposition of a "state of siege" on November 12, 1970. Case 1748 denounced the death or disappearance of 296 individuals from late 1971 to early 1972. Case 1755 denounced the arbitrary arrest of a number of individuals in Guatemala City and the lack of effective results for writs of habeas corpus submitted to judicial authorities.

Action Taken: The Commission requested permission to send an investigator to Guatemala, but the Guatemalan government refused. The Commission resolved that Guatemala had violated Article I of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man. The Commission then futilely recommended that the Government of Guatemala investigate these events and report its findings to the Commission. The Commission then resolved that Guatemala had violated Articles I, XVIII, XXV, and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

7. HAITI: Marc Romulus, Case 1992, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 170, (1977) (Ten Years of Activities 1971-81).

Complaint: Government authorities detained Romulus and held him in subhuman conditions without a trial.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Haiti had violated Articles I, XVIII, XXV and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

HAITI: Prisoners Held Without Trial, Case 1944, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 167, (1977) (Ten Years of Activities 1971-81).

Complaint: Government agents detained 74 individuals for a number of years without trial.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Haiti had violated Articles I, XVIII, XXV, and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

8. PARAGUAY: Augusto Roa Bastos, Case 8027, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 67, OEA/ser. L/V/II.63, doc. 10 (1984) (Annual Report 1983-1984).

Complaint: Bastos, a well-known writer, was arrested, arbitrarily detained by police, and later exiled.

Action Taken: The Commission found that the Paraguayan government violated Articles VIII, XVIII, XXV and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

PARAGUAY: Luis Alfonso Resck, Case 7848, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 62, OEA/ser. L/V/II.63, doc. 10 (1984) (Annual Report 1983-1984).

Complaint: Resck, president of the Christian Democratic Party and a key member of the National Agreement opposition coalition, was arbitrarily arrested and detained by the police. The government stated that Resck, along with Domingo Laino and Roa Bastos, left the country voluntarily, but conflicting information sent to the Commission declared that the three men were political exiles and mentally unbalanced in the eyes of the government.

Action Taken: The Commission determined that the Government of Paraguay was in violation of Articles VIII, XVIII, XXV and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

PARAGUAY: Domingo Laino, Case 4563, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 57, OEA/ser. L/V/II.63, doc. 10 (1984) (Annual Report 1983-1984).

Complaint: Laino was arbitrarily arrested and confined by the police, and later exiled from Paraguay. Luis Resck, founder of the Christian Democratic Party, and Augusto Roa Bastos, a writer, were also expelled from Paraguay.

Action Taken: The Commission determined that the Government of Paraguay had violated Articles VIII, XVIII, XXV and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

PARAGUAY: Miguel Chase Sardi et al., Case 2006, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 37, OEA/ser. L/V/II.43, doc. 21 (1978) (Annual Report 1977).

Complaint: Paraguayan police detained Sardi, Victorio Suarez, Mauricio Schwartzman, Marilyn Rehnfeldt, and Gloria Estrago for alleged subversive activities in their work aiding the indigenous population. Police tortured Sardi, Suarez, and Estrago.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Paraguay had violated Articles I, IX, X, XVIII, XXII, XXV, and XXVI of the American Declaration on the Rights and Duties of Man.

PARAGUAY: Aida Angelica Ortiz and Aida Alejandra Ortiz, Case 2076, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 44, OEA/ser. L/V/II.43, doc. 21 (1977) (Annual Report 1977).

Complaint: Paraguayan authorities detained Ortiz and her 11 month-old daughter, Aida Alejandra and held Ortiz incommunicado under subhuman conditions. The whereabouts of her child are unknown.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Paraguay had violated Articles I, VI, VIII, XVIII, XXV, and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

PARAGUAY: Julio Solalinde et al., Case 2029, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 42, OEA/ser. L/V/II.43, doc. 21 (1977) (Annual Report 1977).

Complaint: Petitioners denounced numerous deaths, disappearances, illegal detentions, and torture, especially of women and children at the hands of Paraguayan authorities. Four adults and unborn children died as a result of this torture.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Paraguay had violated Articles I, VI, VII, XI, XVIII, XXV, and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

PARAGUAY: Detention and Torture of Individuals, Case 2021, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 41, OEA/ser. L/V/II.43, doc. 21 (1977) (Annual Report 1977).

Complaint: Government agents detained, tortured, and "disappeared" 53 persons, some of whom were pregnant, sick, or elderly.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Paraguay had violated Articles I, VI, IX, XVIII, XXV and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

PARAGUAY: Miguel Angel Soler, Case 2018, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 172, (1977) (Ten Years of Activities 1971-81).

Complaint: Paraguayan police arrested Soler, imprisoned and tortured him. His whereabouts are unknown.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Paraguay had violated Articles I, XVIII, XXV and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

PARAGUAY: Julio Rojas et al., Cases 1758, 1759, 1762, and 1763, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 140, (1973) (Ten Years of Activities 1971-81).

Complaint: Paraguayan authorities arrested Rojas and imprisoned him without trial for political reasons. Authorities also arrested Ignacio Chamorro and Idolina Anastasi Gaona along with 87 other people all of whom the Government imprisoned without trial.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Paraguay had violated Articles I, XVIII, XXV, and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

9. SURINAME: Iwan Rajwinderpersad Gobardhan et al., Case 9265, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 113, 119 OEA/ser. L/V/II.66, doc. 10 rev. 1 (1985) (Annual Report 1984-1985).

Complaint: Gobardhan and ten others were arrested, tortured physically and psychologically, and sentenced without due process to various terms in prison under charges that they were supposedly involved in a coup attempt.

Action Taken: The Commission determined that the Government of Suriname violated Articles I, XVIII, XXV and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

10. URUGUAY: Vladimir Roslik et al., Case 9274, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 121, OEA/ser. L/V/II.66, doc. 10 rev. 1 (1984) (Annual Report 1984-1985).

Complaint: Dr. Roslik, a surgeon, along with nine others, were arrested by members of the Uruguayan army. Dr. Roslik died as a result of torture.

Action Taken: The Commission found that the Government of Uruguay had violated Articles I, IX, XVIII, and XXV of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

URUGUAY: Jorge Mazzarovich, Case 1909, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 164, (1978) (Ten Years of Activities 1971-81).

Complaint: Uruguayan government agents arrested Mazzarovich. Although a military trial court decreed his freedom without restriction, the police obliged him to appear weekly, arrested him twice more and tortured him.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Uruguay had violated Articles I, XVIII, XXV, and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

Z. Article XXVI - Right to Due Process of Law

1. ARGENTINA: Raul Hector Cano, Case 3482, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 23, OEA/ser. L/V/II.54, doc. 9 rev. 1 (1981) (Annual Report 1980-1981).

Complaint: Authorities arrested and detained Cano for alleged violation of a national security law. A federal court issued a stay but the prisoner remained under arrest. Authorities denied Cano permission to leave Argentina.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Argentina had violated Articles XXV and XXVI of the American

Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

ARGENTINA: Monica Bustos, Case 2488, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 19, OEA/ser. L/V/II.54, doc. 9 rev. 1 (1981) (Annual Report 1980-1981).

Complaint: Security forces imprisoned and tortured Bustos, resulting in a nearly fatal coma. The government resolved that it was holding Bustos at the discretion of the Executive, without charges or trial.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Argentina had violated Articles I, XXV, and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

ARGENTINA: Gustavo Westerkamp, Case 2127, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 75, OEA/ser. L/V/II.50, doc. 13 rev. 1 (1980) (Annual Report 1979-1980).

Complaint: Government officials detained, imprisoned and tortured Westerkamp for over three years without specifying the charges or giving due process.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Argentina had violated Articles I, XXV, and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

ARGENTINA: Nelida Azucena Sosa de Forti et al., Case 2271, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 29, OEA/ser. L/V/II.47, doc. 13 rev. 1 (1979) (Annual Report 1978).

Complaint: Government agents removed de Forti and her five children from an airplane. Forti remains missing.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Argentine government had violated Articles I, XVIII, XXV, and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

ARGENTINA: Jorge San Vicente, Case 2266, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 52, OEA/ser. L/V/II.50, doc. 13 rev. 1 (1978) (Annual Report 1979-1980).

Complaint: Police arrested San Vicente and subsequently told his family that he was being detained in the narcotics section of a local police station. Despite successive writs of habeas corpus, San Vicente was not located.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Argentina had violated Articles I, XVIII, XXV and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

ARGENTINA: Monica Maria Candelaria Mignone, Case 2209, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 49, OEA/ser. L/V/II.50, doc. 13 rev. 1 (1978) (Annual Report 1979-1980).

Complaint: Heavily armed Argentine soldiers abducted Mignone from her home. Her whereabouts are unknown. In response to a writ of habeas corpus, authorities denied that she is being detained.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Argentine government had violated Articles I, XVIII, XXV and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

2. BOLIVIA: Abel Ayoroa Argondona, Case 2756, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 64, OEA/ser. L/V/II.47, doc. 13 rev. 1 (1979) (Annual Report 1978).

Complaint: Government agents imprisoned Argondona, legal adviser to trade union organizations, interrogated and threatened to torture him. He was released and told to leave the country. He attained asylum in Chile. While there, government agents detained and tortured him. They returned Argondona to Bolivian officials who tortured and forced him to sign statements. The Bolivian government then expelled him to Paraguay.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Bolivia had violated Articles I, VIII, XXV and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

BOLIVIA: Maria Cristina de Choque, Case 2722, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 60, OEA/ser. L/V/II.47, doc. 13 rev. 1 (1979) (Annual Report 1978).

Complaint: Government agents imprisoned de Choque, who suffered a miscarriage as a result of torture. She was arrested and imprisoned a second time without due process. She was held incommunicado with her six-month-old son.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Bolivia had violated Articles I and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

BOLIVIA: Nilda Heredia Miranda, Case 2721, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 58, OEA/ser. L/V/II.47, doc. 13 rev. 1 (1979) (Annual Report 1978).

Complaint: A large group of Bolivian government agents kidnapped Miranda, a physician, and tortured her in a police station, causing her to attempt suicide.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Bolivia had violated Articles I and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

BOLIVIA: Ruben Luis Romero Eguino, Case 2720, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 56, OEA/ser. L/V/II.47, doc. 13 rev. 1 (1979) (Annual Report 1978).

Complaint: Agents of the Government of Bolivia tortured and starved Eguino, a medical student. They refused him medical attention and he lost his leg due to the torture. Agents also tortured his wife and his two young children in his presence.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Bolivia had violated Articles I and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

BOLIVIA: Amalia Rada et al., Case 1757, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 136, (1974) (Ten Years of Activities 1971-81).

Complaint: Bolivian authorities arrested, tortured and caused the disappearances of Rada, Aida Pechazas, and Elsa Burgoa de Zapata.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Bolivia had violated Articles I, XVIII, XXV, and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

3. CHILE: Jaime Insunza Becker and Leopoldo Ortega Rodriguez, Case 9269, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 37, OEA/ser. L/V/II.66, doc. 10 rev. 1 (1985) (Annual Report 1984-1985).

Complaint: Becker, Secretary General of the Movimiento Democratico Popular, and Rodriguez, physician of the Chilean Commission of Human Rights, were arrested and expelled from Chile.

Action Taken: The Commission declared that the Chilean government had violated Articles VIII, XVIII and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

CHILE: Edgardo Condeza Vaccaro, Case 8095, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 34, OEA/ser. L/V/II.66, doc. 10 rev. 1 (1985) (Annual Report 1984-1985).

Complaint: Vaccaro, a Chilean citizen, was denied re-entry into his home country on the pretext that he was a member of a guerrilla movement and therefore national security interests were at stake.

Action Taken: The Commission declared that the government of Chile violated Articles VIII, XXVI, and XVIII of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

CHILE: Carlos Humberto Contreras Maluje, Case 2126, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 77, OEA/ser. L/V/II.47, doc. 13 rev. 1 (1978) (Annual Report 1978).

Complaint: Agents of the National Intelligence Bureau detained and beat Maluje, a town counselor representing the Chilean Communist Party. Maluje's whereabouts remain unknown.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Chile had violated Articles I, XVIII, XXV, and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

4. CUBA: Victor Miguel Canton Gomez, Case 7899, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 70, OEA/ser. L/V/II.57, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1982) (Annual Report 1981-1982).

Complaint: Gomez was sentenced to 30 years in prison when he was 21 years old for giving medical care in his house to two wounded friends. He and the friends belonged to a political movement which stood in opposition to the government. At the time of his case, Gomez had served 20 years in prison.

Action Taken: The Commission declared that the Government of Cuba had violated Articles I, XI, XVIII, XXV, and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

CUBA: Roger Reyes Fernandez, Case 6093, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 77, OEA/ser. L/V/II.57, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1982) (Annual Report 1981-1982).

Complaint: Fernandez was sentenced to 20 years in prison in 1966, after enduring physical and mental torture during an interrogation. While in prison, he has been subjected to various tortures so degrading, that he felt compelled to take part in several hunger strikes protesting the abuse of his human rights. Due to the hunger strikes and prison conditions, he suffers from gastritis and stomach ulcers.

Action Taken: The Commission found that the Government of Cuba had violated Articles I, XI, XVIII, and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

CUBA: Eduardo Capote Rodriguez, Case 6091, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 71, OEA/ser. L/V/II.57, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1982) (Annual Report 1981-1982).

Complaint: Rodriguez was seized and sentenced to 15 years in prison where he has been routinely subjected to savage beatings, harsh inspections, and physical and mental torture nearly every day of those fifteen years. Once his term was served, the government indefinitely extended the sentence, a procedure typically used in cases of political prisoners.

Action Taken: The Commission declared that the Government of Cuba had violated Articles I, XI, XVIII, XXV, and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

CUBA: Armando F. Valladares, Case 2300, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 65, OEA/ser. L/V/II.57, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1982) (Annual Report 1981-1982).

Complaint: Valladares was sentenced to 30 years in prison for political disagreement with Castro. While he in prison, Valladares suffered physical and psychological torture, harsh prison conditions, and untreated illnesses as a result of incarceration. Action Taken: The Commission declared that the Government of Cuba had violated Articles I, X, XI, XVIII, XXV, and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

CUBA: Melvin Lee Bailey et al., Case 7486, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 100, OEA/ser. L/V/II.54, doc. 9 rev. 1 (1981) (Annual Report 1980-1981).

Complaint: Authorities detained 15 United States citizens under various charges and tortured them physically and psychologically during their sentences. Most were denied due process of law, but all were eventually released.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Cuba had violated Articles XXV and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

CUBA: Political Prisoners of Combinado del Este Prison, Case 4402, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 94, OEA/ser. L/V/II.54, doc. 9 rev. 1 (1981) (Annual Report 1980-1981).

Complaint: Authorities transferred 114 prisoners to a maximum security prison under inhumane conditions. The prisoners were held in "dog kennel"-like incarceration for more than 20 hours with little medical care or food.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Cuba had violated Articles I, XI, XVIII, XXV, and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

CUBA: Tomas Fernandez Travieso, Case 3347, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 88, OEA/ser. L/V/II.54, doc. 9 rev. 1 (1981) (Annual Report 1980-1981).

Complaint: Cuban authorities sentenced Travieso to 30 years in prison. Half way through his sentence, after a play of his was performed in Miami, Florida, authorities charged Travieso with an additional offense and transferred him to a maximum security prison without trial.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Cuba had violated Articles XVIII, XXV, and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

5. EL SALVADOR: Carlos Antonio Madriz et al., Case 2530, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 226, (1978) (Ten Years of Activities 1971-81).

Complaint: A group of armed men attacked and kidnapped Madriz from his home. Salvadoran officials denied participation. A released prisoner confirmed that Madriz, along with others similarly missing, was being held in prison.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of El Salvador had violated Articles I, XVIII, XXV, XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

6. GUATEMALA: Cases 1702, 1748, 1755, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 128, (1974) (Ten Years of Activities 1971-81).

Complaint: In Case 1702, petitioners denounced violations of human rights, particularly a number of deaths following the government's imposition of a "state of siege" on November 12, 1970. Case 1748 denounced the death or disappearance of 296 individuals from late 1971 to early 1972. Case 1755 denounced the arbitrary arrest of a number of individuals in Guatemala City and the lack of effective results for writs of habeas corpus submitted to judicial authorities.

Action Taken: The Commission requested permission to send an investigator to Guatemala, but the Guatemalan government refused. The Commission resolved that Guatemala had violated Article I of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man. The Commission then futilely recommended that the Government of Guatemala investigate these events and report its findings to the Commission. The Commission then resolved that Guatemala had violated Articles I, XVIII, XXV, and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

7. HAITI: Marc Romulus, Case 1992, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 170, (1977) (Ten Years of Activities 1971-81).

Complaint: Government authorities detained Romulus and held him in subhuman conditions without a trial.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Haiti had violated Articles I, XVIII, XXV and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

HAITI: Prisoners Held Without Trial, Case 1944, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 167, (1977) (Ten Years of Activities 1971-81).

Complaint: Government agents detained 74 individuals for a number of years without trial.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Haiti had violated Articles I, XVIII, XXV, and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

8. PANAMA: Thelma King, Case 2777, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 67, OEA/ser. L/V/II.50, doc. 13 rev. 1 (1980) (Annual Report 1979-1980).

Complaint: The Commission asked the Panamanian government for a report on 103 individuals supposedly in exile, including Dr. King. The Government of Panama responded with an announcement that all exiles could return to Panama without fear. The Government also responded that Dr. King was then living in Panama.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Panama had violated Articles I, VIII and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

PANAMA: Carlos Ernesto Gonzalez de la Lastra, Case 2509, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 63, OEA/ser. L/V/II.50, doc. 13 rev. 1 (1979) (Annual Report 1979-1980).

Complaint: The Panamanian Minister of the Interior issued a warrant for the arrest of Gonzalez, a Panamanian citizen. Gonzalez offered to turn himself in, but the Minister refused to guarantee Gonzalez's safety, forcing him into exile in Venezuela.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Panama had violated Articles I, VIII and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

9. PARAGUAY: ABC Color, Case 9250, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 72, OEA/ser. L/V/II.63, doc. 10 (1984) (Annual Report 1983-1984).

Complaint: ABC Color, a newspaper, was shut down indefinitely and its editor, Aldo Zucolillo, was placed under house arrest.

Action Taken: The Commission declared that the Government of Paraguay had violated Articles IV and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

PARAGUAY: Augusto Roa Bastos, Case 8027, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 67, OEA/ser. L/V/II.63, doc. 10 (1984) (Annual Report 1983-1984).

Complaint: Bastos, a well-known writer, was arrested, arbitrarily detained by police, and later exiled.

Action Taken: The Commission found that the Paraguayan government violated Articles VIII, XVIII, XXV and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

PARAGUAY: Luis Alfonso Resck, Case 7848, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 62, OEA/ser. L/V/II.63, doc. 10 (1984) (Annual Report 1983-1984).

Complaint: Resck, president of the Christian Democratic Party and a key member of the National Agreement opposition coalition, was arbitrarily arrested and detained by the police. The government stated that Resck, along with Domingo Laino and Roa Bastos, left the country voluntarily, but conflicting information sent to the Commission declared that the three men were political exiles and mentally unbalanced in the eyes of the government.

Action Taken: The Commission determined that the Government of Paraguay was in violation of Articles VIII, XVIII, XXV and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

PARAGUAY: Domingo Laino, Case 4563, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 57, OEA/ser. L/V/II.63, doc. 10 (1984) (Annual Report 1983-1984).

Complaint: Laino was arbitrarily arrested and confined by the police, and later exiled from Paraguay. Luis Resck, founder of the Christian Democratic Party, and Augusto Roa Bastos, a writer, were also expelled from Paraguay.

Action Taken: The Commission determined that the Government of Paraguay had violated Articles VIII, XVIII, XXV and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

PARAGUAY: Miguel Chase Sardi et al., Case 2006, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 37, OEA/ser. L/V/II.43, doc. 21 (1978) (Annual Report 1977).

Complaint: Paraguayan police detained Sardi, Victorio Suarez, Mauricio Schwartzman, Marilyn Rehnfeldt, and Gloria Estrago for alleged subversive activities in their work aiding the indigenous population. Police tortured Sardi, Suarez, and Estrago.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Paraguay had violated Articles I, IX, X, XVIII, XXII, XXV, and XXVI of the American Declaration on the Rights and Duties of Man.

PARAGUAY: Aida Angelica Ortiz and Aida Alejandra Ortiz, Case 2076, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 44, OEA/ser. L/V/II.43, doc. 21 (1977) (Annual Report 1977).

Complaint: Paraguayan authorities detained Ortiz and her 11 month-old daughter, Aida Alejandra and held Ortiz incommunicado under subhuman conditions. The whereabouts of her child are unknown.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Paraguay had violated Articles I, VI, VIII, XVIII, XXV, and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

PARAGUAY: Julio Solalinde et al., Case 2029, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 42, OEA/ser. L/V/II.43, doc. 21 (1977) (Annual Report 1977).

Complaint: Petitioners denounced numerous deaths, disappearances, illegal detentions, and torture, especially of women and children at the hands of Paraguayan authorities. Four adults and unborn children died as a result of this torture.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Paraguay had violated Articles I, VI, VII, XI, XVIII, XXV, and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

PARAGUAY: Detention and Torture of Individuals, Case 2021, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 41, OEA/ser. L/V/II.43, doc. 21 (1977) (Annual Report 1977).

Complaint: Government agents detained, tortured, and "disappeared" 53 persons, some of whom were pregnant, sick, or elderly.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Paraguay had violated Articles I, VI, IX, XVIII, XXV and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

PARAGUAY: Miguel Angel Soler, Case 2018, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 172, (1977) (Ten Years of Activities 1971-81).

Complaint: Paraguayan police arrested Soler, imprisoned and tortured him. His whereabouts are unknown.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Paraguay had violated Articles I, XVIII, XXV and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

PARAGUAY: Julio Rojas et al., Cases 1758, 1759, 1762, and 1763, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 140, (1973) (Ten Years of Activities 1971-81).

Complaint: Paraguayan authorities arrested Rojas and imprisoned him without trial for political reasons. Authorities also arrested Ignacio Chamorro and Idolina Anastasi Gaona along with 87 other people all of whom the Government imprisoned without trial.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Paraguay had violated Articles I, XVIII, XXV, and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

10. SURINAME: Iwan Rajwinderpersad Gobardhan et al., Case 9265, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 113, 119 OEA/ser. L/V/II.66, doc. 10 rev. 1 (1985) (Annual Report 1984-1985).

Complaint: Gobardhan and ten others were arrested, tortured physically and psychologically, and sentenced without due process to various terms in prison under charges that they were supposedly involved in a coup attempt.

Action Taken: The Commission determined that the Government of Suriname violated Articles I, XVIII, XXV and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

11. URUGUAY: Jorge Mazzarovich, Case 1909, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 164, (1978) (Ten Years of Activities 1971-81).

Complaint: Uruguayan government agents arrested Mazzarovich. Although a military trial court decreed his freedom without restriction, the police obliged him to appear weekly, arrested him twice more and tortured him.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Uruguay had violated Articles I, XVIII, XXV, and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

URUGUAY: Hugo Leonardo de los Santos Mendoza, Case 1783, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 142, (1978) (Ten Years of Activities 1971-81).

Complaint: The Armed Forces detained and tortured Mendoza to death.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Uruguay had violated Articles I, XVIII and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

URUGUAY: Alvaro Balbi, Case 1967, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 55, OEA/ser. L/V/II.43, doc. 21 (1977) (Annual Report 1977).

Complaint: Police detained Balbi, who died within 24 hours of his arrest. His body showed obvious signs of violence.

Action Taken: The Commission resolved that the Government of Uruguay had violated Articles I, XVIII, and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

AA. Article XXVII - Right of Asylum

1. CUBA: Eduardo Eloy Alvarez Hernandez, Case 7898, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 68, OEA/ser. L/V/II.57, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1982) (Annual Report 1981-1982).

Complaint: Hernandez was repeatedly denied the right to leave his country. After an illegal attempt to leave, he was incarcerated and sentenced to eight years on questionable charges.

Action Taken: The Commission declared that the Government of Cuba had violated Articles VI, XVIII, XXV, and XXVII of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.

CUBA: Maria Eugenia Calvar Rivero, Case 7602, Inter-Am. C.H.R. 79, OEA/ser. L/V/II.57, doc. 6 rev. 1 (1982) (Annual Report 1981-1982).

Complaint: Maria Rivero and her 2 year-old daughter attempted to join their husband and father, who had previously left Cuba for the United States. Ms. Rivero was denied permission to leave because she had a university degree. She was fired from her job for attempting to leave. She has lived off the charity of friends and relatives.

Action Taken: The Commission found the Government of Cuba had violated Articles VI, XIV, and XXVII of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.