CCPR/C/98/D/1565/2007International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
Distr.: Restricted*
30 April 2010
English
Original: French
Human Rights Committee
Ninety-eighth session
8–26 March 2010
Views
Communication No. 1565/2007
Submitted by: Aurélio Gonçalves et al. (represented by Dr. Rui Ottolini Castelo-Branco and Dr. Maria João Castelo-Branco)
Alleged victim: The authors
State party: Portugal
Date of communication: 31 January 2007 (initial submission)
Document references: Special Rapporteur’s rule 97 decision, transmitted to the State party on 21 May 2007 (not issued in document form)
Date of adoption of Views: 18 March 2010
Subject matter: Discriminatory tax legislation against casino croupiers
Procedural issues: None
Substantive issues: Violation of the principle of equality before the law
Articles of the Covenant: 2, paragraphs 1 and 2; 26
Articles of the Optional Protocol: None
On 18 March 2010, the Human Rights Committee adopted the annexed draft as the Committee’s Views under article 5, paragraph 4, of the Optional Protocol in respect of communication No. 1565/2007.
* Made public by decision of the Human Rights Committee.
Annex
Views of the Human Rights Committee under article 5, paragraph 4, of the Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ninety-eighth session)
concerning
Communication No. 1565/2007**
Submitted by: Aurélio Gonçalves et al. (represented by Dr. Rui Ottolini Castelo-Branco and Dr. Maria João Castelo-Branco)
Alleged victim: The authors
State party: Portugal
Date of communication: 31 January 2007 (initial submission)
The Human Rights Committee, established under article 28 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights,
Meeting on 18 March 2010,
Having concluded its consideration of communication No. 1565/2007, submitted to the Human Rights Committee by Mr. Aurélio Gonçalves under the Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights,
Having taken into account all written information made available to it by the author of the communication and the State party,
Adopts the following:
Views under article 5, paragraph 4, of the Optional Protocol
1. The authors of the communication are Mr. Aurélio Chainho Gonçalves, born on 8 October 1967; Ms. Carla Filomena Soares Domingues Pereira, born on 6 October 1963; Ms. Maria de Lurdes Mendes Cleto, born on 31 July 1961; Mr. João Maurício Rosado, born on 16 February 1947; Mr. Ricardino Leandro de Sousa, born on 8 March 1965; Mr. Manuel Guerreiro Rosa, born on 8 August 1944; Mr. Ricardo Simão Guerreiro, born on 29 October 1966; Mr. José Francisco Grilo Bugalho, born on 19 September 1947; Mr. Hélder Gaspar Monteiro, born on 27 February 1940; Mr. José António Duarte Seixas, born on 23 October 1956; Mr. Mário Conceição do Carmo, born on 27 April 1942; Mr. Manuel Justiniano da Silva Nunes, born on 16 October 1951; Mr. José Manuel Fernandes de Carvalho, born on 16 April 1959; Ms. Idália Maria Vilhena Ataíde Pires Pontes, born on 22 April 1969; Mr. Avelino Albano Cupido, born on 3 March 1962; Mr. Abraão Israel Marques da Mota, born on 28 June 1942; Mr. Carlos Manuel Presa de Figueiredo, born on 5 July 1950; Mr. Custódio Silva Faria, born on 26 April 1936; Mr. Alvaro António Reis Miranda, born on 2 December 1957; Mr. João Manuel da Silva Seguro, born on 14 May 1956; Mr. Francisco José Caldeira Valadares, born on 30 July 1952; and Mr. Rui Manuel Ferreira Areias Barbosa, born on 29 December 1952. The authors are all Portuguese nationals. They claim to be victims of a violation by Portugal of article 26, read in conjunction with article 2, paragraphs 1 and 2, of the Covenant. They are represented by Dr. Rui Ottolini Castelo-Branco and Dr. Maria João Castelo-Branco. The Optional Protocol entered into force for the State party on 3 August 1983.
The facts as submitted by the authors
2.1 The authors are croupiers working in casinos in Portugal. When the tax authorities demanded payment of their income taxes for 1999 and 2000, the authors refused to declare the income resulting from tips received from their customers (casino players). They considered that the tips from their customers had been given purely out of generosity and could therefore be regarded as charitable donations. They were not, strictly speaking, pay and, as a result, were not taxable.
2.2 According to article 2, paragraphs 1 and 3 (h), of the Personal Income Tax Code (CIRS), earned income from employment comprises all payments from or made available by the employer under a contract of employment or any other legal equivalent. Gratuities received for or on account of services provided, when not distributed by the employer, must be considered as part of earned income from employment. In its ruling 497/97 of 7 July 1997, the Constitutional Court declared this article to be unconstitutional. However, the Budget Act for 1999, 87-B/98, of 31 December 1998, contradicts this ruling, stipulating in article 29 that sums of money received by casino bank staff from players, depending on their winnings, are considered as gratuities received for or on account of services provided. The authors fear that this provision may impugn the ruling of the Constitutional Court, which found the provision on the taxation of tips received by croupiers to be unconstitutional.
2.3 The authors consider that this has led to discriminatory practice against croupiers. They are the only staff who are taxed on their tips, whereas waiters working in the same casinos, who likewise tend to receive tips from customers, are not taxed. The discriminatory nature of such differentiation was recognized by the Court of Justice of the European Communities (CJEC).1 In an opinion issued by the Centre for Financial Studies, the tax authorities themselves argued that the provision violated the principle of equality and justice. Their conclusion was not, however, followed by the courts hearing the case (see below).
2.4 The authors also note that sickness and unemployment benefits are not calculated on the basis of their total income, but only on the basis of the salary paid directly by the employer. They point out that they have nonetheless to deduct 12 per cent of their monthly tips for a special social security fund but derive no benefit from that contribution or, at any rate, no greater assistance in the event of illness or unemployment. On this count, tips are not considered as earned income from employment. Furthermore, according to the authors, the State’s inability to monitor the tips received by other categories of employees, whereas monitoring croupiers’ tips is simpler, should not work to their disadvantage. If monitoring tips is not possible and this gives rise to inequality among the professions, the State must quite simply refrain from creating the tax.
2.5 The authors therefore brought individual proceedings before the administrative and tax tribunals in Loulé (13 of the authors), Sintra (5 of the authors) and Porto (4 of the authors),2 which dismissed their complaints between 1 March 2004 and 23 October 2006. The first appeal against one of these decisions was dismissed by the Supreme Administrative Court (judgement of 16 November 2005) for one of the authors. The other appeals were all dismissed between 7 March 2006 and 13 March 2007, either by the Central Administrative Tribunal for the South (for Sintra and Loulé) or by the Central Administrative Tribunal for the North (for Porto). Finally, between 20 March 2006 and 26 June 2007, the Constitutional Court, ruling on each appeal separately, systematically rejected the assertion that the provisions in question are unconstitutional.
The complaint
3. The authors consider that the State party has violated their right to equality before the law, guaranteed by article 26 when read in conjunction with article 2, paragraphs 1 and 2, of the Covenant. They argue that the adoption of Act 87-B/98 changed the scope of ruling 497/97 of the Constitutional Court, thereby placing croupiers at a disadvantage vis-à-vis other professions. The situation violates the principle of equal taxation. Furthermore, while croupiers pay additional contributions of 12 per cent of their tips into the special social security fund, they receive no additional assistance in the event of illness or unemployment.
State party’s observations
4.1 In its observations of 21 November 2007, the State party challenges the merits of the communication submitted by the authors. It refers to the legislative history of taxation on croupiers’ tips and stresses that the original version of the Professional Tax Code (CIP) contained no provision on the taxation of tips. The tax authorities therefore attempted, based on the legal definition of earned income, to include as part of taxable income tips paid by third parties to staff working in casinos. This sparked strong opposition from croupiers. In order to clarify the situation, Decree-Law No. 138/78 of 12 June 1978 was amended to include article 1, paragraph 2, of CIP, according to which sums received as gratuities or tips by employees in the course of the performance of their work would henceforth be considered as earned income, even when such sums were not distributed by the employer. This provision was declared unconstitutional because it had no basis in law (decree passed by the Government but not validated by Parliament).
4.2 The legislature again attempted to introduce the provision through Decree-Law No. 297/79 pursuant to article 18 of Act No. 21-A/79, which said that the regulations governing the scope of income tax should be revised so as to include all earned or work-related income. The expression “tips and gratuities�? was no longer used: the new legislation merely referred to “sums received by employees in the course of the performance of their work, even those not distributed by the employer�?. This new text was also declared unconstitutional for want of the signature of the Prime Minister in office on the date of promulgation. Decree-Law No. 183-D/80 reinstated the provision, the substance of the text having been correctly adopted. In 1982, however, the legislature decided that the Decree-Law should be repealed and did not reintroduce the wording on tips and gratuities until 1988. The new provision of CIP stipulated that half of any sums received by employees in the course of the performance of their work, irrespective of their nature, would be taxable when the sums were not distributed by the employer.
4.3 When the country moved from a system of two codes (Professional Tax Code and Supplementary Tax Code) to the more modern system, more in line with the European Community, of the Personal Income Tax Code (CIRS), Act No. 106/88 of 17 September 1988 provided, in article 4, paragraph 2 (a), that “all payments stemming from work done on behalf of third parties, whether performed by servants of the State and other public-law entities or in consequence of a contract of employment or other contract legally equivalent to a contract of employment�? would be considered as earned income. Article 2 of the Personal Income Tax Code (CIRS) concerning the tax base of category A income, specifies in paragraph 3 (h), that “[…] gratuities received for or on account of services provided, when they are not distributed by the employer, are also earned income�?.
4.4 The constitutionality of this provision was called into question by the Mediator, who referred the matter to the Constitutional Court. Responding to the question of whether a gratuity was a donation that might be exempt from employment tax regulations, the Constitutional Court found the provision to be constitutional. The Court considered that the specific nature of the profession of croupier made for a special arrangement which could not be considered unconstitutional. A consequence of this unique framework was a differentiation in the pattern of remuneration. Since this Constitutional Court ruling, No. 497/97 of 9 July 1997, the legislature and Government have been in favour of making tips subject to tax. Article 29, paragraph 5, of Act No. 87-B/98 of 31 December 1998, containing the State budget for 1999, stipulates that article 8 of CIRS should make explicit reference to the income of casino croupiers that does not come from the employer. The croupiers are up in arms against this provision, since they consider it a new development, inasmuch as their profession is referred to directly.
4.5 Before expressing its views on the merits of the allegations made by the authors, the State party analyses the legislation governing croupiers’ incomes and, more particularly, gratuities. Casinos are private entities subject to a strong tax regime. They are inspected by the Inspectorate-General of Gambling (IGJ). Regulatory Decree No. 82/85 of 28 August 1985 governs the system for distributing gratuities received by staff in gaming rooms. As can be seen, these gratuities are not given intuitu personae to a certain croupier to whom a player takes a liking. They are deposited into a fund for this purpose and distributed every two weeks to croupiers according to the category to which they belong (more senior croupiers receive more). Since the issuance of Decree No. 24/89 of 15 March 1989, a Commission for the Distribution of Gratuities (CDG) has been established. This fact attests to the size of the sums of money involved and their sensitive nature. The equitable, legal and transparent distribution of these gratuities must be ensured. The State party goes on to say that the social security system also has an interest in gratuities. Under the laws governing the system, gratuities are considered as earned income.
4.6 The State party insists that gratuities are income stemming from the employment relationship, contrary to the authors’ claims that they are donations, and thus exempt from tax. Croupiers receive tips because of their contracts of employment. Tips are not income obtained intuitu personae and are subject to social security deductions. The State party cites a study by law professors which argues that the adoption of an overarching, comprehensive concept of income, including tips, is not only in keeping with social practice but is also a natural consequence of the principle of capacity to pay. It notes that earned income comprises several elements, including basic pay, seniority bonuses, various gratuities such as holiday and Christmas allowances, extras such as payments for special duties and overtime, night work and shifts etc. ...; this complex set of types of income counts towards various uses of different kinds, all legitimate. For example, only basic pay and seniority bonuses count towards severance pay; for accidents at work, only regular monthly benefits apply. There is nothing to preclude the taxation of tips, which are gratuities awarded for the performance of work.
4.7 The State party notes that the authors invoke Court of Justice of the European Communities (CJEC) case law, according to which the performance of music in the street prompts voluntary donations of indeterminate amounts of money. In one case, it had been established that no legal relationship existed between the performer and the recipient. There was thus no need to tax the very variable income of street musicians, which consisted solely of such gratuities. The State party is in agreement with this case law, but considers that the authors invoke it wrongly because it is not relevant to this case.
4.8 The State party bases itself on the jurisprudence of the Constitutional Court, which has analysed the principle of equality from three angles. First, formal equality provides that all citizens are equal before tax legislation, which means that all taxpayers in the same situation as defined by tax legislation must be subject to the same tax regime. Second, substantive equality requires the law to ensure that all citizens with an equal income must bear an equal tax burden, thereby contributing equally to public expenses. Lastly, equality through the tax system aims to achieve a fair distribution of income and wealth besides satisfying the financial requirements of the State and other public entities, since one purpose of income tax is to reduce inequalities among citizens. Therefore, although croupiers receive considerable amounts in the form of gratuities, these gratuities are not donations but customary gifts, and it makes no sense to relieve croupiers of taxes on such gratuities if the tax burden on other people at work is not alleviated.
4.9 The State party notes that, according to the Human Rights Committee, not every differentiation of treatment will constitute discrimination, if the criteria for such differentiation are reasonable and objective and if the aim is to achieve a purpose which is legitimate under the Covenant. It follows that the criteria adopted by the Portuguese courts are fully in accordance with those established by the Committee. For all these reasons, the State party considers that the sums of money in question are earned income which is legitimately subject to tax and that no provision of international law, including article 26 of the Covenant, has been violated.
Authors’ comments on the State party’s submission
5. In their comments dated 2 February 2009, the authors reiterate the arguments expounded in the initial communication and request the Committee to find a violation of articles 26 and 2 of the Covenant, read together, and sentence the State party to pay 50,000 euros in damages.3
Issues and proceedings before the Committee
Consideration of admissibility
6.1 Before considering any claim contained in a communication, the Human Rights Committee must decide, in accordance with rule 93 of its rules of procedure, whether the communication is admissible under the Optional Protocol to the Covenant.
6.2 As required under article 5, paragraph 2 (a), of the Optional Protocol, the Committee has ascertained that the same matter is not being examined under another procedure of international investigation or settlement.
6.3 In the absence of objections by the State party to the admissibility of the communication or reasons indicating that the communication might be wholly or partly inadmissible, the Committee declares that the allegations under article 26 of the Covenant, regarding the right to equality before the law, are admissible.
Consideration of the merits
7.1 As provided for under article 5, paragraph 1, of the Optional Protocol, the Human Rights Committee has considered the communication in the light of all the information made available to it by the parties.
7.2 The Committee notes the authors’ arguments that they are discriminated against vis-à-vis the members of other professions because they alone pay taxes on their tips; that tips are given by customers purely out of generosity and that they can therefore be regarded as charitable donations; that such tips cannot, strictly speaking, be considered as pay and are therefore not taxable. The Committee notes that, according to the authors, in the event of unemployment or sickness they do not receive any additional benefits in consideration of the tax to which they are subject.
7.3 The Committee also notes the arguments of the State party that taxation on tips earned by croupiers is the result of a legislative development intended to re-establish equality between the professions; that tips earned by croupiers cannot be compared with those of other professions because of the large sums of money involved; that, for that reason, a Commission for the Distribution of Gratuities has been established to manage the large sums received in tips; and that those sums are placed in a common fund and redistributed among the croupiers according to their rank. The Committee notes that, according to the State party, gratuities are income stemming from the employment relationship, contrary to the authors’ claims that they are donations, and thus exempt from tax. Furthermore, earned income comprises several elements, including basic pay, seniority bonuses and various gratuities, and that this complex set of types of income counts towards various uses of different kinds, all legitimate. For example, only basic pay and seniority bonuses count towards severance pay. The Committee further notes that, according to the State party, laws governing gratuity-related matters consider such income as earned income for social security purposes. Finally, the Committee notes that, according to the State party, all taxpayers in the same situation as defined by tax legislation must be subject to the same tax regime; that all citizens with an equal income must bear an equal tax burden; and that the ultimate objective of tax legislation is to reduce social inequalities.
7.4 The Committee recalls its general comment No. 18 on non-discrimination, in which it established that the principle of equality before the law and equal protection of the law shall guarantee to all persons equal and effective protection against discrimination; that discrimination must be prohibited in law and in fact in any field regulated and protected by public authorities; and that, when adopting legislation, the State party should ensure that its content is not discriminatory. Still referring to its general comment and its long-standing case law,4 the Committee recalls that not every differentiation of treatment will constitute discrimination, if the criteria for such differentiation are reasonable and objective and if the aim is to achieve a purpose which is legitimate under the Covenant. It is therefore for the Committee to determine whether the differentiation made by Act No. 87-B/98 of 31 December 1998, containing the State Budget for 1999, is discriminatory towards the authors or if it is based on reasonable and objective criteria and the purpose is legitimate under the Covenant.
7.5 The Committee observes that the tax regime for croupiers is of a unique and specific nature, a fact that is not disputed by the authors. Furthermore, the Committee is not in a position to conclude that this taxation regime is unreasonable in the light of such considerations as the size of tips, how they are distributed, the fact they are closely related to the employment contract and the fact that they are not granted on a personal basis. Accordingly, the Committee concludes that the information before it does not show that the authors have been victims of discrimination within the meaning of article 26 of the Covenant.
7.6 The Human Rights Committee, acting under article 5, paragraph 4, of the Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, is of the view that the facts before it do not disclose a violation by Portugal of the provisions of the Covenant.
[Adopted in English, French and Spanish, the French text being the original version. Subsequently to be issued also in Arabic, Chinese and Russian as part of the Committee’s annual report to the General Assembly.]
Notes________________
** The following members of the Committee participated in the consideration of the present communication: Mr. Abdelfattah Amor, Mr. Lazhari Bouzid, Ms. Christine Chanet, Mr. Mahjoub El-Haiba, Mr. Ahmad Amin Fathalla, Ms. Hellen Keller, Mr. Rajsoomer Lallah, Ms. Zonke Zanele Majodina, Mr. Michael O’Flaherty, Mr. Rafael Rivas Posada, Sir Nigel Rodley, Mr. Fabián Omar Salvioli and Mr. Krister Thelin.
1 The authors cite in particular a CJEC judgement of 23 November 2000, which considered a gratuity to be a sum of money which a customer is willing to pay spontaneously for a service provided by one or more croupiers and which cannot be included in the taxable amount, since it is like a sum of money given to a street musician.
2 Each of the authors brought separate proceedings before either the Loulé Administrative and Financial Tribunal or its counterpart in Porto. The judgements of the tribunals were not delivered on the same date, but they deal with exactly the same claims. The authors likewise lodged separate appeals either with the Central Administrative Tribunal for the South, for those who had brought proceedings before the Loulé Court, or before the Central Administrative Tribunal for the North, for those who brought proceedings before the Porto Court. The Constitutional Court subsequently handed down similar judgements for all the authors of the communication, but on different dates.
3 The authors do not specify whether this sum is required of each or of all of them.
4 See communication No. 172/1984, S.W.M. Broeks v. the Netherlands, Views adopted on 9 April 1987, para. 13; communication No. 180/1984, L.G. Danning v. the Netherlands, Views adopted on 9 April 1987, paras. 13 and 14; communication No. 182/1984, F.H. Zwaan-de Vries v. the Netherlands, Views adopted on 9 April 1987, para. 13; communication No. 218/1986, Hendrika S. Vos v. the Netherlands, Views adopted on 29 March 1980, paras. 12 and 13.