FOR PUBLICATION
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
ANTONIO FLOR CHANCO; MARIA OFELIA SAN MIGUEL CHANCO,
Petitioners,
v.
IMMIGRATION AND NATURALIZATION SERVICE,
Respondent.
No. 94-70738
INS Nos.
A28 781 540
A28 781 641
OPINION
Petition to Review a Decision of the Immigration and Naturalization Service
Submitted March 12, 1996* San Francisco, California
Filed April 19, 1996
Before: David R. Thompson, Andrew J. Kleinfeld and A. Wallace Tashima, Circuit Judges.
Opinion by Judge Thompson
SUMMARY
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COUNSEL
Bert M. Vega and Rodel E. Rodis, San Francisco, California, for the petitioners.
David V. Bernal, Office of Immigration Litigation, United States Department of Justice, Washington, D.C., for the respondent.
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OPINION
THOMPSON, Circuit Judge:
Antonio Flor Chanco ("Chanco") and Maria Ofelia San Miguel Chanco, natives and citizens of the Philippines, peti- tion for review of an Order of the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA), which affirmed the Immigration Judge's (IJ) denial of the Chancos' request for asylum and withholding of deportation under 8 U.S.C. S 1158(a) and 1253(h).1 Chanco argues the BIA abused its discretion by determining that his fear of prosecution by the Philippine government for his par- ticipation in a coup d'etat is not a well founded fear of perse- cution for his political opinion. He also contends he will be subjected to disproportionate punishment because of his fami- ly's friendship with the Marcos family, and that his nine-year service in the military renders him particularly subject to per- secution by rebel forces in the Philippines.
[1] We have jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. S 1105a(a). We deny review because what Chanco faces is not persecution but prosecution for his crime against the Philippine government,
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1 Because the facts supporting the Chancos' claims pertain to Antonio Flor Chanco, we refer to him in this opinion as "Chanco." The Chancos do not address in their appeal, and therefore have waived, their contention before the BIA that Maria Ofelia San Miguel Chanco's claim should be considered independently from her husband's claim.
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a crime for which he has not shown his punishment will be disproportionate. We also conclude that because Chanco has failed to show that he would be singled out for retribution by the rebels, his fear of persecution by them is not well founded.
FACTS
Chanco is a lieutenant commander in the Philippine Navy and was a member of the Reformed Armed Forces Movement (RAM), an officers group which helped oust President Ferdi- nand Marcos and install the government of Corazon Aquino. Some RAM members later became disenchanted with the new government and, in August 1987, Chanco and others covertly helped plan a military coup against Aquino. The rebellion was defeated before Chanco took an active role, and military offi- cials were unaware of his involvement when they dispatched him to Hawaii a few weeks later as a representative of the Philippine Navy.
While in Hawaii, Chanco visited Ferdinand Marcos to deliver a letter from Chanco's father, a longtime friend of the former president. Although Chanco had permission to make the visit, he contends it prompted military officials to link him to the coup plotters, whom Marcos was suspected of financ- ing.
After completing his work in Hawaii, Chanco received per- mission to visit friends in the continental United States. Dur- ing this visit, Chanco learned he had been implicated in the coup plot and would likely face prosecution upon his return. Fearing lengthy imprisonment, he applied for asylum.
The BIA denied Chanco's request for asylum, determining he failed to satisfy his required burden to show by credible, direct and specific evidence facts supporting a well founded fear of persecution on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion. See Ramos-Vasquez v. I.N.S., 57 F.3d 857, 862 (9th Cir.
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1995). Because the standard for withholding deportation is higher than for granting asylum, the BIA also denied Chan- co's request for withholding of deportation. I.N.S. v. Cardoza- Fonseca, 480 U.S. 421 (1987).
DISCUSSION
A. Standard of Review
We review for abuse of discretion a denial of asylum. Ramos-Vasquez, 57 F.3d at 861. We review the factual find- ings underlying the determination under a "substantial evidence" standard. Shirazi-Parsa v. I.N.S., 14 F.3d 1424, 1427 (9th Cir. 1994). We will uphold the BIA's determination unless the evidence compels a contrary conclusion. I.N.S. v. Elias-Zacarias, 502 U.S. 478, 483-84 (1992); Shirazi-Parsa, 14 F.3d at 1427.
B. Denial of Asylum
To qualify for asylum, the alien must show he [or she] is a statutory `refugee,' by providing evidence of `persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion.'
Ramos-Vasquez, 57 F.3d at 862 (citing Cardoza-Fonseca, 480 U.S. at 423) quoting 8 U.S.C. S 1101(a)(42).
The first basis on which Chanco seeks asylum is his claim that the military discipline and criminal prosecution he faces for planning the 1987 coup constitute persecution on account of his political opinion. As to this claim, the BIA concluded Chanco did not face persecution qualifying him for refugee status, but rather prosecution for his part in an unsuccessful coup d'etat. We agree.
Persons avoiding lawful prosecution for common crimes are not ordinarily deemed refugees. Abedini v. U.S. I.N.S., 971
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F.2d 188, 191 (9th Cir. 1992). Participation in a coup may be distinguished from common crimes, however, in that it is usu- ally a politically motivated act. Consequently, we must look beyond Abedini for an appropriate rule. Because the signifi- cance of coup participation to refugee status presents a ques- tion of first impression in this circuit, we consider the decisions of courts in other circuits, as well as international treaties to which the United States is a party.
In finding Chanco ineligible for asylum, the BIA cited the United Nations' Handbook on Procedures and Criteria for Determining Refugee Status: Under the 1951 Convention and the 1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees, Geneva: Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refu- gees, 1979 (hereinafter the "UNHCR Handbook").2 The rele- vant paragraph distinguishing persecution on account of political opinion from prosecution for politically motivated crimes advises:
If the prosecution pertains to a punishable act com- mitted out of political motives, and if the anticipated punishment is in conformity with the general law of the country concerned, fear of such prosecution will not in itself make the applicant a refugee.
UNHCR Handbook at paragraph 84.
[2] Although fear of prosecution for a politically motivated crime does not in itself make an applicant a refugee, the UNHCR Handbook and some courts have recognized addi- tional circumstances, which when combined with prosecution
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2 Although the UNHCR Handbook is not binding on the I.N.S., it has been cited by the Supreme Court as providing significant guidance for construing the United Nations Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees, 19 U.S.T. 6223, T.I.A.S. No. 6557, to which the United States is a party and which Congress relied on in enacting United States refugee law. Ramos-Vasquez, 57 F.3d at 863 (citing Cardoza-Fonseca, 480 U.S. at 437-39).
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for a politically motivated crime, may constitute persecution.3 Factors bearing on whether a political offender can be consid- ered a refugee include "the nature of the law on which the prosecution is based." UNHCR Handbook at paragraph 86, cited in Dwomoh v. Sava, 696 F. Supp. 970 (S.D.N.Y. 1988); see also Perkovic v. I.N.S., 33 F.3d 615 (6th Cir. 1994); Perlera-Escobar v. Executive Office for Immigration, 894 F.2d 1292 (11th Cir. 1990).
In Dwomoh, the district court considered a habeas corpus petition by a Ghanian soldier who sought asylum to avoid deportation and possible execution for participating in an attempted coup against the Ghanian military government. Dwomoh, 696 F. Supp. at 972. Citing the United States' long- standing tradition of granting refugee status to persons resist- ing totalitarian regimes, as well as international agreements extending refugee status to opponents of totalitarian rulers, the Dwomoh court held that,
[I]n countries where there is no procedure by which citizens can freely and peacefully change their laws, officials or form of government . . . a coup attempt is a form of expression of political opinion the prose- cution of which can qualify as `persecution' within the statutory definition of `refugee.'
Id. at 979.
In Perkovic, the Sixth Circuit examined the link between a nation's tolerance of dissent and an alien's refugee status, and stated:
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3 Addressing a somewhat analogous issue, we have held that prosecution for a crime can constitute persecution, when the underlying law being enforced is contrary to internationally accepted principles of human rights. Ramos-Vasquez, 57 F.3d at 863 (Honduran soldier who deserted to avoid participating in military atrocities may contend he faced persecution on account of political opinion).
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Although international law allows sovereign coun- tries to protect themselves from criminals and revo- lutionaries, it does not permit the prohibition and punishment of peaceful political expression and activity, the very sort of conduct in which the peti- tioners engaged here.
Perkovic, 33 F.3d at 622.
In Perlera-Escobar, the Eleventh Circuit held that sover- eign nations have a recognized right to investigate suspected enemies of the government. Perlera-Escobar, 894 F.2d at 1297, 1299. Such investigation does not constitute persecu- tion on account of political opinion, when the government is "duly established." Id. at 1299.
[3] These cases recognize that the fear of prosecution must be evaluated in the context of the legitimacy of the law being enforced. When a government does not respect the interna- tionally recognized human right to peacefully protest, punish- ment by such a government for a politically motivated act may arguably not constitute a legitimate exercise of sovereign authority and may amount to persecution. But that is not the case before us. We need not decide in this case whether a coup plotter against a regime which prohibited peaceful pro- test or change would be entitled to asylum.
[4] Here, the record shows that diverse political views are tolerated in the Philippines, and Chanco could have expressed his political opinion without resort to a violent attempt to overthrow the democratically elected government. Because lawful means, as an alternative to a coup d'etat, were avail- able, the BIA reasoned the prosecution Chanco faces is not on account of his political opinion but on account of his illegal action.
Although the BIA did not cite Dwomoh in denying Chanco asylum, the Board's reasoning is consistent with Dwomoh. The BIA observed that,
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Peaceful means for expressing [Chanco's] political opinion and effecting a change in the government without the prospect of punishment were available.
[5] We conclude the BIA did not err by determining that the punishment Chanco faces does not constitute persecution on account of political opinion. Prosecution for participation in a coup does not constitute persecution on account of politi- cal opinion when peaceful means of protest are available for which the alien would not face punishment. Prosecution in these circumstances is no different from prosecution for a common law crime. See Abedini, 971 F.2d at 191.
Although prosecution for a common law crime will not ordinarily constitute persecution, a showing of disproportion- ate punishment may support a claim that the prosecution is a pretext for persecution on account of political opinion. Id.4 In the present case, Chanco argues the prosecution he fears is a pretext for his persecution on account of his political opinion because of the disproportionately severe punishment he will receive due to his imputed support for the Marcos family.
[6] Even if we assume disproportionately severe punish- ment might indicate pretextual prosecution, Chanco's argu- ment fails because he did not present evidence to support his contention that he faces disproportionate punishment. To the contrary, he testified he expects the same punishment as other coup plotters.
Chanco's final contention is that he has a well founded fear of persecution from anti-government forces, because of his nine years of military service fighting the rebels.
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4 The UNHCR Handbook also recognizes that excessive or arbitrary punishment for a politically motivated offense may indicate prosecution for political purposes. Id. at paragraph 85.
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To the extent Chanco expects to be targeted as a current member of the military, the BIA properly found that this dan- ger does not constitute persecution on account of political opinion or membership in a particular social group. Matter of Fuentes, 19 I&N; Dec. 658, 661 (1988) (dangers faced solely due to one's employment as a "national police officer" and U.S. Embassy guard do not constitute persecution on account of the protected grounds enumerated in the Immigration and Nationality Act). To the extent Chanco expects to be expelled from the military and fears rebel attacks due to his status as a former military officer, Chanco is correct that reprisals against former military officers can provide a basis for grant- ing asylum. Montecino v. I.N.S., 915 F.2d 518, 520 (9th Cir. 1990). However, the BIA properly found Chanco failed to meet his burden of proof, which requires evidence that he is likely to be singled out for rebel attacks. Arriaga-Barrientos v. U.S.I.N.S., 937 F.2d 411, 414 (9th Cir. 1991) (Violence must create a pattern of persecution closely tied to petitioner); see also, Kotasz v. I.N.S., 31 F.3d 847, 852 (9th Cir. 1994).
CONCLUSION
Chanco failed to establish that he has a well founded fear of persecution within the meaning of the Immigration and Nationality Act. Having failed to establish a well founded fear of persecution, he necessarily failed to surmount the higher standard to establish a "clear probability" of persecution which is required for withholding of deportation. Ramos- Vasquez, 57 F.3d at 862. The petition for review is
DENIED.
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the end
